Introduction

INTRODUCTION

In this vast growing world, need for a clean energy beacons among the researchers from

around the world. Some of the energy sources have been identified as renewable, most of

them from the sun or movements in air or water currents due to earth’s rotation. Each and

every method has its own advantages as well as limitations. Solar panels involve the usage of

rare elements and are costly, various other methods such as geo thermal, tidal etc., require

complex assemblies and are not reliable throughout a year. The concept of updraft and vortex

is used to produce power from the source. Sun’s heat causes changes in density and it

produces updrafts.

Power from the tornadoes is possible but it was not obtained in the real case. The

atmospheric vortex engine has a combination of principle of tornadoes and the principle of

solar chimney. The free vortex is the vortex circulates faster than the fluid far from the centre

than in the centre. The forced vortex is the fluid rotates as a solid body and this is used to

create the vortices. The properties of the vortex are fluid pressure is lowest in the centre and

rises from the centre also it starts and ends only in the boundary of the fluidor form closed

loops. The change in temperature causes change in density so the movement of lighter air to

fill vacuum is termed as Updraft.

The AVE harnesses the energy responsible for hurricanes, tornadoes and waterspouts.

The mechanical energy produced during upward heat convection is equal to upward heat

flow multiplied by the Carnot efficiency based on the average temperatures at which the heat

is received and given up.The work of convection is calculated by applying the total energy

equation to an open steady-state ideal thermodynamic system. The work produced in

an adiabatic re-arrangement process.Once ideal cycles are understood, irreversible cycles can

readily be explained.

The author previously showed that the maximum potential intensity of hurricanes can be

calculated by applying the total energy equation to a process wherein the raised air

approaches equilibrium with the underlying surface at reduced surface pressure.

The AVE proposal was initially presented by the author in the Bulletin of the American

Meteorological Society in 1975 and expanded upon in 1999 in the Journal of Applied Energy

. The AVE has the same thermodynamic basis as the solar chimney except that the wall of

the physical chimney is replaced by centrifugal force in a vortex and that the solar collector is

replaced by the earth’s surface in its unaltered state. A solar chimney consists of a tall

vertical tube surrounded by a transparent solar collector with a turbine located in the base of

the tube.

What is A Vortex?

In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region in a fluid medium in which the flow is

mostly rotating around an axis line, thevortical flow that occurs either on a straight-axis or a

curved-axis. The plural of vortex is either vortices orvortexes.Vortices form in stirred fluids,

such as liquid, gas, and plasma. Examples include:

Smoke rings,

Whirlpools in the wake of a boat, paddle, or aeroplane,

The winds surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado, or dust devil, and

Atmospheric phenomena on other planets, such as Jupiter's Great Red Spot.

Vortices are a major component of turbulent flow. In the absence of external forces, viscous

friction within the fluid tends to organize the flow into a collection of irrotational vortices,

possibly superimposed to larger-scale flows, including larger-scale vortices. In each vortex,

the fluid's flow velocity is greatest next to its axis, and decreases in inverse proportion to the

distance from the axis. The vorticity (the curl of the flow velocity) is very high in the core

region surrounding the axis, and nearly absent in the greater vortex; pressure within the

vortex decreases as the proximity from the axis increases.

Once formed, vortices can move, stretch, twist, and interact in complex ways. A moving

vortex carries with it some angular and linear momentum, energy, and mass. In

a stationary vortex, the streamlines and pathlines are closed. In a moving or evolving vortex

the streamlines and pathlines are stretched by the overall flow into loopy yet open curves.

Vorticity

 It is a vector that describes the local rotary motion at a point in the fluid, as would be

perceived by an observer that moves along with it. Conceptually, the vorticity could be

observed by placing a tiny rough ball at the point in question, free to move with the fluid, and

observing how it rotates about its center.

Types of Vortices

In theory, the speed u of the particles (and, therefore, the vorticity) in a vortex may vary with

the distance r from the axis in many ways. There are two important special cases, however:

A rigid-body vortex

If the fluid rotates like a rigid body – that is, if the angular rotational velocity Ω is

uniform, so that u increases proportionally to the distancer from the axis – a tiny ball

carried by the flow would also rotate about its center as if it were part of that rigid body.

In such a flow, the vorticity is the same everywhere: its direction is parallel to the

rotation axis, and its magnitude is equal to twice the uniform angular velocity Ω of the

fluid around the center of rotation.

An irrotational vortex

If the particle speed u is inversely proportional to the distance r from the axis, then the

imaginary test ball would not rotate over itself; it would maintain the same orientation

while moving in a circle around the vortex axis. In this case the vorticity   is zero at any

point not on that axis, and the flow is said to be irrotational.

Vortex in Nature

Some of the live examples of vortex energy that exist on earths atmosphere are:

Tornado

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of

the earth and a  cloud. They are often referred to as twisters or cyclones,[1] although the

word cyclone is used in meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any closed low

pressure circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in

the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is

often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust.

Hurricanes

Or a tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-

pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy

rain. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such

as hurricane , typhoon , tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply

cyclone.

Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive

their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which

ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. The

strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular

momentum imparted by the Earth's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation.

In addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves,

damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. 

Whirlpools

A whirlpool is a swirling body of water produced by the meeting of opposing currents. The

vast majority of whirlpools are not very powerful. More powerful ones may be

termed maelstroms. Vortex is the proper term for any whirlpool that has a downdraft.

Whirlpools in oceans are usually caused by tides. Very small whirlpools can easily be seen

when a bath or a sink is draining, but these are produced in a very different manner from

those in nature.

F ire whirl  

Also known as a fire devil, fire tornado, firenado, or fire twister – is a whirlwind induced

by a fire and often made up of flame or ash. Fire whirls may occur when intense rising

heat and turbulent wind conditions combine to form whirling eddies of air. These eddies

can contract into a tornado-like structure that sucks in burning debris and combustible

gases. 

Harnessing energy from natural vortices

For example Storms release a tremendous amount of energy. Hurricane Katrina, a

category 4 hurricane, released enough energy to supply the world’s power needs for a

year, while the typical tornado produces as much power as a large power station.

Engineers are looking a ways to harness this energy for human use who has developed

the concept of “atmospheric vortex engine” — a device that he believes can capture and

control energy stored in artificial tornadoes.

It works on a similar principle to a solar chimney, which consists of a tall, hollow

cylinder surrounded by a large greenhouse. The sun heats the air in the greenhouse, and

the hot air rises. But its only escape route is via the chimney. A turbine at the base of the

chimney generates electricity as the air rushes by.This scheme replaces the chimney with

a tornado-like vortex of spinning air, which could extend several kilometres into the

atmosphere.

Vortex would be produced inside a large cylindrical wall. Warm air at ground level

enters via tangential inlets around the base of the wall. Steam is also injected to get the

vortex started. Once established, the heat content of the air at ground level is enough to

keep the vortex going. As the air rises, it expands and cools, and water vapour condenses,

releasing even more heat,” much like how a hurricane frees energy by drawing warm

humid air from its base (usually tropical sea water) and then releasing cold, wet air 7

miles (12 kilometers) up in the troposphere.

 It is calculated that a single 200MW Solar Tower power station will provide enough

electricity to power around 200,000 households, but at a savings of more than 900,000

tons of carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas. Such a wind-based power scheme

could play an important part in supplying energy in a future where carbon-based fossils

fuels are expensive and heavily regulated due to their impact on the environment and

global climate.

Atmospheric Vortex Engine

An atmospheric vortex engine (AVE) uses a controlled vortex to capture mechanical energy

produced when heat is carried upward by convection in the atmosphere. A tornado-like

vortex is produced by admitting warm or humid air tangentially into a circular arena.

Tangential entries cause the warm moist air to spin as it rises forming an anchored

convective vortex. The work of convection is captured with turbines located at ground level

around the periphery of the arena. The heat source can be solar energy, warm water or waste

heat.

The vortex engine has the same thermodynamic basis as the proven solar chimney except the

physical tube of the solar chimney is replaced with centrifugal force. There is no need for a

solar collector - The solar collector is the earth’s surface in its unaltered state.

An AVE power station could have a diameter of 200 m and generate 200 MW of electrical

power at a cost as low as $0.03/kWh.

The vortex engine alleviates global warming by reducing fuel required to meet energy needs.

A atmospheric vortex engine could look like a natural draft-cooling tower with a small

controlled vortex firmly anchored at the center . The conceptual photograph of a cooling

tower of Fig. 1 illustrates how a vortex engine will appear from a distance. From the inside a

vortex engine will look like a large open room circular arena with a dust devil firmly

anchored at its center. Fig. 2 illustrates how a natural draft coolingtower could be modified to

produce a vortex.

Fig 1.

Fig 2.

Construction

The cylindrical wall could be 50 to 500m in diameter and 50 to 150m high.The diameter of

the vortex at its radius of maximum tangential velocity at ground level,the eyewall

diameter,could be half to a qurter of the diameterof the circle of deflectors.The vortex

could extend to a heighht of upto 15 km.The power output of a 300m diameter station

could be in the 100 to 500MW range.

The concept of using a cylindrical wall 5 to 30 times higher than the deflectors located in

the base of the wall is a key feature.The wall acts as a short chimney producing enough

differential pressure to get the vortex started.The wall prevents air from entering the vortex

without going through the deflectors and prevents the vortex from drifting away as a result

of horizontal wind.The wall makes it possible to control of vortex by adjusting the angle of

entryof the air with deflectors and and the quantity of air entering the station with

adjustable restrictors.The area of tangential entry openings is small relative to the area of

the cylinder.Tangential entries a few meters high could be sufficient for a vortex engine

with a circular wall 300m in diameter by 80m.

Replacing the physical tube with a vortex with a vortex opens the possibility of increasing

the height ofchimney effect from 200m to 15000m or more.The air rising in the vortex

behaves like a spinning top; friction would reduce the rotation of a massive top very

slowly,The spinning rising air would lose little of its rotationla inertia in the 30 minutes or

so required for the air to rise from the surface to its level of neutral buoyancy.

The above figure the basic Atmospheric Vortex Engine consisting of a vertical cylindrical

wall with a plurality of tangentially oriented entry slots at its base,the slots are seperated by

a plurality of adjustable deflector vanes.The complete vortex generator is called “the

station”while the volume within the cylindrical wall is called “the arena”.The direction at

which the air enters into the arena depends on the orientation of the deflector vanes.The

height of the deflectors is in the order of one twentieth of the height of the circular wall.

A real vortex station would have large number of smaller restrictors and deflectors.Both

are made up of vanes.Restrictors have vanes that rotate in alternate direction to restrict flow

without affecting its direction.Deflectors vanes can be adjustable or fixed;they can be

straight

or can have air foil shape.

The arena is surrounded by a strong impermeablecylindrical wall.The station has a concrete

base;a concrete cooling tower basin and a concrete floor.The two sets of deflectors at the

base of circular wall serve as the air outlet for the cooling tower and as tangential air entry

into the arena.

The cooling tower serves as the heat sink for the thermal power plant and as heat source

for atmospheric vortex engine.The cooling tower is similar to a conventional crossflow

cooling tower complete with cooled water collection basin.The cooling tower has to be

air tight and strong enough to withstand the comperssive force because the pressure in

the cooling tower could be 5 to 15kpa below ambient pressure. Cooling towers are

commonly used to transfer waste heat to the atmosphere. Using round numbers for

illustration, a 500 MW thermal power plant typically rejects 1,000 MW of waste heat.

An atmospheric vortex engine could increase the electrical output of a 500 MW plant to

700 MW by converting 20% of its 1,000 MW of waste heat into work, thereby

increasing the output of the power plant by 40%.

The AVE increases the efficiency of a thermal power plant by reducing the temperature

of the heat sink from +30 °C at the bottom of the atmosphere to – 70 °C at the

tropopause.

Wet cooling towers are the preferred type of cooling towers when water is available

because there is no need for physical separation of the fluids and because the cooled

water temperature can approach the wet bulb temperature of the air. In a wet cooling

tower, the water drops on splash bars and is repeatedly broken up into small droplets to

enhance contact between air and water. Mechanical draft cooling towers use fans to

circulate the air. Natural draft cooling towers use a hyperbolic stack up to 200 m tall to

produce a draft. The cost of natural draft cooling tower is two to four times the cost of

mechanical draft cooling towers.

The higher cost is justified because there is no need for energy to drive fans, which can

consume up to 4% of the electricity produced. The hyperbolic stack is an energy

producer in the sense that it eliminates the need to power fans. The air leaving a wet

cooling tower approaches equilibrium with the water entering the cooling tower. The

air leaving a vortex engine using seawater as the heat source could be saturated at a

temperature of 1 to 2 °C lower than the sea surface temperature (SST).

Turbine can consist of a rotating blades with or without adjustable inlet nozzles.In

turbines with inlet nozzle ,the flow through the turbine can be increased by increasing

either the number or the of the inlet nozzles. In turbines without inlet nozzles the

electrical load on turbine could be manipulated to control air flow. In the turbine in let

nozzles thus act as both a restriction in the air in the air flow to the cooling towers.

Basic principle of power generation

The solar chimney is a base idea for AVE and the principle behind solar chimney is the air is

heated by solar radiation under a transparent roof the roof and the natural ground below form

an air collector and in the middle of the roof is a vertical tower as hot air is lighter than cold

air it rises up the tower. The solar chimney converts solar energy into thermal energy and

then to kinetic energy and then to electrical power. The atmospheric vortex engine (AVE)

uses an artificially created vortex to capture the mechanical energy produced

during upward heat convection. The heat source can be solar energy, warm seawater or waste

industrial heat. The AVE has the same thermodynamic basis as a solar chimney.Thus solar

radiation or heated air causes a constant updraft in the tower and the energy contained in the

updraft is converted into mechanical energy by pressure-staged turbines at the base of the

tower, and into electrical energy by conventional generators.

FIG 1: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF AVE

In a forced vortex the fluid rotates as a solid body. The fluid has vorticity of 2ω everywhere,

and the free surface (if present) is a paraboloid. The tangential velocity is given by:

Thus from the knowledge given about vortices we can observe, in forced vortex the fluid has

a greater velocity at the outer surface and gradually decreases towards the centre.

The AVE harnesses the energy responsible for hurricanes, tornadoesand waterspouts. The

AVE has the same thermodynamic basis as the solar chimney except that the wall of the

physical chimney is replaced by centrifugal force in a vortex and the solar collector is

replaced by the earth's surface in its unaltered state. A solar chimney consists of a tall vertical

tube surrounded by a transparent solar collector with a turbine located in the

base of the tube.

The Manzanares solar chimney built in Spain in the 1980`s operated for 7 years and had an

electrical output of 50 kW. The chimney was 200 m tall, 10 m in diameter and had a 250 m

diameter solar collector.

The efficiency of the solar chimney is proportional to its height; a vortex can extend much

higher than a physical chimney and therefore can achieve much higher heat to work

conversion efficiency. Admitting warm air tangentially at the base of a vertical axis

cylindrical wall produces a convective vortex, which acts as a dynamic chimney. The vortex

would be started by temporarily heating the air with fuel or steam. The pressure difference

between the ambient air surrounding the station and the base of the vortex is used to drive the

turbines. Warm air enters the area within the cylindrical wall, called the arena, via

tangentially entry ducts. The airflow is controlled with adjustable restrictors located either

upstream of the air heaters or within the tangential entry ducts. An annular roof with a central

circular opening forces the air entering the arena to converge thereby forming a vortex with a

diameter somewhat smaller than that of the roof opening. The vortex is controlled or stopped

by restricting the flow of air entering the station.

Typical Vortex Engine Size

• Large circular, open-roof structure with a vortex firmly anchored at its center.

• Circular wall diameter 50 to 200 m.

• Circular wall height 50 to 100 m.

• Small tornado firmly anchored at its centre.

• Vortex base diameter 20 to 100 m.

• Vortex height 1 to 20 km.

• Heat input 1000 MW. 20, 50 MW cooling cells.

• Electrical output 200 MW using 20, 10 MW turbines.

• Specific work 1000 to 20000 J/kg.

Working

Admitting warm air tangentially into the base of a vertical axis cylindrical wall produces a

convective vortex which acts as a dynamic chimney. The vortex would be started by

temporarily heating the air near the centre of the station with fuel or steam. The starting

steam could be injected in the tangential entries to help entrain the air in the station while at

the same time heating the air. The pressure difference between the ambient air surrounding

the station and the base of the vortex drives the turbines.

Warm air enters the area within the cylindrical wall, called the arena, via tangentially

oriented ducts. The airflow is controlled with adjustable restrictors located either upstream of

the air heaters or within the tangential entry ducts. An annular roof with a central circular

opening forces the air entering the arena to converge thereby forming a vortex with a

diameter somewhat smaller than the diameter of the roof opening. The vortex is stopped by

restricting the flow of heated air.

What heat sources could be used for an AVE?

Since the AVE is able to transfer ground-level heat up and reject it to the much colder upper

atmosphere (-60 °C), it becomes feasible to use existing low-temperature heat sources and

extract additional energy from them.  All thermal power plants must reject this heat to the

atmosphere via cooling towers or once-through cooling to rivers or lakes.  All of the waste

heat could potentially become a fuel source for the AVE.

In addition to sources of waste from existing thermal power plants or other industrial sources,

there are also numerous sources of natural waste heat which can be used to power an AVE.

For example, the warm humid air heated by the sun at the surface of the earth.  The heat

content of tropical ocean waters is also another enormous reservoir of potential energy.

Warm tropical ocean water at 26 °C or greater would also be sufficient to act as fuel for an

AVE. 

The heat to sustain the vortex once established can be the natural heat content of the warm

humid air or can be provided in heat exchangers located upstream of the deflectors. The heat

exchangers can be wet cooling towers or dry finned heat exchanger tubes. The continuous

heat source for the peripheral heat exchangers can be waste industrial heat or warm seawater.

There are times and locations where the heat content of ambient air would be sufficient to

sustain a vortex without the peripheral heat exchanger.

Thermodynamics Basics

Above figure shows the ideal thermodynamic process of the atmospheric vortex engine. The

water spray represents the wet cooling tower wherein enthalpy is transferred from water to

air. The total energy equation:

is used to calculate the energy received and produced in each of the three processes shown in

the figure, where w is work, q is heat, h is the enthalpy of the air including the enthalpy of its

water content, g is the acceleration of gravity, z is height, and v is velocity. Entropy (s) is

conserved in reversible adiabatic processes 1-2 and 3-4. In the ideal cycle, the velocity of the

air at the four numbered states is taken to be negligible. The air approaches equilibrium with

the water at reduced pressure at point 3.The key to solving the problem is realizing that all

the work is transferred to the point where the flow is restricted, expansion process 1-2. The

work during process 3-4 is zero. The pressure at the base of the vertical tube is calculated by

assuming an approach to equilibrium at state 3, calculating the work during process 3-4 for

two P3 guesses, and then interpolating to determine the value of P3 required the make the

work w34 zero. Point 4 is at the level of neutral buoyancy. A second iteration is required to

find the value of P4 that maximizes w12. State 3 air conditions correspond to the condition

at hurricane eyewall. State 1 temperature was selected so that the work is zero without heat

addition. The water temperature could be 26°C. The pressure at the base of the vertical tube

calculated by the above iteration method is 97.7 kPa. The heat received during process 2-3

is 8490 J kg-1. The specific work is 2984 J kg-1.The efficiency (n) is 35%. The specific work

of 2984 J kg-1 corresponds to a velocity of 77 m/s.

The efficiency (n) corresponds to the Carnot efficiency given by: n = 1 – T4 / T3, where T3

and T4 are the temperatures at the bottom and at the top of the vertical tube in degrees

Kelvin, the temperatures at which heat is received and given up. Approximately 35% of the

heat received is converted to work during the convection process irrespective of whether the

heat is received as sensible or latent heat. Saturating the air with 30 °C water would yield a

specific work of 25000 J kg-1 corresponding to a velocity of 220 m/s. A power output of 200

MW could result from an air flow of 20 Mg/s and a specific work of 10 kJ kg-1. The

minimum SST required for hurricane is 26 °C. Tropical sea surface temperatures can be as

high as 32 °C. The temperature of power plant waste heat can be as high as 50 °C.

What are the by products of the AVE?

In addition to producing electrical energy, the AVE process has several other useful functions

Production of clouds

Production of precipitation

Production of fresh water

Enhancement of cooling tower performance

Elevation of polluted surface air

Environmental cooling

The quantity of precipitation produced by an AVE would be small compared to the

precipitation produced in natural storms. The 20000 t/d of precipitation produced by a

200 MW vortex power station would produce a rainfall of 2 mm/d when spread over an area

of 10 km2. The horizontal extent of the cloud cover in the downwind direction could be 20

kilometers or more. The area of active convection would be under one square kilometer. 

How much energy will the AVE process produce?  

Depending on the size, an AVE could generate 50 to 500 MW of electrical power. The

cylindrical wall could have a diameter of 200 m and a height of 100 m; the vortex could be

50 m in diameter at its base and extend up to the tropopause.

The energy production potential of the AVE far exceeds that of all other energy production

processes. The major advantage over other solar energy technologies is that the solar heat

collector can be the earth's surface in its unaltered natural state. Conventional solar thermal

power plant require enormous solar collectors and their working fluid has to be heated to a

temperature significantly higher than ambient temperature. All thermal power plants require

heat source significantly higher than the temperature of the bottom of the atmosphere

because they use the bottom of the atmosphere as their heat sink. The AVE can use heat

sources close to the temperature at the bottom of the atmosphere because the cold sink is the

much colder upper troposphere.

The total energy produced by humans is 15 TW of which 2 TW is electrical power. The total

solar energy intercepted by the earth is 174,000 TW. The thermal energy carried upward by

convection at the bottom of the atmosphere is 52,000 TW. Converting just 12% of this heat

to work would produce 6,000 TW of electrical energy which is 3000 times more than all the

electrical energy presently produced. 

It is estimated that the heat carried upward by convection in an average hurricane is 600 TW

which is equivalent to 200 times the total world electrical generating capacity of 3 TW. He

estimates the wind energy produced in an average hurricane at 1.5 TW which is equivalent to

about half of the world wide electrical generating capacity. Landsea estimates the upward

heat flow from the latent heat released by the condensation of precipitation as well as the

wind energy produced from the energy required to overcome friction. Landsea also estimates

the heat to wind conversion efficiency to be 1 in 400 or 0.25%.

The mechanical energy production potential of a single large hurricane can exceed the total

mechanical produced by humans in a whole year. The mechanical energy produced in a large

tornado can exceed the electrical output of a large electrical power station.

How can the AVE increase the electrical capacity of a thermal

power plant without requiring more fuel?

As shown in the figure above, the flue gases coming out of the steam boiler furnace carry a

lot of heat. Function of economiser in thermal power plant is to recover some of the heat

from the heat carried away in the flue gases up the chimney and utilize for heating the feed

water to the boiler.

An AVE can increase the power capacity of a thermal power plant by reducing the cold sink

temperature from the temperature at the bottom of the atmosphere which is approximately

30°C to the temperature at the top of the troposphere which is -60°C. Decreasing the

temperature of the cold sink of a Carnot engine from +30°C to -60°C can significantly

increase the overall efficiency.

An atmospheric vortex engine could increase the electrical output of a 500 MW plant to

approximately 700 MW by converting 20% of its 1000 MW of waste heat to work thereby

increasing the overall output of the power plant by close to 40%.

It can be shown as :

The avaliable heat input into a thermal power plant,say(at 540 °C/813 K) =1500W

Carnot efficiency of Thermal power plant,=Nc=1-(TL/TH)=1-(303/813)=62.7%

Typical Efficiency=35%

So total avaliable work=62.7% of 1500W=525W

Remaining wasted heat=1500-525=975W

Carnot efficiency of atmospheric vortex engine.= Nc=1-(TL/TH)=1-(213/303)=29.7%

Typical Efficiency=20%

Total output obtained from remaining wasted heat=20% of 975W=195W

Remaining Wasted energy is escaped to upper troposphere by the artificial vortex

Therefore overall Efiiciency of Thermal Power Plant+Atmospheric Vortex Engine

Combined=n=(525+195)/1500=48%,and

Wtotal=525+195=720W

Hence incremental increase in efficiency=(720/525)*100=37.1%

Advantages of AVE