Interaction Styles
Dec 30, 2015
Hall of FameThe 3-point seatbelt
Brief history●1959: Invented by Nils Bohlin
○ patent released by Volvo○ saving lives > profit
●1968 (and on): required on all American cars●2002: Bohlin died
○ Volvo estimated 1 million+ lives saved●2012: NHTSA estimated 12,174 lives saved (US) (ages 5+)
○ raising annually
Ryan McDermott
What makes it work?
Understanding
obelt keeps your body secure
oslack locks out when force is exerted on belt● http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/three
-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born● http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811892.pdf
Ryan McDermott
Industrial Designo secures upper and lower body at hips, as opposed
to abdomeno “Immovable anchorage point” – Bohlino one simple movement
DiscoverabilityoSeat belt affords pullingoSeat buckle affords inserting something shaped like the buckle tongue) oSeat buckle affords pushing (for release)oPulling seatbelt gives feedback (stops giving slack)
• Affordances• They are “Buttons”, but they don’t “push” in.
• Consistency• More like a touch screen than the previous PS consoles.
• Constraint• Buttons can only be touched.
• Feedback• Lights turn on when the power button is touched.• If eject button is pressed, the disc is ejected (if there is one in
the system)• Mapping
• Both buttons are by disc slot and are directly across from the other with the slot in the middle. User has to memorize that the top is power and the bottom is eject or run the risk of accidentally turning the system off instead.
• Visibility• They blend in with the line going all the way around making it
difficult to guess they are there without close inspection• The symbols are small. Also, when the lights are on and it’s
dark in the room, the symbols are almost invisible.
Working in groups: reminders
• Different people have different communication styles • Capture ideas on paper; discuss the ideas, not the person• Ask questions, propose alternatives; be cautious about definitive
statements• Be open and honest• Put it in writing
– Who is responsible for what; when is it due• Be aware that there are different ways to contribute
– Not everyone needs to program– Not everyone needs to go on each user visit
• Not just the end result matters – the process does, too
Design: A Broad Spectrum
• System Design– Requirements
• Information Design
• Graphic Design
• Interaction Design
Interaction Design Styles
• Menu Selection
• Form fill-in
• Direct Manipulation
• Command language
• Natural Language
Menu Selection
• Users read a list of items• Select the item most appropriate• Observe the effect
• Early on, the way most systems worked.• We had moved away from it a little (what’s
coming) but it has made a revival with the web
Menu Selection
Advantages• Shortens learning• Reduces keystrokes• Structures decision
making• Permits use of dialog
management• Easy error handling
Disadvantages• Presents danger of
many menus• May slow frequent
users• Consumes screen
space• Requires rapid display
Form Fill-in
• Used when data entry is required
• Users see a display of related fields and enter data in each field as appropriate
• Note: very common on the web
Form fill-in
Advantages• Simplifies data entry• Requires modest training• Gives convenient
assistance• Permits form
management tools
Disadvantages• Consumes screen
space
Direct Manipulation
• Create a visual representation of the world of action where users can directly make changes and see results
Direct Manipulation
Advantages
• Visually presents task concepts
• Allows easy learning
• Allows easy retention
• Can prevent errors
• Encourages exploration
• High subjective satisfaction
Disadvantages
• Harder to program
• Require graphics display and pointing device
Command Language
Advantages• Flexible• Appeals to ‘power
users’• Supports user
initiative• Allows convenient
creation of macros
Disadvantages• Poor error handling• Substantial training
and memorization
Natural Language
• Researchers have been working for years in the hope that computers can be made to respond to arbitrary sentences
• Note: may work with or without speech recognition
Natural Language
Advantages• Relieves burden of
learning syntax• May be “natural” in
some settings, e.g., interaction over a telephone
Disadvantages• Requires clarification
dialog• May require more
keystrokes• May not show context• Is unpredictable