Introduction To A.I

INTRODUCTION TOARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE (A.I)BY:

DR. YASIN ASADI , MOHSEN TAHERI

INTRODUCTION• the study of intelligent machines capable of the same

kinds of functions like human thought.

AI dates from ancient times but 20th century brought AI into the possibility.

AI reaches in other fields such areas as information processing, computer gaming, national security, electronic commerce, and diagnostic systems.

DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE• In 1956 Herbert Simon and Allan Newell at University of

Pennsylvania :

• simulated human thinking on computers.

• The first AI conference at Dartmouth College in 1956.

• This conference inspired researchers to take on projects that emulated human behavior in the areas of :

• of reasoning• language comprehension• and communications

• AI has taken two major directions:

• 1. psychological

• 2. physiological• Some AI developers interested in :

• Modern field of interest is expert systems.

Learning more about the human brain to mimic it’s mechanism .

Others are more interested in making computers perform a specific task involve the capabilities of the human brain.

• search for AI goes beyond …

• neuroscience,

• linguistics,

• cybernetics, I

• information theory,

• mechanical engineering,

• and a lot of branches.

MORE INFORMATION USES AND CHALLENGES OF AI

• AI programs have a broad array of applications :

• financial institutions, • scientists, psychologists, • medical practitioners,• design engineers, • planning authorities,• and security services, • AI techniques are used to browse the Internet.

USAGE OF AI PROGRAMS • AI programs highly uses for:

• play games,

• predict stock values

• , interpret photographs,

• diagnose diseases,

• plan travel schedule,

• translate languages,

• take dictation,

• teach logic, compose music,

• and learn to do tasks better

KASPAROV VS. DEEP BLUE

• A supercomputer called Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.

MIMIC HUMAN BEHAVIORS

• They can even mimic human behaviors • AI can compose masterpiece just like a

famous composer

• WABOT-2 and Inventor

DESPITE CONSIDERABLE SUCCESSES

•AI programs still have many limitations.

•Especially in language and speech recognition.

•Translations are imperfect.•Dictation is reliable if only…

DEVELOPING NATURAL LANGUAGE

• An important focus of AI involves natural language

• Understanding

• Recognition

• Then Answer specific Question

AI & ROBOTS

•important branch of AI is development of robots

•Interact with environment was an example•WABOT-2 is an example.

•For using in hospitals.•Helping disabled people.

AI & NASA

•Scientists with the (NASA) developing robust AI programs

•For next generation of Mars rovers

MODELING

• AI systems need to model :

• the richness of human memory

• Understanding this is the Question

TYPES OF AI• AI   primarily focused on two areas:

• Developing logic-based systems • Using Awareness and biological

• In general, categorized within three types :

• Symbolic, • Connectionist, • Evolutionary.

SYMBOLIC AI

• Symbolic AI is based in logic.• uses sequences to tell the computer what to do next.• IF-THEN rules.

• Illogical AI are not used for problem-solving.• For modeling how humans think.

• But they are inflexible

CONNECTIONIST AI

CONNECTIONIST AI

• Consequently:• Connectionist is more flexible than symbolic AI.• Connectionism is weak at doing logic.• What symbolic AI does well, connectionism does badly,

and the opposite.

• Hybrid systems combine the two, switching between them as appropriate.

EVOLUTIONARY AI

• Evolutionary AI draws on biology.

• Make random changes in their own rules.

• Often used in modeling artificial life (A-Life)

• Technological examples algorithms used for computer animation.

PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATES OVER AI• People often ask:•  if artificial intelligence is possible, but the

question is dim.

• computers could never do are now possible due to AI research .

PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATES OVER AI• The larger question of whether any program

or robot could really be intelligent, no matter how humanlike its performance.

• involves highly debatable issues in the philosophy of mind.

PHILOSOPHERS & AI RESEARCHERSSAYING:

• intelligence can arise only in bodily creatures sensing and acting in the real world.

• If so, Robots are truly intelligent artifacts.• If not, then a mere AI program might be

intelligent.

ALAN TURING

• British mathematician , • logician and computer scientist• Alan Turing proposed • what is now called

• the Turing Test.

TURING TEST

A DIFFERENT VIEW

• American philosopher John Searle has expressed a different view.

• Programmed robot might behave exactly like a human.

• It cannot understand anything it says. • Brains can ascribe meaning to symbols .• Whereas metal and silicon cannot.

THE MORAL QUESTION IS

• If an AI system were conscious, it would arguably be wrong to “kill” it, or even to use it as a “slave.”

FUZZY LOGIC

• a form of logic used in some expert systems and other artificial-intelligence programs

• It’s originated In 1965 by• Lotfi Zadeh, • University of California Berkeley

• In aristotle logic range of values• between 1 (true) and 0 (false).

FUZZY LOGIC

• probability rather than as a certainty.

• Answers:• Probably true, • Possibly true, • Possibly false, • Probably false.

THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

•Building intelligent systems remains a frightening task, and one that may take decades to fully realize.

•AI research is currently focused on:•Natural language •Respond to their environment•Nearly all industrial, governmental, and consumer

applications are likely to need AI capabilities in the future.

REFRENCE

•B.J. Copeland•  • Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Turing

Archive for the History of Computing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Author of Artificial Intelligence.

•  • Encyclopædia Britannica 2012.