INTRO TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS INTRO TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS (Chapter 6) (Chapter 6) NATURE OF LIGHT AND INTERACTION WITH MATTER NATURE OF LIGHT AND INTERACTION WITH MATTER Electromagnetic Radiation (i.e., “light”) Electromagnetic Radiation (i.e., “light”) – Wave-particle duality Wave-particle duality Particle properties (photons or quanta) Particle properties (photons or quanta) Wave properties (sinusoidal waves) Wave properties (sinusoidal waves)
12
Embed
INTRO TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS (Chapter 6) NATURE OF LIGHT AND INTERACTION WITH MATTER Electromagnetic Radiation (i.e., “light”) –Wave-particle duality.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
INTRO TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODSINTRO TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS(Chapter 6)(Chapter 6)
NATURE OF LIGHT AND INTERACTION WITH MATTERNATURE OF LIGHT AND INTERACTION WITH MATTER
MATH DESCRIPTION OF A WAVEMATH DESCRIPTION OF A WAVE
Equation of a sine wave:Equation of a sine wave:
Where the angular velocity:Where the angular velocity:
By substitution: By substitution:
1) 1) SUPERPOSITION OF WAVESSUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
Two or more waves interact either through:Two or more waves interact either through:
Constructive interference orConstructive interference or
Destructive InterferenceDestructive Interference
)sin( tAy
)2sin( tAy
2
SHC, 6e, Fig. 6-4: Constructive and destructive interference.
0° 90° 180°
Fourier Transform (FT): a math operation that Fourier Transform (FT): a math operation that reduces a complex wave to the sum of simple sine reduces a complex wave to the sum of simple sine and cosine terms.and cosine terms.
Used in signal analysis (e.g., FT-IR, FT-NMR, etc)Used in signal analysis (e.g., FT-IR, FT-NMR, etc)
2) 2) DIFFRACTIONDIFFRACTION
Consequence of interference (SHC, 6e, Fig. 6-8)Consequence of interference (SHC, 6e, Fig. 6-8)
3) 3) COHERENCECOHERENCE
Source output has the same Source output has the same νν’s and ’s and λλ’s’s Phase relationships remain constant in timePhase relationships remain constant in time
4) 4) TRANSMISSION OF RADIATIONTRANSMISSION OF RADIATION
c = 3.00 x 10c = 3.00 x 1088 m/s m/s in a vacuumin a vacuum
Light slows in other mediaLight slows in other media
Index of refraction:Index of refraction:
for liquids = 1.3 – 1.8; for solids = 1.3 – 2.5 for liquids = 1.3 – 1.8; for solids = 1.3 – 2.5 or higheror higher
5) 5) REFRACTION OF RADIATIONREFRACTION OF RADIATION
The bending of light as it passes from one The bending of light as it passes from one medium to anothermedium to another
ii v
c
SHC, 6e, Fig. 6-10 Refraction of Light
M1
M2
Snell’s Law:
2211 sinsin
less dense less dense more dense medium more dense medium bent bent towardstowards normal to interface normal to interface
more dense more dense less dense medium less dense medium bent bent away away fromfrom normal to interface normal to interface
6) 6) REFLECTION OF RADIATIONREFLECTION OF RADIATION
Two types:Two types:
Specular (from a smooth surface)Specular (from a smooth surface)
Diffuse (from a rough surface)Diffuse (from a rough surface)
Optical Fiber Construction and Principle of Operation
} glass or plastic
Any ray entering within the cone of acceptance
will be totally internally reflected
7) 7) SCATTERING OF RADIATIONSCATTERING OF RADIATION
– RayleighRayleigh from very small particles with diameters < from very small particles with diameters < λλ intensity ~ 1/intensity ~ 1/λλ44
– Tyndall effectTyndall effect from colloidal sized particlesfrom colloidal sized particles can be observed with naked eyecan be observed with naked eye
– RamanRaman radiation undergoes frequency changesradiation undergoes frequency changes decreased frequency (Stokes)decreased frequency (Stokes) increased frequency (anti-Stokes)increased frequency (anti-Stokes)