Introduction into Nano- and Biomaterials

1 1 Introduction into Nano- and Biomaterials Translated materials from the original work of Ryzhonkov, D.I., Levina, V.V., Dzidziguri, E.L. were used in this chapter. ere is no substitute to hard work .... omas Edison, inventor (1847–1931) 1.1 Definition of Nano- and Biomaterials Nano (from Greek, nannos), meaning dwarf, is one billionth of or 10 −9 part of a thing, for example, 1 nm = 10 −9 m. Nanomaterials consist of nanostructured materials and nanoparticles, which can be defined as nano-sized complexes of interrelated atoms and/or molecules. Nanotechnology is defined as the knowl- edge and management of processes on a scale from 1 to 100 nm and application of object properties on a nanometer scale. Significant works in nanotechnology started in 1980. Definition for the term nanotechnology was given for the first time by Norio Taniguchi, a professor of Tokyo University, in 1974 in his paper Basic concepts of Nanotechnology, which mentioned “Nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.” Biomaterials can be defined as “materials intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body” [1] or “any synthetic material which is used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with the living tissue [2].” 1.2 History of Nano- and Biomaterials Application Nanomaterials and biomaterials are important because of their primal and initial applications, which date back to ancient times and the Middle Ages, when glass- blowers insensibly used nanotechnology. ey added gold chloride (AuCl 3 ) to melted glass to change its color to ruby. ousands of years BC, people knew and used natural fabrics such as cotton, silk and flax, and wool [3]. e Romans had the Lycurgus Cup during the fourth century AD (Anno Domino), which com- prises silver and gold nanoparticles at a ratio of roughly 7 : 3, with a diameter Nano- and Biomaterials: Compounds, Properties, Characterization, and Applications, First Edition. Zhypargul Abdullaeva. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

Introduction into Nano- and Biomaterials

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