Introduction to Ergonomics s2

Introduction to Introduction to ErgonomicsErgonomics

ErgonomicsErgonomics (or (or human factors) ) is the application of scientific is the application of scientific information concerning humans information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use. and environment for human use. (definition adopted by the (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in in 2007).).

OverviewOverview Ergonomists contribute to the design and Ergonomists contribute to the design and

evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people (IEA, 2000). and limitations of people (IEA, 2000).

Ergonomics comes into everything which Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed.(ergonomics principles if well designed.(International Ergonomics Association in in 2007))

Benefits of ErgonomicsBenefits of Ergonomics Decreased risk of injuryDecreased risk of injury Increased productivityIncreased productivity Increased quality and efficiencyIncreased quality and efficiency Decrease lost work daysDecrease lost work days Decrease turnoverDecrease turnover Improve moraleImprove morale

OccupationalStressors

OccupationalStressors

PersonalRisk

Factors

PersonalRisk

Factors

Pre-ExistingConditions

Pre-ExistingConditions

WorkMethods &

Training

WorkMethods &

TrainingExperienceExperience Leisure

ActivitiesLeisure

Activities

Factors which Affect Injury Factors which Affect Injury Potential in the WorkplacePotential in the Workplace

Ergonomics PrinciplesErgonomics Principles

• Design for human use

• Fits the task to the worker • People are different

• People have limitations

• People age

• Utilize a multi-disciplinary approach to problem solving

FoundationsFoundations Ergonomics draws on many Ergonomics draws on many

disciplines in its study of humans and disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including their environments, including anthropometry, , biomechanics, , engineering, , kinesiology, , physiology and and psychology..

Ergonomics encompasses all aspects of human 'fit', not just the physical factors

MEDICINE

PHYSIOLOGY

MATHEMATICS

BIOMECHANICS

ERGONOMICS

PHYSICS ENGINEERING

PSYCHOLOGY

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Problem SolvingProblem Solving

HistoryHistory The term ergonomics from the Greek: The term ergonomics from the Greek: ergonergon

[work] and [work] and nomosnomos [natural laws]) [natural laws]) Wojciech Jastrzębowski ( (1857 ) )

In the 19th century, In the 19th century, Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered the "pioneered the "Scientific Management" ." .

Frank and Lilian Frank and Lilian Gilbreth 1900s to develop "Time to develop "Time and Motion Studies". and Motion Studies".

World War II : new and complex machines and : new and complex machines and weaponry. The decision-making, attention, weaponry. The decision-making, attention, situational awareness and hand-eye coordination situational awareness and hand-eye coordination of the machine's operator became key in the of the machine's operator became key in the success or failure of a task. success or failure of a task.

Space Age , , G-forces,,Information : : human-computer interaction (HCI). (HCI). consumer goods and and electronics

DomainsDomainsThe IEA divides ergonomics broadly The IEA divides ergonomics broadly

into three domains:into three domains: Physical ergonomicsPhysical ergonomics physical and and

physiological loads. Relevant topics loads. Relevant topics include manual materials handling, include manual materials handling, workstation layout, job demands, and workstation layout, job demands, and risk factors such as risk factors such as repetition, , vibration, , force and awkward/static and awkward/static posture as they relate to as they relate to musculoskeletal disorders (see musculoskeletal disorders (see repetitive strain injury).).

Cognitive ergonomics / /engineering engineering psychology include : psychology include : perception, perception, attention, cognition, motor control, attention, cognition, motor control, and memory storage and retrieval as and memory storage and retrieval as they affect interactions among they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a humans and other elements of a system. Relevant system. Relevant topics include mental workload, topics include mental workload, vigilance, decision making, skilled vigilance, decision making, skilled performance, human error, human-performance, human error, human-computer interaction, and training.computer interaction, and training.

Organizational Organizational ergonomics/ergonomics/macroergonomics: macroergonomics: sociotechnical systems, including sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, their organizational structures, policies, and processes. Relevant policies, and processes. Relevant topics include shift work, topics include shift work, scheduling, job satisfaction, scheduling, job satisfaction, motivational theory, supervision, motivational theory, supervision, teamwork, telework and ethics.teamwork, telework and ethics.

Organizational InfluencesOrganizational Influences Wage systemWage system Quality ControlQuality Control Management-Labor RelationsManagement-Labor Relations Machine-paced vs. self-paced workMachine-paced vs. self-paced work OvertimeOvertime Shift workShift work Rest breaksRest breaks

Workplace IndicatorsWorkplace Indicators Performance deteriorationPerformance deterioration Quality problemsQuality problems Absenteeism/turnoverAbsenteeism/turnover OSHA Logs and WC ReportsOSHA Logs and WC Reports Complaints of fatigue and discomfortComplaints of fatigue and discomfort

PHYSICALPHYSICALBAJU WIDJASENABAJU WIDJASENABAGIAN K3 FKMBAGIAN K3 FKM

UNDIPUNDIP

DEFINISI :DEFINISI : Ilmu tentang fisiologi tubuh manusia Ilmu tentang fisiologi tubuh manusia

saat bekerjasaat bekerja Bekerja merupakan hasil koordinasi dari Bekerja merupakan hasil koordinasi dari

kerja sama indera, otak, syaraf dan otot kerja sama indera, otak, syaraf dan otot yang ditunjang oleh kerja jantung, paru, yang ditunjang oleh kerja jantung, paru, ginjal dan lain-lainginjal dan lain-lain

Kapasitas fisikKapasitas fisik kemampuan orang untuk kemampuan orang untuk

menerima beban fisik saat kerjamenerima beban fisik saat kerja dipengaruhi : somatik, dipengaruhi : somatik,

pekerjaan, psikis, lingkungan & pekerjaan, psikis, lingkungan & adaptasi/ latihanadaptasi/ latihan

parameter : parameter : denyut jantung, tekanan darah, denyut jantung, tekanan darah, irama pernapasan, suhu tubuh, irama pernapasan, suhu tubuh, kebutuhan kalori, kebutuhan O2kebutuhan kalori, kebutuhan O2

KERJA OTOTKERJA OTOT Organ utama kerja fisikOrgan utama kerja fisik Kontraksi & relaksasiKontraksi & relaksasi Ditentukan oleh : jumlah serat, daya Ditentukan oleh : jumlah serat, daya

kontraksi & kecepatan kontraksikontraksi & kecepatan kontraksi Kerja statis & dinamisKerja statis & dinamis Perlu Phospat Energi TinggiPerlu Phospat Energi Tinggi

Perbedaan Kerja otot statis dan Perbedaan Kerja otot statis dan dinamisdinamisStatisStatis Dinamis Dinamis

kontraksi tetapkontraksi tetap beriramaberirama aliran darah terhambat aliran darah terhambat

dipompadipompa energi >>energi >> energi<energi<

Efek kerja statisEfek kerja statis tekanan kurang tekanan kurang

dari 15 - 20 % , dari 15 - 20 % , normal tanpa normal tanpa keluhankeluhan

tekanan 15 - 20 tekanan 15 - 20 %, keluhan nyeri %, keluhan nyeri setelah beberapa setelah beberapa hari kerjahari kerja

tekanan 60 %, tekanan 60 %, aktivitas aktivitas tergangguterganggu

SISTEM SIRKULASI SAAT KERJASISTEM SIRKULASI SAAT KERJA

Kerja berakibat perubahan uptake Kerja berakibat perubahan uptake oksigen oleh jantung dan paru.oksigen oleh jantung dan paru.

Kemampuan kerja terkuat Kemampuan kerja terkuat dipengaruhi oleh jumlah maksimum dipengaruhi oleh jumlah maksimum oksigen. oksigen.

VENTILASI PULMONAL VENTILASI PULMONAL SAAT KERJASAAT KERJA

Gerakan masa gas keluar masuk Gerakan masa gas keluar masuk paru untuk mencukupi metabolismeparu untuk mencukupi metabolisme

Perkalian antara kecepatan Perkalian antara kecepatan pernapasan dengan nilai rata-rata pernapasan dengan nilai rata-rata tidal volume yang ekspirasikantidal volume yang ekspirasikan

Normal 10-20 x/menitNormal 10-20 x/menit Dalam & kecepatan napas seimbang Dalam & kecepatan napas seimbang

(anak:dewasa ; latihan:tidak)(anak:dewasa ; latihan:tidak)

Pengaturan frekuensi napas saat Pengaturan frekuensi napas saat kerja belum jelaskerja belum jelas

Spindel otot ?Spindel otot ? Faktor yang berpengaruh :Faktor yang berpengaruh :1.1. Rangsangan langsung ke pusat Rangsangan langsung ke pusat

napasnapas2.2. Rangsangan tak langsung pada Rangsangan tak langsung pada

propioceptorpropioceptor3.3. Faktor humoral : kadar oksigen, Faktor humoral : kadar oksigen,

karbondioksida dan ion Hkarbondioksida dan ion H

Pembatasan napas adalah Pembatasan napas adalah kebutuhan O2kebutuhan O2

Istirahat : 0,5-1 ml O2/l ventilasiIstirahat : 0,5-1 ml O2/l ventilasi Naik 10 kali saat kerjaNaik 10 kali saat kerja Ventilasi pulmonal kerja sangat berat Ventilasi pulmonal kerja sangat berat

> ventilasi pembebanan maksimal> ventilasi pembebanan maksimal

GINJALGINJAL

PENCERNAANPENCERNAAN Saat kerja terjadi pengurangan Saat kerja terjadi pengurangan

gerakan & sekresi lambung gerakan & sekresi lambung bertambah sesuai kerjabertambah sesuai kerja

Disebabkan oleh aktivitas simpatik Disebabkan oleh aktivitas simpatik & parasimpatik& parasimpatik

Normal kembali setelah 1-2 jam Normal kembali setelah 1-2 jam kerjakerja

ALAT UKUR : ANTROPOMETERALAT UKUR : ANTROPOMETER

PENGGUNAAN DATAPENGGUNAAN DATA PERCENTILE : 5PERCENTILE : 5th th & 95& 95thth PERCENTILE PERCENTILE

HEIGHTHEIGHT (MEAN – SD) 1.64 = 5(MEAN – SD) 1.64 = 5thth ILE ILE (MEAN + SD) 1.64 = 95(MEAN + SD) 1.64 = 95THTH ILE ILE DIMENSI MINIMAL, PERCENTILE MAXDIMENSI MINIMAL, PERCENTILE MAX DIMENSI MAXIMAL, PERCENTIL MINDIMENSI MAXIMAL, PERCENTIL MIN

ANTROPOMETRIANTROPOMETRI STRUCTURAL/ STATISSTRUCTURAL/ STATIS1.1. DUDUKDUDUK2.2. BERDIRIBERDIRI

FUCTIONAL/ DINAMISFUCTIONAL/ DINAMIS1.1. JANGKAUANJANGKAUAN

WORK POSTUREWORK POSTURE STANDINGSTANDING SITTINGSITTING SITTING & STANDINGSITTING & STANDING LYINGLYING SQUATTINGSQUATTING

SIKAP KERJA ( WORK POSTURE )SIKAP KERJA ( WORK POSTURE )

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISSORDERSMUSCULOSKELETAL DISSORDERS

Gerakan BerulangGerakan Berulang

High Risk Repetition Rates by Different Body PartsHigh Risk Repetition Rates by Different Body Parts

Body Part Body Part Repetitions Per MinuteRepetitions Per Minute ShoulderShoulder More than 2More than 2½½ Upper Arm/ElbowUpper Arm/Elbow More than 10More than 10 Forearm/WristForearm/Wrist More than 10More than 10 Finger Finger More than 200More than 200

From Kilbom From Kilbom ÅÅ [1994]. Repetitive work of the upper extremity; Part II: The scientific basis [1994]. Repetitive work of the upper extremity; Part II: The scientific basis for the guide. Int J Ind Erg 14:59for the guide. Int J Ind Erg 14:59––86.86.

FATIGUEFATIGUE

COGNITIVE COGNITIVE ERGONOMICERGONOMIC

Schematic of French, Rogers and Cobb’s theory of person-Schematic of French, Rogers and Cobb’s theory of person-environment (PE) fitenvironment (PE) fit

Surry's modelSurry's model

DISPLAY & CONTROLDISPLAY & CONTROL

DISPLAYDISPLAY Peristiwa yang memberi informasi Peristiwa yang memberi informasi

tentang keadaan yang sedang / tentang keadaan yang sedang / sudah terjadisudah terjadi

Transfer informasi dari lingkungan ke Transfer informasi dari lingkungan ke manusia/ pekerjamanusia/ pekerja

Baik bila : cepat, tepat dan sensitifBaik bila : cepat, tepat dan sensitif

Penggunaan warnaPenggunaan warna merahmerah kuningkuning

CONTROLCONTROL Transmisi informasi pengendalian Transmisi informasi pengendalian

ke alatke alat

Tipe informasiTipe informasia. tenaga kecil : diskret (push-a. tenaga kecil : diskret (push-

button, switch); kontinyu (knob, button, switch); kontinyu (knob, joystick)joystick)

b. tenaga besar : diskret b. tenaga besar : diskret (pengungkit); kontinyu : foot pedal(pengungkit); kontinyu : foot pedal

HUBUNGAN CONTROL & DISPLAYHUBUNGAN CONTROL & DISPLAY Relative speeds of movementRelative speeds of movement Stereotyped reactionsStereotyped reactions National differencesNational differencesPrinsip Desain Control PanelPrinsip Desain Control Panel1. Control dekat dengan display1. Control dekat dengan display2. Labelisasi pada display & control2. Labelisasi pada display & control3. Control berturutan : susun kiri ke 3. Control berturutan : susun kiri ke

kanankanan4. Jika tidak urut : warna, label, knob4. Jika tidak urut : warna, label, knob

Figure 29.1. The criteria and sub-criteria of the taxonomy of micro-worlds proposed by Brehmer (1990)

Figure 29.2. Cognitive analysis of the task: general anaesthesia

ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMICORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMIC

SISTEM MANUSIA-SISTEM MANUSIA-ORGANISASI KERJAORGANISASI KERJA

Lama Kerja : 8jam/ hari; 40 jam/mgLama Kerja : 8jam/ hari; 40 jam/mg Lembur tidak melebihi 3 jam/hari; Lembur tidak melebihi 3 jam/hari; Istirahat minimal ½ jam setelah 4 Istirahat minimal ½ jam setelah 4

jam kerjajam kerja Beban kerja sedang-berat: istirahat Beban kerja sedang-berat: istirahat

pendek 10-15 menit tiap 2 jampendek 10-15 menit tiap 2 jam

MACROERGONOMICMACROERGONOMIC Kegagalan microergonomicKegagalan microergonomic Pendekatan sistemik, holistik, Pendekatan sistemik, holistik,

interdisipliner, participatoryinterdisipliner, participatory Inti Utama : Participatory ApproachInti Utama : Participatory Approach

What is Participatory What is Participatory Ergonomics?Ergonomics?

Participatory Ergonomics (PE) Participatory Ergonomics (PE) involves employees in ergonomic involves employees in ergonomic design and analysis design and analysis ((Noro & Imada, 1991)Noro & Imada, 1991)

– This can be accomplished at the individual This can be accomplished at the individual level (e.g., personal work-space layout) or level (e.g., personal work-space layout) or organizational level (e.g., organizational organizational level (e.g., organizational reporting structure)reporting structure)

The four steps of a successful safety programmeThe four steps of a successful safety programme

Figure : Human and organisational Figure : Human and organisational aspects of safetyaspects of safety

Hasil interaksi antara : ‘person’, ‘job’ dan ‘organisational factors’.