International Epidemics Lecture September 23, 2014 B.W. Cue, Jr. (UMB 1969) • Outline – An overview of infectious microbes (excluding fungii) • Bacterial vs. viruses • An overview of antimicrobial therapy • Cidal vs. static drugs • What is drug resistance? • Treatment approaches • New drugs and approaches • Ebola virus and vaccine • A green chemistry example of an improved antibiotic synthesis
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International Epidemics Lecture September 23, 2014 B.W. Cue, Jr. (UMB 1969) Outline – An overview of infectious microbes (excluding fungii) Bacterial vs.
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International Epidemics Lecture September 23, 2014
B.W. Cue, Jr. (UMB 1969)
• Outline– An overview of infectious microbes (excluding fungii)
• Bacterial vs. viruses• An overview of antimicrobial therapy• Cidal vs. static drugs• What is drug resistance?• Treatment approaches• New drugs and approaches
• Ebola virus and vaccine• A green chemistry example of an improved
antibiotic synthesis
An overview of infectious microbes (excluding fungii)
Bacteria or Virus?
Source: Wikipedia
Bacteria or Virus?
Source: Wikipedia
An overview of antimicrobial therapyCidal vs. staticWhat is drug resistance?Treatment approaches
Cidal vs. Static Drugs
• Bacteriocidal– This kind of drug kills all susceptible bacteria
• Bacteriostatic– This kind of drug inhibits/slows the growth of
bacteria until host’s immune system takes over
What causes drug resistance?
• Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by mutating (changing) their genes after being in contact with an antibiotic – These changes allow the bacteria to survive or
‘resist’ the antibiotic. • Bacteria can also develop resistance through
contact with other bacteria Resistant bacteria can pass their genes to other bacteria, forming a new antibiotic resistant ‘strain’ of bacteria. – Resistant strains can spread to and infect other
people
What causes antibiotic resistance?
• The more antibiotics are used, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.
• Major causes of antibiotic resistance include using antibiotics when they are not needed
• not taking antibiotics at the doses and times that a doctor prescribes — this allows time for the bacteria in your system to become resistant.
• Antibiotics are also often overused in animals (in veterinary medicine and in agriculture).
You can help prevent antibiotic resistance
• understanding that most people don’t need antibiotics for colds and flu because they are caused by viruses
• telling your doctor you only want an antibiotic if it is really necessary
• taking the right dose of your antibiotic at the right time, as prescribed by your doctor
• taking your antibiotics for as long as your doctor tells you to taking simple steps to avoid infections and prevent them from spreading
• Properly disposing of unused/unwanted antibiotics
Source: CDC Report, Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013
New drugs and approaches
New systemic antibacterial agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration per 5-year period, through 2012.
Boucher H W et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;cid.cit152
The first new beta lactamase inhibitor in 30 years
Beta Lacatmase Inhibitors
MK-7665 RelebactamNDA Approval 2015?
Sulbactam CP-45899
Bacteriophages
Ebola virus and vaccine
See 2014 ICAAC Video for presentations about the current Ebola outbreaks in Africa http://www.icaac.org/
Zmapp Vaccine• ZMapp is an experimental
biopharmaceutical drug comprising three humanized monoclonal antibodies under development as a treatment for Ebola virus disease.[1]
• The drug was first tested in humans during the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak and was credited as helping save lives, but it has not been subjected to a randomized clinical trial to prove its safety or its efficacy.
Source: Wikipedia
A green chemistry example of an improved antibiotic synthesis
Chemical Process for Semi Synthetic Penicillins
Bio Synthetic (Greener) Process for Semi Synthetic Penicillins