Water flooding has been widely used in the industry since 1954 as a secondary recovery technique to improve recovery from oil reservoirs. This course will highlight some basics (Wettability, Capillarity, Buckley Leverette & frontal advance theories) and practical applications to estimate the recoverable reserve using Analytical and Empirical methods (Dykstra Parson) via hands on approach. The main technical issues & challenges affect the performance and efficiency of water injection to achieve its objective will also be emphasized. The issues & challenges to be highlighted and discussed in the course are: - Structure uncertainties (barriers, faulting & continuity) - High failure rate of Commingled injection of thick and thin bed reservoirs - Injectivity deterioration caused by poor water quality specification and fine migration. -Frac injection vs Matrix injection: the pros and cons. Upon completion of this course, participants will have a good exposure to the practical aspects of waterflooding implementation in the field, and a theoretical background to field practitioners. No. Topic Sub-topic 1 INTRODUCTION 2 TYPE OF DRIVING MECHANISM Rock & fluid expansion drive Depletion drive/Gravity drainage drive Water and/or Gas Cap & drives 3 ROCK AND FLUID FLOW PROPERTIES Interfacial Tension & Rock Wettability Capillary Pressure Relative Permeability 4 OIL RECOVERY BY IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT Mobility and Mobility Ratio (M) Ideal vs. non ideal displacement Fractional flow/Frontal advance/Buckley Leverett/ Welge 5 PERFORMANCE PREDICTION Displacement Efficiency (movable oil) Areal and Vertical Sweep Efficiencies 6 RESERVE ESTIMATE: Classical Volumetric (Analytical, Empiri- cal) Volumetric Analysis RF estimate vs. increased pore volume injection Reserve estimate by Decline Curve Analysis Actual field example case for analytical reserve estimate 7 DESIGN OF WATER INJECTION Type of water flood and flood patterns Vertical and horizontal water flood schemes and types Factors affecting selection of flood pattern Water volume requirement, Energy balance 8 RESERVOIR MAN- AGEMENT & WATER- FLOOD SURVEIL- LANCE Typical Sources of water for injection Sea water filtration & processing Water flood management & surveillance Diagnostic tools Actual field cases for surveillance: tools, application