Introduction to Energy Sources

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Presents by,

A.S.VAGHM.Tech, B.E. Mechanical, PGDIM

E-mail Id: [email protected]

Introduction To “Energy Sources”

Energy :: Discussion

• Any physical activity in this world, whethercarried out by human beings or by nature, iscaused due to…

• Energy is …

• Atmospheric Forms of energy …

• 1st Law of thermodynamics…

• Example..

• Modes of energy transformation..

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Classification of Energy Resources

1. Based on Usability of Energy

2. Based on Traditional Use

3. Based on Long-term Availability

4. Based on Commercial Application

5. Based on origin

Sector Wise Energy Consumption : India

Industry49%

Trnasport22%

Residential10%

Agriculture5%

Others14%

2008 Data

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Consumption Trend Of PrimaryEnergy Resources of the World

Coal25%

Renewable8%

Nuclear6%

Gas23%

Oil38%

2005 DataBiomass – 4%Solar heat – 0.5%Geothermal – 0.2%Solar PV – 0.05%Hydro – 3%Wind – 0.3%Biofuel – 0.2%

India - Estimated Fuel Mix by2020 (%)

25

16

8

5

16

30 Coal

Oil

Gas

Renewable

Nuclear

Traditional

Source : World Energy Statistics, 2009

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Per Capita Energy Consumption inSome Countries (kWh)

17179

13338

8076

6206

1379

631

Canada

USA

Japan

UK

China

India

Importance of Non-conventional Energy Sources

• Because of rapid industrialization & populationgrowth, conventional sources will not sufficient tomeet growing demand.

• Conventional sources are non-renewable & bound tofinish up 1-day.

• Conventional sources cause pollution

• Large hydro resources affect wildlife, causedeforestation and pose various social problem.

• Safety of nuclear plant is controversial.

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Energy Chain

• The sequence of energy transformations betweenprimary and secondary (usable energy) is known as..

Primary energy resources

Non-electric route

Electric route

Final energy consumption

Common Forms of Energy

1. Mechanical

2. Electrical

3. Thermal

4. Chemical

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Advantages of Conventional EnergySources

• Cost:

• Cheaper than non-conventional sources.

• Rs 1.90 per kWh from Gas, Rs 1.65 per kWh from Coal,Rs 3.0 per kWh from Diesel, Re 1.0 per kWh fromHydro, Rs 1.20 per kWh from Nuclear.

• High energy yield ratio

• Security:

• Storage is easy

• Convenience:

• Very convenient to use as technology for there conversion& their use is universally available.

Advantages of Non - ConventionalEnergy Sources

• Available in nature free of cost

• Produce no or very little pollution.

• Thus it is environment freely.

• Inexhaustible

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Disadvantages of Non - ConventionalEnergy Sources

• Dilute form

• High cost of harnessing

• Availability is uncertain; depends onvarious natural phenomenon.

• Difficulty in transporting

Conventional Sources : Fossil Fuel : 2006

RegionFossil fuel reserve (percent)

Oil Coal Gas Sum

North America 0.86 18.20 0.75 19.81

South America 1.61 1.39 0.64 3.64

Europe 0.21 4.28 0.54 5.03

Africa 1.71 3.64 1.39 6.75

Russia 1.93 16.27 5.57 23.77

Middle East 10.81 0.00 7.07 17.88

India 0.11 6.64 0.11 6.85

China 0.21 8.14 0.21 8.57

Australia & East Asia 0.21 6.42 1.07 7.71

Total 17.67 64.99 17.34 100.00

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Conventional Sources : Hydro

• Generation of electricity from

• Huge capital Investment

• Global installed generating capacity is about7,78,038 MW, which accounts for about 20% ofthe world’s total installed electric powergeneration capacity & 3% of the world’s primaryenergy supply.

Conventional Sources : Nuclear

• Least cost, low emission technology

• Complete fission of one kg of uranium containsthe energy equivalent to 3100 tons of coal or1700 tons of oil.

• The total amount of uranium and thorium in theearth's crust, to a depth of 5 kilometers, isestimated approximately 1012 tonnes.

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Non-Conventional Sources : Solar

• Major source of power.

• Utilized by using thermal & photovoltaicconversion system.

• Solar PV power is an expensive source of power.

• At present capital cost of solar PV system is Rs200 per W (Rs 20 crore/MW as against Rs 4crore/MW for coal fired thermal plant)

Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar

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Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar

“Garvi Gujarat”

Chief Minister of the westernIndian state of GujaratNarendra Modi movements ashe poses at the initiation of asolar farm in the village ofGunthawada, Banaskanthadistrict, some 175kms. fromAhmedabad on October 14,2011. Modi initiated the 30MWsolar farm - said to be Asia'slargest - which has been set upby Moser Baer Clean Energy.

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Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar

Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar

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Non-Conventional Sources : Wind

• Most economical over all renewable sources.

• Installation cost : Rs 4 crore/MW

• Wind power installations worldwide have crossed 94,100 (at the end of 2007), which is about 1% of world’s electric power generation capacity.

• Germany is the world leader in wind power withan installed capacity of 22,247 MW.

Non-Conventional Sources : Wind

COPYRIGHT 2009 INDIAN WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

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Non-Conventional Sources : Biomass

• Energy resources available from animal and vegetation arecalled..

• The principal biomass resources are:

• Trees (wood, leaves & forest industry waste)

• Cultivated plants grown for energy

• Urban waste (municipal & Industrial waste)

• Rural waste (Agriculture & animal waste, crop residue, etc.)

• Biomass material transformed by chemical & biological processto produce bio fuels such as biogas (methane), producer gas,ethanol.

• Most of biogas plants are in china.

Non-Conventional Sources : Geothermal

• relating to the heat in the interior of theearth.

• Globally use of geothermal power isgrowing annually at a rate of about 3%electrical & 7.5% thermal.

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Non-Conventional Sources : Ocean Tidal

• Form of hydro power that convert ocean tidesinto electricity or other forms of power.

• Diff of high tide and low tide

• Tides are more predictable than wind andsolar power.

• First & biggest, 240 MW power plant built in1966 in France.

Non-Conventional Sources : Ocean Wave

• Refers to the energy of ocean surface waves andthe capture of that energy to do useful work.

• Waves are caused by transfer of energy fromsurface winds to the sea.

• The rate of energy transfer depends upon the windspeed &the distance over which it interact withwater.

• The energy flux in waves is more than that availablefrom solar, wind and other renewable sources.

• World’s first 2250MW- Portugal

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Non - Conventional Sources : OceanThermal Energy

• Conceived by a French physicist d’arsonvalin 1881 and verified by one of his student.

• Small design finalized.

• Still in its infant stage.

Growth of Energy Sector & Its planning inIndia

By the end of 5–year planDemand

(MW)Installed capacity

(MW)Shortage (MW)

6th (1980-85) 52,000 47,000 5000

7th (1985-90) 75,000 65,000 10,000

8th (1990-92, 92-97) 1,05,000 85,000 20,000

9th (1997-2002) 1,32,000 1,10,000 22,000

10th (2002-07) 1,46,000 1,24,569 21,431

11th (2007-12) 2,05,000

Energy planning during the past few 5-year plans

Growth in per capita energy consumption

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2004 2006 2012

Per capita annualenergyconsumption(kWh)

16 35 84 131 238 408 592 631 1000

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