Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Plant protection has a very important role in determining the success of the

crop cultivation. Plant protection is an effort to protect the plants from threats or

disturbances that may damage, harm, or interfere with the normal life process of

the plants, from pre-planting into the post-planting. Disruption or threat to the

crops can be nuisance organisms or plant pests (OPT), weather or climatic

conditions, soil conditions, as well as errors in the cultivation of agricultural

crops. Plant protection includes protection against pests, diseases, weeds, and etc.

In the pest control program there are many actions that can be performed by

farmer, all of them is a unity of action that have a chain effect. The action starts

with learning the morphological characteristic of pest, pest attack symptoms, the

life cycle of the pest until the destroying stages, all of them are studied,

researched, and discovered how to control them, that’s called pest identification.

The identification process is not only done with the pests but also with the weeds

and also the disease. After the identification process continued with efforts to

prevent the crop plant with either natural or artificial (chemical) process.

The relationship between plants and pests can not be separated from one

another. The plant is required by pests as our shelter, food and breeding. The

plants that are attacked by pests will be damaged and cause symptoms.

Disturbance to vegetation caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi are called disease.

Unlike pests, diseases do not eat plants, but they are harmful to plants by

interfering with the process - a process in the body so that the plant shut down

plants. Therefore, plant disease, generally, his parts intact. However, the activities

of life disrupted and can cause death

In the cultivation of the plant will not be apart of pest problems including

pests, diseases and weeds. The existence of this pest can cause loss of crops and

even led to crop failure. Control of crop pests with pesticides has been widely used

by the farmers in Indonesia, because it has many advantages compared with other

control measures. But we realize it or not the use of pesticides, especially to

excess, can cause a negative impact since most pesticides used to control pests

such plants are biocides (killer of living things) that not only are toxic to target

pests, but can also influence the not desirable to non-target organisms, including

humans and the environment. Although however, pesticide still plays an important

role in agricultural production efforts. Therefore, farmers have to be judicious in

their use.

B. Purpose.

Morphology, identification of pests and damage indicaations

Practical Morphology, identification of pests and plant damage symptoms aims to:

1) Pest inroduction based on the morphological characteristic

a) Students able to recognize and describe thhe morhological characteristhic

of animal pests.

b) Students able to identify several groups of animal pest based on the

morphological characteristic.

2) Signs and indications of plant attack

a) Students able to know learn the types of pest indication from each type of

oral appliance pests

3) Determination key of several insects orders (pests).

a) Students able to identify several groups of insect pests to the level of orders

based on the morphological characteristic.

II. OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION

A. Morphology, Identification of Pests and Damage Indocation

1. Observations

a. Pests Introduction Based on the Morphological Characteristics and Sign

and Indications of Pest Plant Attack

1) Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)

Picture 1.1 Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation :

1. Mouth

2. Eyes

3. Exoskeleton

4. Tentacle

5. Semi foot

6. Mucus

Taxonomy

Phylum : Mollusca

Class : Gastropoda

Order : Archetiraenioglossa

Family : Scolioidea

Genus : Pomacea Species : Pomacea comalicuta L.

Morphology :

a. Has exoskeleton

b. Have a slimmy body and soft body

c. Mouth type : Biting-chewing

d. Didn’t pass the metamorphosis

Picture 1.2 Symptom of Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)

Symptoms at the picture is the holes, tears, and mucus on the

cassava leaves. Species that cause these symptoms are snail

(Achatina fulica).

2) Nimfa (Valanga nigricornis)

Picture 1.3 Nimfa (Valanga nigricornis)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation:

1. Heaad

2. Thorax

3. Abdomen

4. Eyes

5. Antena

6. Legs

7. Tail

8. Mouth

Morphology :

1. Mouth type : Biting-chewing

2. Just like a grasshopper but the wings is larger than the

abdomen.

Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

Picture 1.4 Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation:

1. Heaad

2. Thorax

3. Abdomen

4. Palps

5. Wings

6. Jumping legs

7. Compound eye

8. Antena

9. Jaws

10. Walking legs

11. Spirades

Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Orthrof

Family : Acrididae

Genus : Valanga

Species:

Valanga nigricornis

Morphology:

a. Mouth type : Biting-chewing

b. Have a facet eye

c. It has 3 pairs of leg

d. It has 3 segments of body there are

head, thorax, abdomen

e. Metamorphosis: paurometabola.

Picture 1.5 Symptom of Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

Symptoms at the picture is tears on the side of citrus leaves.

Species that cause these symptoms are grasshopper (Valanga

nigricornis)

3) Plant Parasitic Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.)

Picture 1.6 Plant Parasitic Nematode

(Meloigdogyne sp.)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation:

1. Stylet

2. Head

3. Body

4. Tail

5. Anus

Taxonomy :

Phylum : Nematelminthes

Class : Nematoda

Order : Tylenchida

Family : Heteroderidae

Genus : Meloidogyne

Species :Meloidogyne spp.

Morphology :

a. Have a mouth shaped like a needle tool called stilet and

bilaterally symmetrical body

b. Mouth type : piercing-sucking

c. Didn’t pass the metamorphosis

d. It has no leg

e. Not segmented body and has a simetric nad billateral body.

Picture 1.7 Symptom of Plant Parasitic

Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.)

Symptoms at the picture is the root knot.

Species that cause these symptoms are nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)

4) Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)

Picture 1.8 Field Mouse(Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation:

1. Head

2. Mouth

3. Moustache

4. Foot

5. Tail

6. Body

7. Eye

8. Ear

Taxonomy

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Mamalia

Order : Rodentia

Family : Muridae

Genus : Rattus-rattus

Species : Rattus-rattus argentiventer

Morphology

a. Mouth type : Biting-chewing

b. Upper body color : old brown

c. Under body color : soft brown

d. Its tail is 5 cm and Its body is 10 cm

e. Metamorphosis: Non metamorphosis

Picture 1.9 Symptom of Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)

Symptoms at the picture is broken stem on paddy.

Species that cause these symptoms are field mouse (Rattus-rattus

argentiventer).

5) Munia Birds (Munia sp.)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation:

1. Beak

2. Eye

3. Wings

4. Foot

5. Tail

Taxonomy

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Aves

Order : Passeriformis

Family : Plocidae

Genus : Munia

Species : Munia sp.

Morphology:

a. Mouth type: Bite and chew

b. It’s fur colors is brown-grey

Picture 1.10 Munia Birds (Munia sp.)

c. Metamorphosis: ametabola

d. Munia is seed consumer

Picture 1.11 Symptom of Munia Bird (Munia sp.)

Symptoms at the picture is decreasing of grain in paddy, because

munia bird eating rice grain that ready for the yield

Species that cause these symptoms are Munia bird (Munia sp.)

6) Red Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)

Picture 1.12 Red Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)

Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation:

1. Cepallothorax

2. Abdomen

3. Legs

4. Chelicerae

Taxonomy

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class : Arachnida

Order : Acarina

Family : Tetranychidae

Genus :Tetranychinus

Spesies : Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Morphology:

a) It has 4 pairs of leg

b) It has 2 segments of body, there

are cepallothorax and abdomen

c) Didn’t pass metamorphosis

d) Mouth type: piercing and suck

e) Have a red colour

Picture 1.13 Symptom of Red Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Symptoms at the picture is spot on the leaves, in the attacked plant

has a red spot, and the bak of the leaf .

Species that cause these symptoms are red mite (Tetranychus

cinnabarinus)

B. Determination key of several insects orders (Pests)

1) Rhinoceros Bettle (Oryctes rhinoceros)

Picture 1.14 Larvae Pictture 1.15 Pupae Pictture 1.16 Imago

a) Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

b) Explanation

Larvae type : Oligopoda

Pupae type : Exarata/Libera

Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous

Oral appliance type : Bite and chew (Mandibulata)

Damaging stadium : Imago and larvae

c) Determination Key

1(a) : Have 2 pair of wings, textured front wings is like mica/skin,

especially at the base of the wing, rear wing is a membrane

………………………….2

2(b) : The type of mouth appliance is the chewing type, mandible

…...4

4(a) : The front wing is like mica/horn without vein (elytra) , the

rear wing is a membrane with many few veins

……………………………………………..(Coleoptera).

d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.17 Coconut leaf

Symptom : The tip of leave is broken and torn,

Causer: Rhinoceros bettle (Oryctes rhinoceros).

2) Butterfly (Erionota thrax)

Pictture 1.18 Larvae Pictture 1.19 Pupae Pictture 1.20 Imago

a) Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

b) Explanation

Larvae type : Polipoda

Pupae type : Obtecta

Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous

Oral appliance type : Bite and chew / mandibulata (larva) and

piercing and suck / haustelata (imago)

Damaging stadium : larva dan imago

c) Determination Key

1(b) : Front and rear wings is a membrane.

5(a) : Both of wings covered with scales (Lepidoptera).

d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.21 Banana leaves

Symptom: The banana leaf is curling and some part is ripped and

colored brown because larvae secretion.

Causer: Larvae of butterfly (Erionota thrax).

3) Gundhi Bug (Leptocorisa acuta)

Pictture 1.22 Imago

a) Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

b) Explanation

Metamorphosis type : Paurometabolous

Oral appliance type : Piercing and sucking (Haustelata)

Damaging stadium : Imago and nymph

c) Determination Key

1(a) :Have 2 pair of wings textured front wing is like mica / skin,

especially at the base of the wing, rear wing is a membrane

……………………….. 2

2(a) :The type of oral appliance is the suction type with a long

beak shape that jointed ………………………………….3

3(a) :The texture of the base in front wing is like mica the tip of

the wing is membrane (hemelytron), the wings tips overlap

when it is alight……….(Hemiptera).

d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.23 Paddy plant (Rice grain)

Symptom : Rice grain in a pra-mature condition have been pierced

by (Leptocorisa acuta) then the grain will be empty

and have piercing mark

Causer: Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa acuta).

4) Fruit fly (Dacus sp.)

Pictture 1.24 Larvae Pictture 1.25 Pupae Pictture 1.26 Imago

a) Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Diptera

b) Explanation

Larvae type : Apoda

Pupae type : Coartata

Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous

Oral appliance type : Piercing and sucking (Haustelata)

Damaging stadium : Larvae and Imago

c) Determination Key

1(b) : Front and rear wings is a membrane ..............………...5

5(b) : Sayap tidak tertutup sisik ……………………………..6

6(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang tidak seperti diatas ……….7

7(b) : Ukuran tubuh beragam, sayap tanpa rumbai ………….8

8(b) : Sayap depan ada, sayap belakang tereduksi menjadi alat

keseimbangan (kalter)……………………….. (Diptera)

d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.28 Buah Belimbing

Explanation Gejala : Daging buah menjadi busuk, terdapat bercak

pada buah.

Hama yang merusak : Lalat Buah (Dacus sp.)

5) Lebah (Apis sp.)

Pictture 1.29 Nimfa Pictture 1.30 Imago

a) Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hymenoptera

b) Explanation

Metamorphosis type : Holometabola

Oral appliance type : Penusuk-penghisap (Haustelata)

Damaging stadium : Penyerbukan

c) Determination Key

1(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang bersifat membran ………...5

5(b) : Sayap tidak tertutup sisik ……………………………..6

6(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang tidak seperti diatas ……….7

7(b) : Ukuran tubuh beragam, sayap tanpa rumbai ………….8

8(a) : Tubuh agak padat, ada penggentingan antara toraks dan

abdomen, sayap belakang lebih kecil dari sayap depan

………………………………………….(Hymenoptera)

d) Wereng Coklat (Nilaparvata lugens)

Pictture 1.31 Imago

a) Taxonomy

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Homoptera

b) Explanation

Metamorphosis type : Paurometabola

Oral appliance type : Penusuk-penghisap (Haustelata)

Damaging stadium : Imago

c) Determination Key

1(a) : Mempunyai 2 pasang sayap, sayap depan bertekstur seperti

mika/kulit, terutama dipangkal sayap, sayap belakang

bersifat membran ……………………………2

2(a) : Alat mulut tipe penghisap dengan bentuk paruh panjang

yang beruas-ruas ………………………………………3

3(b) : Sayap depan dengan tekstur yang seragam, ujung sayap

sedikit tumpang-tindih ……………………(Homoptera)

d) Sign of pest attack

Tanaman padi

a) Sundep

Pictture 1.32 Sundep (Padi Fase Vegetatif)

Explanation Gejala : Tanaman padi yang terserang saat fase

vegetatif, sehingga tanaman layu,

menguning, mengering dan akhirnya

mati.

Hama yang merusak : Scirpophaga incertulas.

b) Beluk

Pictture 1.33 Beluk (Padi fase generatif)

Explanation Gejala :Tanaman padi yang terserang telah

memasuki fase generatif (berbuah)

sehingga tanaman layu, menguning,

mengering dan akhirnya mati.

Isi bulir kosong dan berwarna hitam.

Hama yang merusak : Scirpophaga incertulas.