INTRODUCTION Diabetes: Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to regulate blood sugar on its own. And it does not produce or properly use insulin, which is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play a role, the actual cause of diabetes still remains unknown. There are two major types of diabetes, called type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes: A chronic disease in which high levels of sugar (glucose) are found in blood. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age but it is most often observed in children, adolescents and young adults. The insulin hormone which is responsible for producing specialized cells called beta cells produce little or no insulin and this results in the
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INTRODUCTION
Diabetes:
Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to regulate blood sugar on its own. And
it does not produce or properly use insulin, which is a hormone that is needed to convert
sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Although both genetics
and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play a role, the
actual cause of diabetes still remains unknown. There are two major types of diabetes,
called type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 diabetes: A chronic disease in which high levels of sugar
(glucose) are found in blood. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age
but it is most often observed in children, adolescents and young adults.
The insulin hormone which is responsible for producing specialized
cells called beta cells produce little or no insulin and this results in the
formation of type1 diabetes. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up
in the bloodstream instead of entering into the cells. The body is now
unable to use this glucose as a source of energy, and this leads to the
formation of symptoms of type1 diabetes. The exact cause for type1
diabetes is not known but it is considered to be an autoimmune
disorder. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas undergoes an autoimmune
attack by the body itself, and is rendered incapable of making insulin.
Figure: 1- Schematic representation of onset of type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes: A chronic disease in which high levels of sugar
(glucose) is found in blood. It is considered to be the most common
form of diabetes. During the condition of type 2 diabetes the
components like fat, liver and muscle cells do not respond properly to
the insulin. This phenomenon is called “insulin resistance”, due to
which the blood sugar cannot enter into the cells. When sugar cannot
enter the cells they start building up in the blood at high amounts. This
phenomenon of building up of sugar in high amounts in the blood
stream is called “hyperglycemia”.
Type 2 diabetes usually occurs slowly over time. Most people with the
disease are overweight when they are diagnosed. Type2 diabetes is
most seen in elderly people. Family history and genes play a large role
in type 2 diabetes. Low activity level, poor diet, and excess body
weight around the waist increase your risk.
Figure: 2- Schematic representation of onset of type 1 diabetes
Causes of diabetes:
Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the
body's needs), production of defective insulin (which is uncommon), or
the inability of cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to
hyperglycemia and diabetes. This latter condition affects mostly the
cells of muscle and fat tissues, and results in a condition known as
"insulin resistance." This is the primary problem in type 2 diabetes. The
absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process
affecting the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main
disorder in type 1 diabetes. For essentially, if someone is resistant to
insulin, the body can, to some degree, increase production of insulin
and overcome the level of resistance. After time, if production
decreases and insulin cannot be released as vigorously, hyperglycemia
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