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Bridging Course in Anatomy I
Introduction
Arthur C. Benignos II, MD
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Introduction to Gross Anatomy
Anatomy- science of structure and function of
the body
Clinical anatomy- study of the macroscopic
structure and function of the body as itrelates to the practice of medicine and other
health sciences
Basic anatomy- study of the minimal amount of
anatomy consistent with the understanding
of the overall structure and function
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Anatomy Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy
Large structures Easily observable
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Figure 14.4
Anatomy Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
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Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
The accurate use of anatomic terms
enables ease in communication with
colleagues both nationally and
internationally
Without anatomic terms, one cannot
accurately discuss or record the abnormalfunctions of joints, the actions of muscles,
the alteration of position of organs, or the
exact location of swellings or tumors
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Terms Related to Position:
All descriptions of the human
body are based on the
assumption that the person is:
-standing erect
-upper limbs by the sides
-face and palms of hands
directed forward
The Anatomic Position
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The Body Planes
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Median Sagittal Plane: vertical plane passing
through the center of the body, dividing it into
equal right and left halves
Paramedian- plane to the side of MSP
Medial, Lateral
Coronal Plane: vertical planes at right angles tothe median plane, dividing into anterior and
posterior halves
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Horizontal, or Transverse Planes:
These planes are at right angles to both
the median and the coronal planes
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CT Scan Head: What Plane?
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CT Scan of Body: What Plane?
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Descriptive Terms of the Hand Surfaces:
Palmar- instead of anterior
Dorsal- instead of posterior
Descriptive Terms of the Foot Surfaces:
Plantar- instead of lower Dorsal- instead of upper
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Description of relative distances from the
roots of the limbs:
Proximal: near the root; for example, the
arm is proximal to the forearm
Distal: far from the root; for example, the
hand is distal to the forearm
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Terms relating to distances of structures
from the surface of the body:
Superficial
Deep
Terms relating to upper and lower ends of
the body: Superior: denotes relatively high level
Inferior: denote relatively low level
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Superior and Inferior
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
The terms used to describe the relative
distance of a structure from the center of
an organ or cavity:
Internal: for example, the internal carotid
artery is found inside the cranial cavity
External: for example, the external carotid
artery is found outside the cranial cavity
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Internal and External
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Descriptive Anatomic Terms
Terms relating to sides of the body:
Ipsilateral: same sides; for example, the left
hand and left foot are ipsilateral
Contralateral: opposite sides; for example,
the left ear and the right thumb
Terms descriptive of body position: Supine: lying on the back
Prone: lying face downward
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Terms Related to Movement
A site where two or more bones come
together is known as ajoint
Some joints have no movement (sutures of
the skull)
Some have only slight movement (superior
tibio-fibular joint)
Some are freely movable (shoulder joint)
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Terms Related to Movement
Flexion and Extension
Abduction and Adduction
Rotation: Medial and Lateral Pronation and Supination
Circumduction
Inversion and Eversion
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Terms Related to Movement
Flexion- a movement that takes place in a
sagittal plane; example, flexion of elbow
joint brings the anterior surface of the
forearm to the anterior surface of the arm
Extension- straightening the joint and
usually takes place in a posterior direction
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Flexion and Extension
Flexion is usually an anterior movement, but it is
occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee
joint
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Flexion and Extension
Lateral flexion-
movement of the trunk
in the coronal plane
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Flexion and Extension of Thumb
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Terms Related to Movement
Abduction: movement of
a limb away from the
midline of the body in thecoronal plane
Adduction: movement of
a limb toward the body inthe coronal plane.
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Terms Related to Movement
In the fingers and toes:Abduction is applied to the spreading of
these structures
Adduction is applied to the drawing togetherof these structures
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Abduction and Adduction of Thumb
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Terms Related to Movement
Rotation: term applied to the movement of apart of the body around its long axis
Medial rotation: movement
that results in theanterior surface of the
part facing medially
Lateral rotation: results in
anterior surface
facing laterally
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Related to Movement of Forearm
Pronation: a medial rotation of the forearm in
such a manner that the palm of the hand
faces posteriorly
Supination: a lateralrotation of the forearm
from the pronatedposition so that the palm
of the hand comesto face anteriorly
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Terms Related to Movement
Circumduction is the combination in sequence
of the movements of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
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Terms Related to Movement
Description of movements of the foot:
Inversion: the sole faces in a medial direction
Eversion: the sole faces in a lateral direction
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Organ System
Skin or
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory or
Pulmonary
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview
Skin or Integumentary
Forms the external body
covering
Protects deeper tissue frominjury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
Regulates body temperature
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Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview
Skeletal
Protects and supports
vital organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cell
formation Stores minerals
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Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview
Muscular
Facilitates locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces body heat
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Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview
Nervous
Fast-acting control
system
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles and
glands (both endocrine and
exocrine)
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Figure 1.2e
Organ System Overview
Endocrine
Slow-acting control
system
Secretes regulatory
hormones
Growth
Reproduction Metabolism
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Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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Organ System Overview
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood
vessels Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
Maintains acid base
balance
Regulates water and
electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Regional Study of Anatomy
Thorax I bones and muscles (wall)
Thorax II cavities and organs
Abdomen I bones and muscles (wall) Abdomen II cavity and organs
Pelvis I bones and muscles (wall)
Pelvis II cavity and organs
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Regional Study of Anatomy
Perineum
Upper Limb
Lower Limb Head and Neck
The Back