Introduction of Anatomy By Dr, Noura El Tahawy Associate professor of Anatomy Batterjee Medical College
Introduction of Anatomy
By
Dr, Noura El Tahawy
Associate professor of Anatomy
Batterjee Medical College
Anatomy• Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)
• Disciplines of anatomy– Macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
– Neuroanatomy
• Approach to study of gross anatomyUpper extremity Back
Head and neck Thorax
Abdomen Pelvis and perineum
Lower extremity
Anatomical Position
• Body erect
• Head, eyes, toes directed forward
• Limbs at sides of body
• Palms directed forward
Anatomical Planes
• Median = vertical, front to back in midline
• Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular to median
• Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor, perpendicular to median, coronal
• Sagittal = vertical, parallel to median
Median plane
Of body
Of hand
Of foot
Sagittal plane
Transverseplane Coronal
plane
Coronal plane
Terms of Directions• Medial = closer to median plane
• Lateral = further from median plane
• Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body
• Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body
• Superior (cephalic) = towards head
• Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet
• Superficial = towards surface of body
• Deep = towards center of body
• Proximal = nearer origin or attachment
• Distal = further from origin or attachment
Terms of Movements
Terms of movements
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Pronation
• Supination
• Circumduction
• Protraction
• Retraction
• Opposition
• Elevation
• Depression
• Lateral bending
• Rotation
• Inversion
• Eversion
• Hyperextension
Skeleton
• Rigid support for body and its parts
• Components of skeleton:– Bone
– Joints
– Structures associated with joints
– Cartilage
consisting of :
-Skull ( head )
-Vertebral column
-Ribs and Sternum
(ear ossicles and hyoid bone also)
Skeleton
Bonyframework of the body
1- The Axial Skeleton
* Bones of the Upper Limbshoulder girdles (clavicle and
scapula), and the upper limbs ( upper extremities)
*Bones of the Lower Limbthe pelvic girdles (coxal,
innominate or hip bone) and the lower extremities.
Skeleton2 - The Appendicular Skeleton
Types of Bones
• Long bones– Diaphysis = shaft
– Metaphysis = shaft adjacent to epiphysis
– Epiphysis = contain ossification center/s
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
• Long bone (Fig. A .humerus. • E. Femur)
• Short bone: carpus and tarsus.
• Irregular bone: vertebrae, skull base, and (Fig. B .calcaneum )
• Flat bone: Skull, sternum, scapula (Fig. C. in the skull the two parietal bones separated by the sagittal suture)
•Pneumatic bone: paranasal sinuses
• Sesamoid bone (Fig. D. patella)
Types of Bones
Bone - Functions
• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Calcium storage
• Housing blood-forming cells
• Articular cartilage• Epiphyseal line• Periosteal membrane• Compact Bone• Spongy Bone• The shaft has a central medullary cavity which is filled with bone marrow.• Central canal containing:Nutrient vessels and nerves
Structure of adult long bone
Blood Supply of long Bones
* Nutrient artery
* Epiphysial
* Periostealvessels
Metaphysial arteries
Bone Markings• Lines, ridges, crests
• Rounded elevations– Tuberosity, trochanter, tubercle– Protuberance– Malleolus
• Spines, processes
• Fossae, notches, grooves
• Foramina
• Canals
• Meatuses
• Heads and condyles
• Epicondyles
Spine of scapula
Crest oflesser tubercle
Spiral groove
Lateral supracondylarridge
Medial epicondyle
Greater tubercle
Coracoidprocess
MCQ• 1. Regarding the long bone all are true except
one:
• A. It consists of diaphysis, epiphysis& metaphysis
• B. It is supplied by articular, nutrient, epiphyseal& metaphyseal arteries
• C. The metaphysis is the area that is responsible for bone growth in length
• D. It has a medullary cavity that contains osteoblasts
MCQ
• Regarding the shapes of bones all are true except one:
• A. The short bone is formed of cancellous bone with a covering thin compact bone
• B. An Example of short bones is the carpal bones at the wrist
• C. The best example of flat bone is the base of the skull• D. The flat bone is formed of two laminae of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in between
MCQRegarding the Skeleton are true except one:
• A. There are two main subdivisions: Axial& appendicular skeletons
• B. The appendicular skeleton is formed of bones of the limbs
• C. The axial skeleton is formed of skull only• D. The axial skeleton is formed of skull, vertebral
column, sternum& ribs
The bones have the following functions except onea. Give the shape& framework of the bodyb. Provide attachment to musclesc. Secrete some hormones
d. Protect important vital structures
CartilagesCartilages
CartilagesCartilages
• Cartilage is a type of hard connective tissue.It is tough and resilient, It is devoid of nerves, blood vesselsand lymphatics.• It consists of cells termed chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) and Matrix of connective tissue rich of fibres.• It resists compressive forces as well as long-term effects of pressure and friction (therefore it covers articular surfaces).• Cartilage has a high capacity of growth by multiplication of the chondroblasts.
PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE
1) Hyaline cartilage
Laryngeal cartilagesCostal Cartilages
• Intervertebral disc
• Symphysis pubis
• Articular discs
2) White fibrocartilage:
White fibro cartilage
Example of
* Intervertebral Disc
3) Yellow elastic fibrocartilage:
Ear Pinna
• Regarding cartilage the following statements are true except one:
• A. It is tough & resilient connective tissue that contain chondrocytes
• B. It does not resist compressive forces
• C. It has a high capacity of growth& regeneration
• D. It is devoid of nerves, blood vessels & lymphatics
• Regarding the cartilage types the following statements are true except one:
• A. The hyaline cartilage is translucent, glossy& cover the articular surfaces of bones
• B. The Intervertebral disc is a hyaline a type of cartilage
• c. The ear pinna is yellow elastic fibrocartilage that is rich in elastic fibers
• C. An example of white fibrocartilage is the symphysis pubis
Thanks