INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Dec 25, 2015
DEFINITIONS
Anatomy- “to cut apart”- Study of Bodily Structure- Includes:
* Systemic or Regional* Gross or Microscopic* Developmental* Imaging
DEFINITIONS continued
Physiology- “study of nature”- Study of Bodily Function- Includes:
* Cell Physiology* Pathophysiology* Immunology* Exercise Physiology
LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION
Chemical- Atoms, Molecules
Cellular- Organelles, Cells
Tissue- Groups of Cells
Organ- 2 or more tissue types- Specific functions- Recognizable shape
LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION continued
System- Groups of organs with common functions- 11 organ systems
Organismal- Highest level- All parts of organism
11 Organ Systems
Integumentary – external body covering; protection & sensation
Skeletal – internal support; protectionMuscular - movementNervous – fast-acting control systemEndocrine – hormonal control; secreted by
glands
11 Organ Systems
Cardiovascular – Transports via circulating blood
Lymphatic – Returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense
Respiratory – exchanges gases (O2 & CO2) with environment
Digestive –Breakdown & absorption of food; elimination of undigestable food
11 Organ Systems
Urinary – Removes most metabolic wastes from the blood as urine
Reproductive – produces offspring
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis
- Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions.
- Allows changes within narrow limits.
- “Dynamic Equilibrium”
- Regulated by feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- 3 Components
*Receptor – detects changes
*Control Center – to determine set point (normal) and appropriate response to deviations
*Effector – responds to change
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative Feedback System- Common- Reverses Change- Results in Fluctuations about Set Point- e.g. control of body temperature
Positive Feedback System- Rare- Change is increased- May be Harmful (induced by pathogens)- e.g. lactation, blood clot formation
TERMINOLOGY
Anatomical Position- Erect Stance, Palms Forward
Directional Terms- Explain Relative Location of Body Parts- Many Paired Opposites
Regional Terms- Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions- Divided into Anterior & Posterior
Landmarks
TERMINOLOGY continuedBody Planes & Sections
- Frontal (Coronal)* Vertical, Divides into Anterior &
Posterior- Transverse
* Horizontal, Divides into Superior & Inferior
- Sagittal (Para- & Mid-)* Vertical, Divides into Right & Left
- Oblique* Diagonal, Between Vertical & Horizontal
TERMINOLOGY continued
Body Cavities (Protect & Allow for Growth/Change)
Dorsal & Ventral form during embryological development- Dorsal
* Cranial - Brain* Spinal or Vertebral – Spinal Cord
BODY CAVITIES continued
- Ventral* Thoracic
Pleural - LungsMediastinal – Trachea, esophagus,
thymus; Between LungsPericardial – Heart; division of
mediastinal* Abdominopelvic
Abdominal (Peritoneal)Pelvic