Intelligent Building Project

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DSGN143 Integrated System Design Group 04

Design Report by:

Jake Neilson - 10445608

Tarig Halim - 10432393

Bradley Smith - 10494678

Anthony McNamara - 10451873

Jonathan Loosen - 10423362

Oral Selver - 10476226

Abdul Momen - 10445876

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Abstract

This report details a design proposal for a new Plymouth university ‘Intelligent building’ for the Dsgn143 module. The building will be a multi-purpose addition to the university which will comprise of additional lecture theatres, study rooms, IT facilities and staff offices. This new building will adhere to the university’s image of being one of the top 50 up and coming universities in the world and kicking its old metropolitan look.

To begin the report will show the aims and product specification and give an outline of the project as a whole in reference to this design module. Then the Interested parties involved in the construction and use of the building, will be discussed. Thirdly the design section will show other ideas that were discussed in the early stages of the project, as well as an explanation as to why we chose ‘The Ship’ as our final design. This will be followed with Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings, sketches and screenshots of our final Solidworks model including floor plans for each floor. The systems of the building will then be described in detail and the purpose of them within an ‘Intelligent Building’. Lastly, the report will conclude with discussion as to whether the design specification has been met through this report, the design concept video and finally the presentation of the 3D model.

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Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 2

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4

2 AIMS ............................................................................................................... 4

3 INTERESTED PARTIES .................................................................................. 4

3.1 Identify the interested parties. ...................................................................... 5

3.2 Identify the needs (wants) of the interested parties. .................................... 5

4 PROJECT SPECIFICATION ........................................................................... 5

5 THE DESIGN .................................................................................................. 6

5.1 Options Evaluated ....................................................................................... 6

5.1.1 Environmentally friendly design aspects ................................................. 10

5.2 The Chosen Design ................................................................................... 10

5.3 Detailed description of Chosen Design ...................................................... 10

5.4 Systems ..................................................................................................... 17

5.4.1 Lighting Systems ......................................................................................... 17

5.4.2 Sound systems ............................................................................................ 18

5.4.3 Sanitation Systems ...................................................................................... 19

5.4.4 Environment Systems .................................................................................. 21

5.4.5 Security System ........................................................................................... 23

5.4.6 Fire Systems ................................................................................................ 28

5.4.7 Sustainable Energy - Solar Hydrogen systems............................................ 35

5.4.8 Space Saving ............................................................................................... 42

6 PROJECT PLAN ........................................................................................... 43

7 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 44

8 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 45

9 APPENDICES REFERENCES .............................................................................. 49

10 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 51

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1 INTRODUCTION

This report will feature an in depth look at the design aspects in regards to the ‘The Ship’. This will be done by analysing the requirements of an intelligent building outlined in the project specification and applying these within the chosen design. The project specification has been drawn from expectations and assumptions made both prior to and during the project, regarding the design of an intelligent building. A major factor governing the design of the project will be the wants and needs of the interested parties in relation to ‘The Ship’. These will be identified within the report and then taken into consideration throughout the design of the project.

The main focus of the report will be the actual design aspects with a number of preliminary ideas discussed, including advantages and disadvantages, before deciding on a final design. This will be followed by a detailed description of the building and floorplans of each floor within the building.

The systems including fire, security, lighting, space saving and environmental will be described in detail with appropriate research and some examples of ways in which these systems will be implemented.

This report will also touch upon the costing of the construction of the building as a whole, followed by a risk assessment evaluating the potential for error regarding the construction. The conclusion of the report will discuss whether the project has been a success or not judged on whether objectives were met and the learning experience of the project.

2 AIMS

The aim of the project was to design an intelligent building that would meet the needs of its

occupiers in that it creates an optimal environment for its purpose. This means that the

building has to be both adaptable and flexible whilst being both functional and efficient. This

can be done in numerous ways including multi-functional open spaces, energy efficiency and

complete systems integration. One of the other key concepts of an intelligent building is to

have reduced maintenance and operating costs but is worth more to its occupants. The

design of ‘The Ship’ has tried to incorporate all these factors in to its design and foremost to

create an enjoyable and comfortable learning environment.

3 INTERESTED PARTIES

In order for the proposed building design to be classified as an intelligent building concept, it

must first be able to provide for the needs of its occupants. For this reason the building was

specifically designed with a select group of people in mind the interested parties. In order to

create the buildings specifications, an assessment of the buildings occupiers must be drawn

together to work out the requirements of the intelligent building.

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3.1 Identify the interested parties.

As the Building is designed to be a multifunctional university facility, the interested parties

that would be proposed for the project are a narrow field with three separate tiers of

involvement.

The primary parties are those who would be using the building on a regular occasion. The

primary interested parties for the building are Plymouth University Students, Lecturers and

Staff. Secondary interested party members are. For example those who would have access

to the building in off peak periods. For example Businesses, Researchers and PHD/ Thesis

mature students/ post graduates. Final the tertiary interested parties who would be those

who are interested in the building but for their own purposes and would infrequently use the

building.

3.2 Identify the needs (wants) of the interested parties.

The primary parties are the biggest users of the building; students who would be using the

building for daily for revision space, group work areas and lectures. The lecturers would also

be primary party member as they would be teaching in the 3 lecture theatres or assisting

students in the open planned study area. The final group within the primary interested party

members are the staffs who were displaced from Portland villas that for obvious purposes

will be rehomed within the buildings offices.

Within the secondary interested party members are Businesses who would be interested in

the building for its seminar rooms or lecture theatres for those who require space for a large

presentation, as well as the fact that there is plenty of space for advertisement of services

within the buildings floorplan and it is a prime location on site to host business fares to entice

students. Researchers or people doing there PHDs/ thesis post grads would also be

secondary interested parties and use the building in off peak times or who require quiet

spaces to do their work.

Finally the tertiary Interested are those who are interested in the building for their own

purpose and would not be frequently using the facilities; for example the Plymouth city public

who will obviously care about the aesthetics of the building and would care about the

reputation of the university. Another aspect why the public would be invested is that during

summer Plymouth University is known to let out its halls and facilities to summer schools.

4 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

The design specification is an important process for the project brief as it has to represent all

of the intended key features of the building that would be required by its future occupants

needs. Items listed on the design specification must be applicable to any and all of the

design ideas, so that when the buildings initial ideas are planned they are done so with

these requirements in mind. It also is vital to help select the most appropriate building

concept, the requirements for this brief’s designs are:

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85 offices to replace the buildings offices that originally stood in the designs footprint

4 Lecture Theatres for class learning

20 Study Rooms for group and quiet study/ working

Café on site

Toilets on every other floor (both male, female and disabled)

An IT area solely set aside for computer based working

A control room to control and monitor the buildings inner workings

Large reception

7 Tutorial Rooms large enough to seat over 150 students

3 Faculty Offices to replace the ones from the pre-existing building

Open planned

Well laid out and informative floor plan

Adaptable working environment

A challenging & smart design

Atheistically pleasing

Modern design that fits in with the target location

Environmentally friendly/ Energy Saving

Local

Benefit populous

A “Smart House” intelligent systems

Cost effective

Efficient use of space

5 THE DESIGN

5.1 Options Evaluated

By deciding to build the building on Portland villas adequate use of spaced, creative iconic

design and energy efficiency were key factors to the design. The first idea (Figure 1) was a

hexagonal building that would contain a consistent floor plan throughout to allow intelligent

use of space and consistent floor designs throughout the building. Although this was

favourable the long but narrow plot of land would not allow space for a symmetrical

hexagonal building.

(Figure 1)

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The Shape of the land was considered and a long rectangular building was decided with

open study spaces, cafe spaces and office spaces on the top floor (Figure 1). This

incorporated the same modular floor plan idea from hexagon building; however this lead to

the problem of the building being a standard rectangle building. This did not fulfil the iconic

design requirement for the project.

(Figure 2)

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Second sketch of a possible building design where the standard rectangle shaped building is

incorporated.(Figure 2)

For iconic aesthetic purposes that would fit in with the ethos of the city a building

shaped like a ship was designed (Figure 3 – 3a Drawings). The first exterior Solid-works

model was made (Figure 4), however the initial plan did not translate into an iconic design as

the reverse ‘bow’ and straight sided office tower did not exude the visualisation of a ship and

had to be re-designed.

(Figure 3)

(Figure 3a)

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(Figure 4)

Figure 5 shows a developed version of figure 4. The previous design shows tower walls

being straight, Figure 5 shows that the tower being angled and fully developed ship. The

straight ‘bow’ of the ship increased the useful floor area and made the overall design less

complex (Figure 5). The floor area decreases the further up the building goes. (Figure 6)

(Figure 5)

(Figure 6)

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5.1.1 Environmentally friendly design aspects

A fuel cell would be chosen to supplement or completely supply the electrical needs of the building. The initial was the 160 KW Bloom box that would cost between ($700,000-800,000) operated off of methane (Quick, 2010) and convert excess heat into electricity stored in batteries. However this option was too expensive, inefficient (Appendix – 7 Reconsiderations-Thermos) and continued to produce small amounts of CO2.

The final design utilises a solar-hydrogen system that uses cheaper (£ 660/KW) and more

efficient Redox Fuel Cells instead and heat for passive building utilities and services

(discussed in Chosen Design).

5.2 The Chosen Design

The final Ship idea (figure 4) was chosen to be taken into development this was because the

design the most fitting when compared to the project specification. With the Ship shaped

building the iconic aspect was fullfilled as it looked as though it was sailing out into the

adjacted round about space to motorist passing by. It also encompised the space and

environmental functionallity of the previous design conciderations.

5.3 Detailed description of Chosen Design

The final chosen design constructed via Solid Works (Figure 7).

(Figure 7)

The heights of each floor was decided to be 4 metres high for each level, with a 1 meter

space between the floor and drop ceiling to allow space for ducting, plumbing and electrical

conduits to occupy. The rear section of the ground floor was required 8m high in order to

accommodate adequate floor height for the (3) lecture theatres from floor to ceiling. (Figure

8)

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(Figure 8)

(Figure 9)

Figure 9 shows the reason why with the office tower were tilted at a 102.68 degree angle. In

order to increase the amount of sunlight to enter the building year round reducing lighting

cost. However the solar panels play two roles and act as shades to prevent excess sunlight

from overheating the building during the summer months. The angled sides act to increase

surface area and a rain water guide to increase the amount of water collected by the building

and channelling it to the tank reservoir.

Ground floor layout description

The ground floor of the building has been produced so that it had the tallest ceilings in

comparison to the rest of the building where half the floor has a height of 8m this has helped

to design a visually appealing open space floor plan, which produces a sense of freedom to

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move freely, this also helps to integrate the ideology of an intelligent building. The group had

come to the conclusion that the following features needed to be implemented on this floor:

lecture theatres, faculty offices and the reception.

There is a total of three lecture theatres in this building were two have taken the shape of a

rectangle. The third lecture theatre is much larger but this was produced with the intention

that it can be split up into two smaller lecture theatres, this is in the shape of a semi-circle

holding a much larger capacity, the benefits of this would not only cater for the more

populated university subjects it can also be used to host large events such as university

open days. All lecture theatres are situated the back of the building were the height of the

building is at its highest as shown in figure 10. As mentioned before the building needed to

accommodate for all the offices and faculty offices that were located in the current Portland

Villas building. Currently Portland Villas hold two faculty offices these will be presented on

the ground floor. The faculty offices are produced these are situated near to the middle

section of the ground floor as shown in figure 10. A circle shaped reception will be situated at

the front of the ground floor. There are four entrances to the building two on each side as

shown in figure 10 each entrance will have a revolving door to prevent heat loss alongside a

conventional door as shown in figure 10.

Figure 10 Floor Plan for Ground Floor

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First Floor

The first floor of the building will consist of 10 medium size study rooms aimed at students

doing group study or for the use of small tutorial sessions. These rooms will be bookable

through the university website to allow students to reserve study space. The open area at

the front will have more seating that can be used for study or socialising. Included on this

floor will be the systems control room, this will act as the central hub in which all the fire,

security and safety information is processed and monitored. Below is an image of the

floorplan.

Control Room

Figure 11 Floor plan of First

Floor

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Second Floor

The second floor of the University building will be focused on study space for students.

There will be 6 large study rooms, varying in size, which will offer the much-needed group

study areas. (Located at the back of the building) The front half of the floor will consist of

many tables, to offer individual/small group work with the rest of the space being taken by

computers, some relaxation areas and the toilets. Below is the floor plan for this section of

the building.

Figure 13

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Café

The café will be in place in order to offer food and drink both to students and staff and also

as a place to socialise without disturbing others. The café will have small kitchen facilities but

it will mainly serve cold food and drinks. Being situated on the third floor and with large glass

windows the café will have appealing views across the city. Shown below is an image of the

solid works model for this section of the building.

Figure 14

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The offices

The ship will be built in the location of the existing Portland Villars. Currently the Portland

Villars is used as office for university staff. The ship will create a total of 88 offices which will

replace the existing offices in the Portland Villars and also create some spear offices which

will allow for expansion of the university in the future.

The offices will be located over four flours and will be in the tower at the rear of the ship, as

shown in figure 15.

Due to the irregular shape of the ship, the dimensions of each office do slightly vary for one

another. However each office is approximately 5mx8m. Below, figure 15.1 shows a typical

office. The full office dimensions can be found in the appendix.

Figure 15

Office

Figure 15.1

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Figure 16: Leviton, 2014. Occupancy sensor:

OSC05-RMW. Available at:

http://www.leviton.com/OA_HTML/ProductDe

tail.jsp?partnumber=OSC20-

RMW&section=38563&minisite=10251

Figure 17: Amazon, 2015. Philips 433227 60

Watt Equivalent SlimStyle A19 LED Light

Bulb Soft White, Dimmable. Available at:

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B

00I134ORI/ref=nosim/6688506-rg1112-0020-

20?s=merchant&m=ATVPDKIKX0DER

5.4 Systems

5.4.1 Lighting Systems

Purpose

Intelligent Lighting systems will be used throughout the building to help save energy and

create a comfortable learning environment.

Motion sensors

Occupancy sensors (commonly referred to as motion sensors), will

be installed throughout the building. These sensors will

automatically turn the lights on when motion is detected within a

room and then switch the lights off once the motion stops being

detected. The occupancy sensors used will be the OSC20-RUW by

Leviton which is shown in figure 16. These sensors use a

combination of passive infrared and ultrasound to detect

motion and can be mounted to a ceiling. They provide a large

coverage through 360 degrees, making them useable in all

the rooms throughout the building. They cost approximately

£100 per unit which although is relatively expensive, will help

save energy and hence save money in the long run.

Energy efficient LED lightbulbs

Energy efficient LED lightbulbs will be used throughout the building.

The lightbulb used will be Philips 433227 60 Watt Equivalent Slim

Style A19 LED which cost just over five pounds per bulb (Amazon,

2015).

Studies have shown at these lightbulbs are almost six times more

efficient that Incandescent bulbs and over four times more efficient

than Halogen bulbs (Wikipedia , 2014).This will help preserve energy

and in doing so save money as support the universities

environmentally friendly image.

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Figure 18 screwfix, 2015. British General 1-

Gang 2-Way 400W Push Dimmer Switch

White.

Available at:

http://www.screwfix.com/p/british-general-

1-gang-2-way-400w-push-dimmer-switch-

white/65335

Figure 19

Christil Glass, 2014. Price

Calculator. [Online]

Available at:

http://christieglass.com/pricecalc

ulator.php

Natural light and remote control blinds

The design of the ship was created to best optimise the use of natural light sources. The

outside shell is made using clear glass which is transparent to let light enter the building. The

level of natural light entering the building can be reduced if necessary by

using remote control blinds.

Dimmer switches

Dimmer switches will be installed throughout some rooms of the ship to

select the desired level of lighting in the room. Lecture theatres

will have dimmer switches installed which will be used, for

example, when presenting PowerPoints from a projector. The

switches cost £9.40 per unit (screwfix, 2015).

5.4.2 Sound systems

Purpose

Sound systems will be installed throughout the ship to help remove

unwanted noise and to increase the clarity of vocal communications.

Unwanted noise pollution will be reduced using sound absorbent

materials in the construction of the building and also with the

instillation of high quality double glazed windows. Double glazed

windows can be supplied through a company known as Christil

Glass and will cost approximately £50 per m2 (Christil Glass, 2014).

Sound systems such as microphones and speakers will be installed

throughout lecture theatres to help increase communications between

the lecturer and the students. Tannoy systems will also be installed

which can be used for wide range communication across the building.

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5.4.3 Sanitation Systems

Purpose

The purpose of sanitation systems is the use of intelligent devises and methods such as

recycling to reduce waste, which in turn reduces cost. Sanitation refers to the safe disposal

of human excrement and also the maintenance of hygienic condition through waste water

disposal (World Health Organization, 2015).

Rain Water Toilet Flush system

This is a system currently used on campus in the Roland

Levinsky building. This system works by collecting rain water

while working alongside the typical water mains to flush the

toilets within the building simple system of this is shown on

figure 5. This helps to cut cost as water bills would reduce.

These systems tend to cost next to nothing to implement

Waterless Urinals system

The use of waterless urinals is becoming very popular in many

industries and organization it helps to reduce water consumption

and also reduces the amount to waste water produced. Aquafree

Urinal maintenance Device cartridges cost £24 per unit and last

around a 3 month period however can be bulk bought for a

friction of its cost.

Figure 20 James L 2007 avalable at: http://www.greenliving.co.uk/pdc04/week5/week5.htm

Figure 21 Gent works 2015 Avalible at: http://www.gentworks.co.uk/aquafree-urinal-maintenance-device-cartridge.html?gclid=CMOO17aDisQCFQLMtAodBFgAhA

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Heated Taps system

The use of a, at the source heated tap system would be

beneficial as it would allow the instant flow of hot water

when required. This is very economical in comparison

to the conventional boiler system that uses pipe lines

across the buildings to transport hot water, as the

heated water via the conventional system would lose

heat energy during transportation, Also when the taps

are not in use the heated water would be sat in the pipe

lines and this will eventually lose all heat energy and be

regarded as waste and overtime this can be costly.

Boiling water tap system will work perfectly and the

temperature can be adjusted so that the water

dispensed is the perfect temperature. Simple models

such as the SST-FLTR 2/3-Gallon Stainless Tank and

Filtration System can be bought from Purbeck

Plumbing & Heating at a unit cost of £272.95

Double Toilet Flush System

The double toilet flush system is a very cost effective way to

save money. An average flush uses around 13 liters of water

however the double flush system has that option but also come

with an additional feature, the smaller button is a lighter flush

using only half the water in comparison to large flush this

alternative is used when a large flush is not required. The

product UNIVERSAL Push Button Dual Flush System can be

easily purchased from Bathroom Technology at a unit cost of

£17.25

Figure 22 Insinkerator 2014 Available at: http://www.purbeckplumbingandheating.co.uk/insinkerator-model-sst-fltr-23-gallon-stainless-tank-and-filtration-system-10014-

p.asp?gclid=CIK6p9rkk8QCFRQatAodP1gAuw

Figure 23 Bathroom Tecnology 2015 Avalible at: http://www.bathroomtechnology.co.uk/shop/universal-spare-parts/wc-waste-spares/universal-push-button-dual-flush-1094458.html?gclid=CNyh06nmk8QCFcPKtAodyDkA_Q

http://www.bathroomtechnology.co.uk/shop/universal-spare-parts/wc-waste-spares/universal-push-button-dual-flush-1094458.html?gclid=CNyh06nmk8QCFcPKtAodyDkA_Q






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Figure 24 Heat loss in a building, (2015).

Available at:

http://www.avantcoatings.co.uk/Images/EWI_35P

ercent_Wall_HeatLoss.jpg

Figure 25 Air flow in a building 2015 Available at:

http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net.s3.amazonaws.com/wp

-content/uploads/2011/10/1317665184-section-

natural-ventilation-1000x666.jpg

Figure 26 Planitherm.com, 2015 Available at:

http://www.planitherm.com/assets/TripleGlazingGRAPHICLarge_

1.jpg

5.4.4 Environment Systems

Purpose

Plymouth University has well-known reputation of a green and environmentally friendly university around the country so therefore it’s really important to match or even stretch the reputation. One of our biggest concerns when designing an intelligent building was the effective use of heating and electricity. After completing research its clear to identify which part of the building heat lost was a major problem.

There are a number of control devices that will help contribute to the environment. These controllers will turn off light and heat when no one is using the room or part of the building. This will reduce the cost of running and maintaining the building.

Ventilation

Its a key part of the building as it exchanges fresh air into

the building which helps to protect the building against

damp and condensation. Unneeded ventilation can wasted

a huge amount of energy which will cost the building a lot

of money. Energy lost is one of the biggest concern for

most modern building with 35% of heat is lost through

ventilation. Unfortunately ventilation can waste energy

meaning costing the university a lot of money. The cost of

each ventilation is £6000. [2] Inserting high efficient fans

and motors can reduce 10% of heat lost due to less

resistance when operating, they need to be replaced

throughout the years as they do slow down and lost their

quality over the years. As you can see from figure 3 below that cooler air enters the building

through windows for a sense of comfort to the building whilst hot air raises and escapes

through ventilation fans.

Windows

Windows are another big issue when heat is wasted from the building with 16% of the total heat lost. This is why pressure is constantly growing in making glass windows more energy-efficiency to a point where double glazing will no longer be useful in the future. So it clears that triple glazing windows are the

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new futuristic energy saving windows. They are good for the environment because it maintains its ideal room temperature of 21 degrees. Windows contribute to a large amount of heat lost. But after researching and comparing triple and double glazed windows it was concluded that the payback time is very high compared to double glazing. The cost of triple glazing is considerably high and only absorbing an extra two degrees which means that payback time is a longer than double glazed windows.

Plants

Plants are important features of a green building. It bring a friendly touch of open space to the

building with the feeling of comfort of rich oxygen in the air. Oxygen being released from

plants through the respiration system whilst carbon dioxide is taken. Reducing the level of

CO2 will help with global warming. Global warming's is having significant and harmful

effects on our health and climate. Sea level is rising faster than ever, the number of

deforestation is alarming, dangerous heat waves are becoming more common, extreme storm

and draught events are increasing in many areas. The ship building will include an outside

cafe that will be surrounded by plants and grass.

Rainwater system

Rain water is the collection, storage and distribution recycled rainwater, for the use of various different residential or commercial environments. Rain water collection is another part of the building which help influence to the environment with an average of 85,000 litres of rain water falls on building roofs in UK each year with many benefits such as Significantly reduce mains water usage by 70%, offers large saving on utility bills. Toilets and water cooling system would benefit the most from this system. The cost of installing the entire system could cost up to £2500 and saving £175 per year which results payback time of 15 years. This is a worthwhile investment to have in the ship building.

Figure 27: Plants Respiration

System 2015 Available at:

http://tomatosphere.org/teachers/gui

de/images/cycle1.jpg

Group 4: Intelligent building

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5.4.5 Security System

Purpose

As with any building, security plays an essential part in the design. But as the concept for

this building is an intelligent floor plan, it is even more crucial as one of the fundamental

descriptions that encompasses an intelligent building is that it provides for its users in all

aspects of their required needs meaning it is vital that the buildings users are kept safe while

going about their business. Due to the fact that chosen location is situated on the university

premises and the function of the building making it very open, public and would be highly

used. Pair that with the one of the aims of this building was to be a highly efficient

environment, even at peak times in the day when the student population would access its

facilities, which could make it a target for vandalism, theft and more importantly an act of

terrorism because of these possible threats an advanced network of integrated security

systems must be installed to provide countermeasures to disasters as well as reduce and

prevent the possible risks/ opportunities of risk.

To ensure the safety of the students and staff on site, there will be members of staff

stationed within the building during opening hours, this would include; members of a security

team, receptionists, and maintenance/ cleaning staff, and a reduced number nearby to watch

over the building after hours which would solely be made up of security staff and caretakers.

Key card

It was decided during the preliminary development

stages that the intelligent building would use some of the

technology already incorporated throughout Plymouth

University such as the student cards that are used for

attendance, printing and to gain access to the library

would also be suitable to use in the intelligent buildings

design also.

It was essential that a key card system was established

within the building, with staff and student cards

programmed with a tier system, for example the staff

tiers could be broken down into lectures, maintenance,

security and administrative staff, that gives the user

access to specific rooms depending upon what tier they

are, it would also track them throughout the building by

recording what rooms the owner of the card scanned to enter or exit and sending a message

to the site’s server room (e.g. [time stamp] [card number] [card tier] entered/exited [room])

but just like other already existing student cards it would have addition purposes like signing

into computers, access to printers and other onsite technologies and monitoring attendance

in the site’s lecture halls.

Each tier of card would be programmed with a list of zones within the building that its owner

would be granted access to. Some areas of the building would be restricted to certain tiers,

such as people in the possession of a student key card could not access maintenance

Figure 28 Carter DC. 2010, Avalable at:

http://www.ecampusnews.com/technolog

ies/university-pushes-for-better-

attendance-with-electronic-scanners/


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cupboards etc. Whereas, a member of the maintenance staff with maintenance tier key card

would be able to enter the maintenance cupboards.

The key cards will be using a traditional system of a magnetic “swipe” strip along the back as

well as a photo, barcode, a tier representative colored stripe running along one edge and

printed information on the front. However with the advancement of technology soon this

system would most likely be upgraded to an RFID (Radio-frequency Identification) tagging

system, this would not change the way the card functioned.

The way the cards will work, is that once the card is swiped or scanned by a reader, located

next to the door or on the machine, the information that has been programmed on card is

sequenced and read. The access control system located within server room will check the

information presented by the card and confer whether the door is opened/ machinery being

accessed is present on the list of accessible objects to that individual then it will grant them

access. However, if the object trying to be accessed isn’t on the list, the computer will reject

the command and no signal will be sent to the door meaning that it won’t open.

There are many benefits to using this method of security. The cards are waterproof so they

do not suffer from getting wet, they are also less prone to malfunction; therefore, not causing

so many inconveniences for the buildings users.

Security Doors

All doors will consist of a steel frame as well as a metal mess set within the body of the door

and a synthetic non-flammable plastic to ensure strong doors that are lightweight but also

function as a fire door. They will also be held in a metal door frame with heavy duty hinges to

prevent buckling from impact or heat. The door will be kept closed by electronic magnetic

locks. This helps to keep unauthorised individuals out of restricted areas, as the door will

only be released if the appropriate tier of key card is scanned. In the event of a fire all locks

throughout the building, will be released allowing all doors to

be freely accessed by anyone in the building.

Surveillance

Surveillance is another critical system required within an

intelligent building. A closed circuit television (CCTV) system

will be fitted to provide visual evidential security to all those

visiting within the building, as well as allowing security to

monitor multiple zones from one room.

There is a multitude of advantages to having surveillance

located around the buildings premises, such as it could

potentially reduce the likelihood of crime within and around

the building and all areas covered by CCTV, which would

hopefully give the feeling of a safe environment. Another

benefit is that if a crime does occur the CCTV cameras will aid in any situations where

suspicious behaviour is occurring or evidence is required.

Due to the scale of the building there will be a number of cameras situated around the

building, collecting footage. The system will consist of internal and external cameras. The

(Figure

19)

Figure 29 Huang, JH. (2012) Available

at: http://www.hd-

cctvcameras.com/china-

hd_sdi_cctv_high_speed_dome_camera

_cmos_illumination_0_3_lux_f1_2_12v_d

c_1a-358681.html

Formatted: Font: 11 pt


25 | P a g e

internal cameras will be connected to low voltage power supplies to allow them to run 24/7

without fear of being a drain on the buildings power supply. The power supply units will be

specific to each floor and then the separate systems will be connected to the main control

centre allowing the video footage to be recorded and viewed.

Whereas the external cameras have a motion tracking function as well as being motion

sensitive, meaning they will only activate when movement occurs, then they will follow the

motion until it goes out of range.

All the cameras fitted within this building will be using P.T.Z. (pan, tilt or zoom) dome

cameras. This will allow staff to track intruders or monitor suspicious behavior, as these

cameras are able to move vertically, horizontally and zoom. Each one of these CCTV units

will be sending information directly to the buildings control center without the need of

additional cameras. External cameras will require an infrared (IR) function to cope with

limited light between dusk and dawn. All cameras internal and external with have a backup

power source in case of a power cut.

CCTV cameras will have to be place strategically around the site to maximize observation

and it is critical that no areas are un-monitored expect the offices on the upper levels.

As there is going to be multiple camera set ups on different loops, monitoring all areas of the

buildings and grounds, however it’s not possible for someone to be viewing all the captured

footage whether it’s live feed or captured footage at the same time.

There are several ways to overcome this problem. One is by heavily controlling the rate at

which footage is captured, another is viewing it on a multi-screen in the control room to

choose which specific camera they want to view, there is also the stockpiling of footage for

use in a later on but the main solution to this is have the cameras cycle through a loop

spending 10 seconds on each camera and making sure the cameras are only on when

needed and not running unnecessarily.

Security shutters

As the library is open 24 hours a day, 7

days a week, 365.25 days a year, the

building will not also be open to the same

length of time as this seemed inefficient

instead a 6am-10pm open time slot, 7 days

a week, only during term time was deemed

more appropriate in order to support the

other university buildings instead of making

them obsolete. However certain zones

within the building will shut down at

different times to save energy, for example lecture periods start at 9am and end by 6pm so

the lecture theatres will be open between the periods of 8am – 7:30pm. Once areas are

closed industrial rolling security shutters will be lowed over the doors to seal them off and will

only lift just before it is time for the lecture period to begin.

Figure 30 Cetra (2015), Available at:

https://cetrasecurity.co.uk/productsandservices/rollershutt

erdoors/cetravision-800


26 | P a g e

Tannoys & intercoms

Tannoys & intercoms will also be installed allowing staff to view

and talk to the occupants of the building. Tannoys would be

used to inform everyone within the building/ on a specific floor

or within a certain zone of events. Whereas intercoms would be

used identify personnel before they are given access to the

restricted areas of building. There will also be an intercom

installed to allow conversations within the building between

staff.

Control centre/ Security office

Located on site will be a small secure office for members of security, it will be positioned

next to the server room and will house the surveillance station.

Intruder detection

Intruder detection is a key factor in any security system. As

it’s not possible to manually patrol the corridors at all hours

of the day, infrared motion sensors will be fitted in all rooms

that as well as working to turn on lights and sense when to

turn them off, and when the room has been locked, will also

function as a way of triggering alarms that will alert the

university security and the local law enforcement. Doors

and windows will be fitted with be alarmed and have

electromagnetic locks that activate when the room is not in

use, so that entry is broken, security will be notified that

someone has gained unauthorized access.

Flood lights with infrared sensors will also be fitted around

the outside of the building to light up poorly lit areas when

motion occurs in order to detect if anyone is in areas where they aren’t allowed to be.

Personal safety

Personal safety is a passive self-security set up in order to protect the buildings users from

accidents, mishaps or self-harm, although it isn’t extremely crucial as it’s a passive system it

is still a nice touch to emphasise a safe working environment. The building will use the latest

in construction materials, in this case high specification safety glass designed to be anti-

shatter without the use of a pin hammer applied to the corner of the frame. The windows in

the building will be anti-suicide windows meaning that they are small openings located on

Figure 31 Samsung Smart Home

(2015), Available at:

http://www.digitaldoorlocks.com.au/

product-category/video-

intercom/samsung-apartment-

units/)

Figure 32 Direct Industry (2015),

Available at:

http://www.directindustry.com/prod/ta

kex-europe/motion-detectors-

passive-infrared-ceiling-mount-

14273-737309.html


27 | P a g e

the top half of the glass panel exterior walls, they open upwards and have a limited opening

capacity to prevent people from falling out of them.

There will be a first aid station on site to provide medical support to those who injury

themselves on site. Action plans will also be implemented and carried out rigorously to

prepare for any eventuality that may arise.

Furniture in the building will have a curved design, such as rounded edges on tables to

prevent injury. Anti-slip material strips will be place outside all exits, on all fire escapes and

on all stairs to prevent accidents in the wet.

Light emitting diode (LED) displays stall be set up all over the site to keep the buildings

users of what’s going on in their university as well as the community (like a rolling notice

board), but in the event of an emergency can be overridden to provide useful information in

the event a fire etc. because of the application each one needs to be wired into a back-up

power supply (the same as CCTV).

28

5.4.6 Fire Systems

Purpose

The Fire System in ‘The Ship’ university building will have to comply with British Standards

BS5839, Meaning that the system has to protect the occupants of a building from the

occurrence of a fire. This system has to be certified before occupants can use this building.

The system has many roles to play in keeping occupants safe from any fires, which may

occur in the building. It has to firstly alert all occupants about the fire and allow them to leave

the building safely, as well as preventing any spreading of fire or smoke. The system also

has to keep the buildings damage to a minimum.

Fire System Design

The design will all comply with BS5839, as this states there must be a minimum amount of

fire detectors, fire panels, alarms, call points, fire extinguishers, sprinklers/shutters and fire

doors. These will all be correctly fitted and placed at correct heights and distances apart so

that the system will conform to all regulations. There will be detailed floor plans that will

illustrate how much equipment will be used later on in this section.

Fire Detectors System As detectors are the first sign of a fire occurring, these will be placed across the whole building. However, there will need to be both smoke and heat detectors used in ‘The Ship’. This choice was made due to the fact that smoke detectors can be located in all offices, group study areas and the whole bottom floor. Yet, in the café there will need to be heat detectors instead, as the hot beverage or cooking appliances may result in smoke, leading to false alarms.

The smoke detectors that will be

used are Apollo XP95 Optical

Smoke Detector (Addressable),

which are priced at £28.79 per unit

and are approved by the British

Standards of fire safety and

regulations. This optical smoke

detector is part of the Apollo Series

65 range. When smoke enters the

chamber it causes an LED light

pulse to scatter, which causes the

detector to change to the alarm

state. (Safelincs, 2015). The

sensing element will be in between 25-600mm below the ceiling to conform to BS5839, as

shown in figure 1. (Apollo, 2013, pp.4)

Figure 33 Apollo, 2013. Available at: http://www.apollo-fire.co.uk/media/57203/bs-guide-final-locked.pdf, pp.4)


29

The smoke detectors will also have to be positioned correctly. They have a maximum range

(radius) of 7.5m from the detector, and have coverage of 112m3. The building will have

detectors over lapped to monitor every part of the floor. (Apollo, 2013, pp.6) The coverage of

smoke detectors can be seen in figure 2, which will be implemented into this building.

The heat sensors that will be used in the café will be Apollo Discovery Heat Detector

(Addressable), which are priced at £31.91 per unit and area approved by the British

Standards of fire safety and regulations. ‘Incorporating a fixed temperature response for all

modes, the Discovery heat detector can also be configured as a rate of rise unit. The Apollo

heat detector uses a single thermistor to sense the air temperature.’ (Safelincs, 2015)

The sensing element will be in

between 25-150mm below the

ceiling to conform to BS5839, as

shown in figure 3. (Apollo, 2013,

pp.4)The heat detectors will also

have to be positioned correctly.

They have a maximum range

(radius) of 5.3m from the detector,

and have coverage of 56.3m3. The

building will have detectors over

lapped to monitor every part of the

café. (Apollo, 2013, pp.6) The

coverage of these sensors can be

seen in figure 4.

Figure 34 Apollo, 2013. Available at: http://www.apollo-fire.co.uk/media/57203/bs-guide-final-locked.pdf, pp.6

Figure 35 Apollo, 2013. Available at: http://www.apollo-fire.co.uk/media/57203/bs-guide-final-locked.pdf, pp.5


30

Fire Panel Systems

The university building will have an automated fire control system, so when an alarm is

triggered it will identify the location, close vents, open fire doors and any other actions

required. An addressable fire alarm panel will control this, which use an intelligent system

that identifies the exact detector that

has been activated, so the precise

location of the fire will be known.

A ‘XFP Addressable Two Loop Panel’

will be used in the building, which is

£743.99 per unit. This also fully

complies with EN54 standards.

(Safelincs, 2015)

Figure 36 (Apollo, 2013. Available at: http://www.apollo-fire.co.uk/media/57203/bs-guide-final-locked.pdf, pp.6)

Figure 37 (Safelincs, 2015) Available at:

http://www.safelincs.co.uk/xfp-addressable-two-loop-32-

zone-panel/


31

Fire Alarm Systems

The fire alarms will be evenly spread across all floors and coincide with BS5839 fire safety

regulations. As shown in figure 5, ‘the minimum sound level of a sounder device should be

65dB(A) or 5dB(A) above a background noise (if lasting more than 30 seconds) and at a

frequency between 500Hz and 1000Hz. The maximum sound level should not exceed

120dB(A).’ (Cooper Lighting and Safety Ltd, 2002) The alarms used will be Apollo XP95

Open Area Weatherproof Sounder, which is designed to work with the XFP addressable fire

alarm panels. It has a nominal sound output of 100dB and is priced at £39.59 per unit.

(Safelincs, 2015)

Manual Call Points

Manual call points will be on every floor of the building and

‘are required at all exits to the open air-whether or not the

exits are specifically designed to be fire exits unless, for

example, the exits lead to an enclosed courtyard from which

there is no escape.’ (Apollo, 2013, pp.17) They are there so

occupants can manually set off, an alarm, before sensors

automatically trigger it. Also, the call point will be positioned

1.4m from floor level to comply with BS5839 regulations.

They will also be located so no person has to travel more

than 45m to reach the call point. (Apollo, 2013, pp.12) The

Apollo Discovery Manual Call Point with Isolator (Figure 7)

will be used in the building, which is priced at £33.59 per

unit. (Safelincs, 2015)

Figure 38 (Cooper Lighting and Safety Ltd, 2002. Available at: http://www.cooperfire.com/sites/default/files/docs/CC1608_Fire%20Systems%20Design%20Guide.pdf, pp. 4)

Figure 39 (Safelincs, 2015)

Available at:

http://www.safelincs.co.uk/apollo-

discovery-isolated-manual-call-

point/


32

Fire Extinguishers System

The building will have fire extinguishers available to all occupants of the building to address

any small fires that may occur, without the need to use any building systems such as

sprinklers. Figure 7 below shows the different types available, the building will have

appropriately placed extinguishers

where necessary.

The building will consist mainly of dry

powder extinguishers as they cover

almost all fire types. However, in the

café there will be wet chemical

extinguishers as well, due to there

being oil and fat in the cooking

facilities.

A 9-litre extinguisher costs:

(Safelincs, 2015):

Water: £25.19

Foam: £35.99

Dry Powder: £35.75

L2: £275.51 (N/A)

CO2 Gas: £83.39 (5 Litre)

Wet Chemical: £104.15 (6 Litre)

Fire doors/exits System

Due to the open plan nature of the building, the number of doors inside is low. However,

there will be fire doors for control rooms and any other rooms that require them. The

specially treated doors help them to burn for longer and suffocate fires by stopping the

airflow to them. This all helps to increase the time that occupants have to leave the building

and give fire longer to fight it. The standard FD30 fire doors that will be used in this building

offer 30 minutes of fire protection and are priced at £75.59 per door (Safelincs, 2015), the

fire exits in the building will be marked by an emergency exit sign above the door, to show

the location of any fire exit near to an occupant of the building.

Figure 40 (Fire and Safety Centre, 2015) Available at:

http://www.fireandsafetycentre.co.uk/fire-extinguisher-

chart.php


33

Ventilation System

There will be a ventilation system in the building to control airflow within the building. This

can also be used within the fire system, as when a fire is detected the ventilation system can

stop airflow around the building. Resulting in fires being suffocated, as they are given no

fresh oxygen to keep the fire burning, and the spread of fire is greatly reduced

Below are the ground, 1st and café floor plans for the fire systems that will need to implement

into the building to meet fire safety regulations.

Key:

Smoke Detectors Heat detectors Fire Panels Fire Alarms Bells Manual Call Points Fire Extinguishers

2nd

Floor

Key:


Ground

Floor


34

Key:


Café


35

Figure 42 (Panel Locations)

5.4.7 Sustainable Energy - Solar Hydrogen systems

Purpose

The Ship will incorporate a solar- hydrogen energy system to meet the electrical and thermal needs of the building services. This system will fall in line with the Plymouth low carbon city target by being 90-98 Percent renewable (Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC), 2013). When hydrogen is used as a fuel the only bi- products are water, heat and electricity; making this system carbon neutral; an example The Sir Samuel Griffith Building (AUS). (Chris Menictas and Skyllas-Kazacos, 2014)

Considerations

Due to the useful floor space being

11066.4m2 a dedicated control

facility on the First Floor will house

automatic electricity and gas meter

reading. (Portal and Government,

2014). the output of the renewable

energy system will be separately

monitored and calculate the energy

usage to the Building Management

System (BMS). (Portal and

Government, 2014) Ensure that

Solar availability of solar energy

year round in Plymouth being

between 2.5-19 MJ/m^2(Met Office

(2014)(Figure 41)

Stage 1 – Solar

The system begins with photovoltaic array on the roof and

linear sides Figure 42 of the building that face south and

south west. These locations have the least amount of

shadow cover from surrounding buildings such as Rolle and

Babbage; these features increase the amount of panels

exposed to the sun throughout the day [Figure 43 & 44].

Figure 41 (Met Office (2014) ‘UK Solar Radiation Maps’. Available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/renewables/solar.


36

B A

Figure 43- Shadows exposure during summer (A) and winter(B)

A B

Figure 44- Shadows exposure during morning (A) and evening(B).

The amount of roof space and side exposure is (m2). Monocrystalline 240W Sanyo (HIT-

N240SE10 Model) panels will be applied and have the performance of 190 W/m2 at a cost of

£ 298.7 (Swithenbanks Alternative Energy Ltd, 2014). Total panels are 1363 this translates

to a 258 Kw solar array. Monocrystalline panels have the highest efficiency 6-9 /1 KWp per

meter 2. Although they have a high cost they have an efficient uses of small available space.

(Maehlum, 2013)

B


37

Figure 45 (Sunny Clear System Operation)


38

Figure 48 Redox Cube Fuel Cell (Clark,

2013)[10] Available at:

http://mtech.umd.edu/news/press_release

s/redox_wachsman_fuel_cells.html

Figure 47 Solid oxide Operation (Bierschenk,

Wilson and Barnett, 2011) Available at:

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/201

1/ee/c0ee00457j#!divAbstract

Or Air

Mode

SOFC

Figure 46 (Cloudy/ dark system operation)

Stage 2 - Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC)

A (SOEC) will use 30% of the solar energy provided to electrochemically split water into hydrogen and oxygen. 6 Redox Cubes 25 KW fuel cells will be used in reverse operation. (Tao and Virkar, 2006) (Figure 47)

During high insolation and hydrogen production months (May- September) the excess hydrogen produced will be stored long term to supplement the hydrogen demand for the fuel cells in the low insolation months (Nov - March). The Redox Cubes cost $1000/KW (Clark, 2013).


39

Rain water collected from the roof top can be in the system. This use of free water reduces

water consumption from water service provider.

Water produced from the fuel cell 22 kg per hour can also be condensed stored and recycled

for the electrolysis process. (Appendix for calculations)

Stage 3 - Fuel Cell

When the fuel cell is ran off of hydrogen it is 100% green, as there are no greenhouse

gasses produced during the reaction. This was a major deciding factor for a sustainable

energy production approach as the only by products are water vapour, electricity and heat.

Redox Cube (80 KW) in fuel cell mode will be used to convert the stored hydrogen and air

into electrical power and heat. During operation heat (approx. 3333KW) is released, this heat

was decided to be utilized in the heating, climate control and ventilation systems in the

building.

During the operational reaction the fuel cell reaction is exothermic (Heat is released), by

capturing the heat generated overall system efficiency increase from 45%-60% to 80% -

85%, this heat was decided to be utilized in the heating, climate control and ventilation

systems in the building. (Messenger, Vent and Venter, 1999).

Stage 4- Storage


40

Figure 50 Technology features: Panasonic inc. [pp 7]: (Panasonic Corporation, 2012)

Figure 51 Technology features: Panasonic inc [pp 7] (Panasonic Corporation, 2012)

Storage is one of the main components of this system; as peak energy production will not

coincide with the time periods in which the energy is needed (Figure 50).

Battery Storage for the Ship

The Ship will demonstrate the storage of solar energy in batteries and hydrogen. Battery

storage would be used for ‘load shifting’. The Panasonic DCB-104E (27 KWh) module was

chosen due to its high energy density per volume; high energy conversion efficiencies (95%)

(Appendix. Fig 25) and included battery management system (BMU). This BMU will be

linked to the building’s management system that will smooth out energy demand at peak

usage by releasing stored energy during peak demand, reducing grid consumption and peak

rates (Clements-Croome, 2004).The cost of 1500 € (Panasonic Corporation, 2012)

(Oberhofer and Meisen, 2012) [Appendix figure 2].


41

Figure 53 (Gray, 2007) ‘Hydrogen storage –

status and prospects’

Figure 52 (Panasonic Corporation, 2012) [Technology features: Panasonic inc [pp 10

Hydrogen Storage

Choosing a hydrogen storage medium safety and volumetric density is a major concern therefore metal hydride was chosen as the storage medium as the risk of explosion is improbable. Metal Hydride(Magnesium Hydride) has one of the highest volumetric weight of 7.6%(135 Kg H2 /m3)(Figure 53) of hydrogen (Ohta, 1979) [21] at a relatively low cost (eg Magnesium hydride) that doesn’t need any energy input in order to store the fuel like liquid storage. The system will need 150 Kg of hydride (Tanks) at a cost of £36.20/ 10g (Sigma-Aldrich Co. 2015) to store hydrogen for a 3 month period of low sunlight and clowd cover throughout the daytime.

Risk Assessment:

Located in the Appendices is the full risk assessment for the project. The risk assessment

outlines all the potential risks before, during and after construction of the building.

Building Material:

As the design specification stated that the project that it had to fit in with the surrounding

buildings. The building managers decided to model the building after Plymouth University’s

buildings “Roland Levinsky & the House”. Using the same construction technique and

aesthetic design along with the same material composition of a reinforced concrete frame

with an outer shell made of copper panelling.


42

5.4.8 Space Saving

A key concept of an ‘Intelligent building’ is its functionality and ability to utilise all available

space in an intelligent manor, this has been done in varying ways within the university

building by using clever space efficiency techniques, whilst maximising usable working

space. Such as folding ‘curtain’ walls both in the lecture theatres but also in the smaller

study rooms, these allow the actual sizes of the rooms to be changed based on the needs of

the occupiers at the time. For instance by integrating two of these retracting walls in the

lecture theatre it can be used as a single theatre or split into two or three smaller halls, as

class sizes on different courses varies greatly. In the same way the study rooms can be split

into large rooms for group study sessions or smaller rooms for individuals allowing needs to

be accommodated and to maximise effective use of space. These walls are already being

used in other areas of the university such as in Smeaton and Babbage computer rooms and

in the seminar rooms in Robbins. However they are not as yet being used on the larger scale

in lecture theatres. These retracting walls have to be custom made for the application so a

price cannot be estimated, though as they are non- load bearing walls can be made from

lightweight, relatively cheap materials. The only issue that would have to be accommodated

for would be noise between the lecture theatres so soundproofing materials may have to be

used which would increase costing.

The building also incorporates versatile furniture and fittings allowing to maximise working

space within the building with an emphasis on the third floor and within the offices. As these

are the areas in which space efficiency is crucial in order to create an open plan, clutter free

environment which would appeal to all users of the building. These include lightweight

folding chairs which are priced at £19.80 per unit (staples.co.uk, 2015) and small linking

tables priced at £24.99 per unit (Homebase.co.uk, 2015) which can be easily resituated for

use with small or large groups or individuals. Wall mounted information screens and

underfloor power sockets, shown in Figure 1 below, will also be situated around the building.

These aspects are in use in some of the newer university buildings such as Roland Levinsky

and need to be integrated into new buildings to allow students and lecturers alike to keep

connected in the modern day.

The use of glass on the exterior of the building is

similarly an important feature in regards to space

efficiency as the use of natural light creates the

effect of more spacious rooms.

Figure 54 promarchive.ru (no date). Available at:

http://promarchive.com/product/78212


43

6 PROJECT PLAN

The Gantt chart shown below in figure 55 shows the tasks carried out to produce this report

and the time designated to each of the jobs.

Activities 12-Jan 19-Jan 26-Jan 02-Feb 09-Feb 16-Feb 23-Feb 02-Mar 09-Mar 16-Mar 23-Mar 30-Mar 06-Apr 13-Apr 20-Apr 27-Apr

Planned

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Final Preparation for the Presentation Day on the 1st of may

Attend Presentation Day on the 1st of May

Finalise & Submit Final Report on 25th March

Agree the Design for the Physical Model

Design and Build the Physical Model

Design the Poster for Presentation Day

Produce the Poster for Presentation Day

Prepare for the Presentation Day

Produce Draft Report

Finalise Design

Research building section 1- group member 1

Research building section 2 - group member 2


Assign a system for each group member to research

Research system 1- group member 1

Research system 2 - group member 2



Week Commencing

Holiday

Assign section of building for each member to research

Produce Final report





Review building sections




Review each system

Review Draft Report

Read through past examples on dle

Decide and agree research areas for Final Report

Figure 55: Gantt Chart showing progress for term 2 work.


44

7 CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion a variety of evaluating methods have been used to help choose a final design

for the intelligent building. The purpose of the building was one of the first things to be

decided. A number of possible options were considered and after evaluate the strengths and

weaknesses of each one, a design of a multi-functional university building that will provide

space for lectures theatres, open access study areas and a café was chosen.

Next, the location of the building needed to be decided. It was felt that the building would

need to be located on the university campus to allow the building to reach its maximum

potential. Unfortunately however, being a city campus, available space for the building is

very limited. Due to this reason it was decided that the best possibility option would be to

remove an existing building to create space. By removing a section of the existing Portland

Villars, which are currently only used for offices, it would provide a location that is suitable for

the new university building. However, by doing this it would mean the new university building

will also need to contain offices to replace the existing ones in the Portland Villars.

The design and image of the building is obviously extremely important and needs to fit with

the universities image. A range of possible ideas were considered but in the end the chosen

building design is a modern, aesthetically pleasing building in the shape of a ship (which will

fit with the universities marine image).

A range of systems will be installed throughout the building helping to create an intelligent

building. There will be systems installed for sound, lighting, sanitation, the environment,

energy, security and fire. Estimated price for the systems have been included.

The aims of the report have been achieved and therefore the project has been a success.

The Project has also helped develop many useful skills which will be used throughout

university and also when in an engineering career. This include: communication skills,

teamwork skills, CAD skills (e.g. SolidWorks and Google Sketchup), report righting

techniques and time management.


45

8 REFERENCES

Arch Daily, (2015) Building Ventilation [online] Available at: http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/1317665184-section-natural-ventilation-1000x666.jpg (Accessed: 09/03/2015)

Amazon, (2015) Philips 433227 60 Watt Equivalent SlimStyle A19 LED Light Bulb Soft White, Dimmable. [Online] Available at: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00I134ORI/ref=nosim/6688506-rg1112-0020-20?s=merchant&m=ATVPDKIKX0DER (Accessed: 04/03/2015)

Apollo (2013) A guide to Fire Alarm Systems Design BS5839 Part1: 2013. Available at: http://www.apollo-fire.co.uk/media/57203/bs-guide-final-locked.pdf (Accessed: 04/03/2015)

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48

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49

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9 APPENDICES REFERENCES

Amos, Wade. A. (1998) ‘Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen’, Costs of

Storing and Transporting Hydrogen. United States, pp. 10–27. doi: 10.2172/6574.

Amos, W. A. (1998) ‘Figure F.2 – At longer storage times, liquid hydrogen storage

starts to compete with other methods.’

Amos, W. A. (1998) ‘Figure F.5 – Liquid hydrogen and underground storage show

relatively little increase in cost with longer storage times due to low capital costs of

storage’.

FRS, D. M. (2008) Sustainable Energy - without the hot air: Why on-site renewables

don’t add up, Blog Spot. Available at:

http://withouthotair.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/why-on-site-renewables-dont-add-up.html

(Accessed: 01/02/2015)

Gray, M. E. (2007) ‘Hydrogen storage – status and prospects’, Advances in Applied

Ceramics, 106(1-2), pp. 25–28. doi: 10.1179/174367607x152380.

Greenstream Publishing Limited (2015) Solar Irradiance Calculator, The Solar

Electricity Handbook website. Available at:

http://www.solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html (Accessed:

14/03/2015)

Greenstream Publishing Limited (2015) Solar Irradiance Calculator, The Solar

Electricity Handbook website. Solar Electricity Handbook. Available at:

http://www.solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html [1](Accessed:

01/03/2015)

Larminie, J. and Dicks, A. (2000) Fuel Cell Systems Explained. First. United

Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp 164-166.


50

Larminie, J. and Dicks, A. (2000) Fuel Cell Systems Explained. First. United

Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp 297–302.

Maehlum, M. A. (2013) ‘Solar Cell Comparison Chart – Mono-, Polycrystalline and

Thin Film’. Available at: http://energyinformative.org/solar-cell-comparison-chart-

mono-polycrystalline-thin-film/ (Accessed: 08/03/2015)

Messenger, R. A., Vent, G. and Ventre, J. G. (1999) Photovoltaic systems

engineering. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press Inc, PP 60-62.

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http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/sw (Accessed: 08/03/2015)

Ohta, ed. by T. (1979) Solar- hydrogen energy systems: an authoritative review of

water-splitting systems by solar beam and solar heat ; hydrogen production, storage

and utilisation. First. Edited by T. Ohta. United Kingdom: Pergamon Press, pp. 193 -

203

Oberhofer, A. and Meisen, P. (2012) 'Figure 25: Comparison of the efficiency for

different technologies’, Global Energy Network Institute, pp. 31.

Oberhofer, A. and Meisen, P. (2012) ‘Energy Storage Technologies & Their Role in

Renewable Integration’, Global Energy Network Institute, pp. 32–33.

Oberhofer, A. and Meisen, P. (2012) ‘Figure 3: Load curves for typical electricity grid’.

Panasonic Corporation (2015) Features | Storage Battery System. Available at:

http://panasonic.net/energy/storage_battery/features/index.html (Accessed:

13/03/2015)

Tao, G. and Virkar, A. (2006) ‘A Reversible Planar Solid Oxide Fuel-Fed Electrolysis

Cell and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Hydrogen and Electricity Production Operating on

Natural Gas/Biomass Fuels’, Annual Progress Report - Hydrogen program, pp. 25–

27. doi: 10.2172/934689.

Wachsman, E. D. (2012) Redox Power System’s Revolutionary SOFC Technology;

25 Years of Persistence, Hydrogen Energy. Available at:

http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/htac_apr14_14_wachsman.pdf (Accessed:

15/03/2015)


51

10 APPENDICES

Solar Appendix (Map of location)

Site position(lat/lon) 50.376211, -4.141138

50° 22' 34", -04° 08' 28"(show decimal)

Altitude:34 m(show ft)

Plymouth University, Portland Villas, Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 6DX, UK

(Met Office , 2013)

(Greenstream Publishing Limited, 2015)


52

The Cells

Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Amorphous CdTe CIS/CIGS

Typical

module

efficiency

15-20% 13-16% 6-8% 9-11% 10-12%

Best

research

cell

efficiency

25.0% 20.4% 13.4% 18.7% 20.4%

Area

required for

1 kWp

6-9 m2 8-9 m2 13-20 m2 11-13 m2 9-11 m2

Typical

length of

warranty

25 years 25 years 10-25 years

Lowest

price

0.75 $/W 0.62 $/W 0.69 $/W

Temperature

resistance

Performance

drops 10-15%

at high

temperatures

Less

temperature

resistant than

monocrystalline

Tolerates

extreme

heat

Relatively

low impact

on

performance

Additional

details

Oldest cell

technology and

most widely

used

Less silicon

waste in the

production

process

Tend to

degrade

faster than

crystalline-

based solar

panels

Low

availability

on the

market

(Maehlum, 2013)

Electrolysis Appendix

A solid oxide electrolyser is an electrochemical device that converts water into hydrogen

fuel. It operates in the exact opposite operation as the fuel cell by utilizing solar or grid

electricity to split the water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen (fuel).Conveniently the out

put of a Photovoltaic system produces direct current which is consistent with the input needs

of the electrolyser. This means that hydrogen can be produced by simply passing current

through the water. But unlike other electrolysers SOEC operate at high temperatures(800


53

>1000) that contribute to the thermal decomposition of water. (Messenger, Vent and Ventre,

1999) (Tao and Virkar, 2006)

Fuel Cell Appendix

A Fuel Cell an electrochemical reactor that converts fuel and air into heat and electricity

Fuel flows over the anode and air flows over the cathode. An electrolyte (solid ()metal oxide)

layer between anode and cathode transport oxygen ions from cathode to anode. A

peripheral circuit is connected to the anode and cathode and provides the apparatus to take

power from the fuel cell to power electrical services. (Larminie and Dicks, 2000)

Types of

fuel cell Electrolyte

Operating

Temp Fuel Oxidant Efficiency

Solid oxide

(SOFC)

ceramic as

stabilised

zirconia and

doped

perovskite

600–1000°C natural gas or

propane

O2/Air 55–60%

Phosphoric acid

(PAFC)

phosphoric acid 160–210°C hydrogen

from

hydrocarbons

and alcohol

O2/Air 40–50%

Proton-exchange

membrane

(PEMFC)

polymer, proton

exchange

membrane

50–80°C less pure

hydrogen

from

hydrocarbons

or methanol

O2/Air 40–50%

Molten

carbonate(MCFC)

molten salt

such as nitrate,

sulphate,

carbonates…

630–650°C hydrogen,

carbon

monoxide,

natural gas,

propane,

marine diesel

CO2/O2/Air 50–60%

Alkaline (AFC)

potassium

hydroxide

(KOH)

50–200°C pure

hydrogen, or

hydrazine

O2/Air 50–55%

Table 1 (Messenger, Vent and Ventre, 1999)


54

A Solid Oxide fuel Cell was chosen from comparing it to the other fuel cells in table 1. Solid

oxide fuel cells characteristics and advantages for building application are due to:

1. They operate at high temperature (600-1000 Deg C) and low cost catalyst nickel metal metal catalyst this makes the cost of the cell considerably lower.

2. Operational Efficiency rating of 60% 3. 85% Efficiency when both electricity and heat is utilized. 4. Versatile operation can operate off of hydrogen or back up - biogas, methane-

hydrocarbons. (Larminie and Dicks, 2000)

Storage Batteries

Figure 25(Oberhofer and Meisen, 2012)


55

Environmental Impacts and Life cycle cost

Method Impact Life Cycle Cost/kWH

output

Energy

density

Flywheels

construction creates

greatest impacts, Very

low

20 years

1,000 - 5,000 €

Superconducting

Magnetic Energy

Storage(SMES)

Very low, only during

construction

1,000,000 cycles

30,000 - 200,000 €

Lead-Acid

High impact, Lead is

poisonous and can

contaminate soil and

water.

1,000 - 2,000 cycles

25 - 250 €

25-

50Wh/kg

Lithium-Ion

Low impact, during

production of the cells

1,000 - 2,000 cycles

800 - 1,500 €

140kWh/ton

or 150-

200kWh/m3

Figure 26.Table 3 & 4 (Oberhofer and Meisen, 2012) : Comparison of environmental impacts

for different technologies and Comparison of the costs for different technologies.


56

Middle Size 27- kWh

System

DCB-102E

Large Size

DCB-104E

Charging Voltage 52V 780V

Nominal Voltage 46.8V 702V

Charge Rate

(continuous/max) 50A 76.8A

Discharge Rate

(continuous/max) 50A 76.8A

Maximum Parallel

and Series 1S5P 15S1P

Table 27 .Product Specification :Battery (Panasonic Corporation, 2015)

Hydrogen Storage

There are three major means of storing hydrogen: Liquid, Compressed gas and Metal

Hydride.

(Table 1.Costs Of Storing and transporting [hydride costs]) Shows the advantages and

disadvantages

Storage

Medium

Characteristic Advantage Disadvantage Cost Storage

period and

consideration

Safety

Liquid

Storage

Hydrogen is

processed

through,

throttle valves,

heat

expansion

engine, heat

exchangers

and

compressors

until liquefied.

highest

storage

density

insulated

storage

container

hydrogen

evaporation

will occur and

build up

pressure.

liquefaction

process -

energy

$650-

$6,600/kW-

Depending on

compressor size

Long term

or seasonal

storage

of hydrogen,

low electricity

costs

requiring

liquid

hydrogen

High

Pressur

es


57

intensive

Metal

Hydride

Storage

Hydrogen

chemically

bonds to

metal, alloy or

metalloid

elements.

Examples:

LaNi5-xAlx,

TiV2-xMnx and

FeTi1-

xMnx

store about

2%-6%

hydrogen by

weight

high

volumetric

storage

densities

27Kg<

Absortion

of

hydrogen

>=

Atmospher

ic

pressure.

Release

hydrogen

at high

when

heated.

Many

Hydride

alloys to

choose

from for

desired

application

.

Heat is

released

when

hydrogen is

released-

Cooling

system

needed.

Can be

damaged by:

water, carbon

di-oxide or

sulphur

compounds

low weight-

storage

density

$820/kg-

$60,000/kg

not

economical

for large

quantities

due to high

capital cost

Safest

due to

low

pressur

e

storage

Compre

ssed

Gas

Storage

Hydrogen gas

is compressed

into a smaller

volume only

compressor

and a pressure

vessel

needed.

Simplest

method

Low

Pressure

capacity

<=1300 kg

at 1.2-1.6

MPa

low storage

density

High Storage

pressure(20-

30 MPa)

increases

investments

and operating

cost

Size (kg/h) 170

for $118,000

($/kg/h)

Or

Size (kg/h)

1,500 for

$25,600 ($/kg/h)

small

quantities

short storage

times

Storage Methods Comparrison (Amos, 1998)


58

Table 10 -

Hydrogen

Storage

Capital Cost

Assumptions

Base Size Base Cost Base

Pressure

Sizing

Exponent

Pressure

Factor

Compressor 4,000 kW

(5,400 hp)

$1,000/kW

($746/hp)

20 MPa

(2,900 psia)

0.80 0.18

Compressed

Gas Vessel

227 kg

(500 lb)

$1,323/kg

($600/lb)

20 MPa

(2,900 psia)

0.75 0.44

Liquefier 454 kg/h

(1,000 lb/h)

$44,100/kg/hr

($20,000/lb/h)

n/a 0.65 n/a

Metal

Hydride

n/a $2,200/kg

($1,000/lb)

n/a 1.00 n/a

(Amos, 1998) Table 10 provides the factors used to estimate the capital costs associated

with hydrogen storage.

These particular numbers were used because they provided the best cost estimates over the

entire range of flows examined.

Amos, W. A. (1998) ‘Figure F.5 – Liquid hydrogen and underground storage show relatively

little increase in cost with longer storage times due to low capital costs of storage’.


59

(Wade. A Amos, 1998) ‘Figure F.2 – At longer storage times, liquid hydrogen storage starts

to compete with other methods.’

(Oberhofer and Meisen, 2012) Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf10.html

Base Load: This is the amount of electricity that is required and generated at any time.

Intermediate Load: Power plants that are easier and faster to regulate are used for the task

of middle load.

Peak Load: Power demand outside of the regular daily requirement.

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf10.html


60

Figure 3. (Gray, 2007) ‘Hydrogen storage – status and prospects’


61

Risk Assessment:

Sector Risk

Facto

r

(1=

min

or,

5=

majo

r)

Lik

elih

oo

d

(1=

rare

ly,

5=

co

mm

on

ly)

Ris

k F

ac

tor

How can it be overcome? Stages taken to mitigate the risk

Exterior

Injury caused by the revolving door

3 2 6 Do not mess around near the automated doors.

Make sure anyone entering the revolving doors does so in a calm manner. Motion sensors on the door will alert it to the approach of a person meaning it will only revolve when required and in a slow manner.

Revolving door jamming 2 3 6 Keep the door revolving at a steady pace away from any sort of object/ surface that could cause jamming.

Raised the door up above floor and carpet level and add skirting to reduce snagging and keep the heat in.

Objects falling off roof 5 1 5 Do not have an unnecessary objects attached to the extremities of the building.

Plymouth is a windy city, ensure all objects attached to the outside of the building are correctly/ firmly bolted in place and do not have them situated over any of the buildings access points.

Slip hazards outside entrance 3 3 9 Strategically place non slip tape in areas prone to damp.

Rain is frequent of the coast so make sure to pace appropriate warnings in areas that are notorious for water accumulation. Place non slip tape on any smooth surfaces outside access points or on steps.

Interior

Electrical Fault/ surge 3 2 6 Follow fault procedures. All electrical circuits and appliances should be connected to a surge protect fuse and if a fault occurs site maintenance staff will arrive to rectify the problem.

Tripping on stairs 3 3 9 A calm and safe manner must be maintained when climbing or descending on stairs.

All stairwells in the building are carpeted with a regularly interval and slip strip edge to prevent any unnecessary tumbles.

Wet floors 3 4 12 If there is no sign present inform a member of staff.

Wet floors can mean one of two thing both someone is cleaning, and in this case a cleaner will be present with a wet floor sign, avoid it and carry on. However if there is a puddle and no sign/ staff around report it to the buildings reception to who will send


62

staff to assess and act upon the situation.

Getting stuck in the lifts 2 1 2 Do not mess around in the lifts and above all remain calm.

If personnel get stuck for any reason, remain calm and press and hold the alarm button located on the lifts interface, this will put you through to the buildings security staff who shall come and retrieve you.

Food poisoning from the cafe 1 1 1 Make sure food is cleaned, prepared and cooked correctly before consumption.

All café staff will be aware of food hygiene and be competent in cooking to make sure food is proper cleaned, prepared and cooked.

Miscellaneous burns 2 1 2 This can happen in a multitude of ways, just remember to remain calm around hot objects.

If a burn occurs head to the ground floor first aid station where you will be treated by a member of staff with a first aid certificate and if the burn is more severe further action will be taken.

Miscellaneous cuts 2 2 4 This can happen in a multitude of ways, just remember not to act recklessly around sharp objects.

If a cut occurs head to the ground floor first aid station where you will be treated by a member of staff with a first aid certificate and if the cut is more severe further action will be taken.

Mild electrocution 3 1 3 Remember to act intelligently and never play around with electricity.

Keep drinks away from the sites computers, avoid putting yourself in harm’s way where electricity is involved, keep all digits away from plug sockets and if a frayed wire is spotted inform a member of staff. If you find another person in a state of electrocution, call 999 immediately.

Flooding

3 1 3 Flooding can occur through large downpours, if the sites entrance is wet or flooded, be cautious upon entering the site.

Wet floor signs will highlight areas that have be flooded, avoid walking through these areas if you can, if it has only just occurred, inform site staff and if for any reason the building is waterlogged evacuate through the nearest entrance.

Fire 4 1 4 Follow procedures. Upon locating a fire, alert the buildings occupants through a fire alarm and evacuate.

Lift failure 5 1 5 In the case of a lift failure use the stairs. If a lift is out of order, use the stairs. However if you are inside the lift when it fails, don’t panic the lift will not plummet, the lifts safety protocols will hold you in place. Hold the alarm button and it shall put you through to security, who will retrieve you.

Power failure 3 1 3 In the case of a power failure, follow procedures.

Upon the power going out the auxiliary power supply shall boot up and at that point carry on, if however it does not start up, call the sites security number and make it out of the building following the luminous


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markings. Electricians will arrive after you leave to fix the problems.

Toilet blockage/ back up 2 2 4 When this happens inform staff. If a toilet begins to flood or one is discovered, tell a member of staff and they shall close off the toilets until the problem can be rectified.

Burst pipe 2 1 2 Flooding inside the building can happen when a pipe bursts, when this happens avoid the area and inform staff.

If a pipe bursts immediately inform staff and divert others as it could cause more problems.

Broken glass 3 2 6 Avoid it. Do not handle the glass, try to a shoe to push it to one side and fetch a cleaner to collect the shards and dispose of them properly.

Carbon monoxide/ dioxide build up

4 1 4 Follow protocols. When it starts to feel hot and stuffy, open a few of the rooms windows however if this doesn’t help, leave the room.

Ventilation malfunction 3 2 6 Inform staff. If a vent in a room stops working open a window and inform a member of the maintenance staff.

Getting locked in a room 2 3 6 Gain the attention of others. Call the site security office and they will collect you from the room.

Security doors colliding with personnel

2 4 8 Do not run through doors blindly. All the doors in the building are safety doors so they have a slow travel time. Be careful when opening and closing doors.

Objects falling from the walls or ceilings

3 2 6 Make sure all objects attached to interior walls are mounted properly.

Make sure everything attached to the wall is firmly done so, do not hang off of them or play with them.

Hydrogen leak/ fuel leak 5 1 5 Follow procedures Evacuate.

Disabled/ handicapped personnel limitations

3 3 9 Assist handicapped if needed, when asked.

Make sure that there are appropriate amenities for any and all handicapped building occupants.

Operation of hazardous machinery

2 2 4 Follow instructions on the machine. When operating machinery read the instructions and use correctly.

Obstruction in the vents 3 1 3 Follow Protocol. Inform staff.

A system failure 4 2 8 If an obvious system failure occurs alert staff and follow the necessary action plan.

Depending on which system depends on the outcome however in all of these, a calm attitude needs to be present.

Loss of temperature control 3 1 3 Follow common sense. Open a window, or remove a layer of clothing if it is required, if not leave the room but at the end of either scenario inform a member of staff who shall call maintenance to repair the system.

Over crowding 3 4 12 If a room is overcrowded, find another room.

When a large number of people congregate in one room it becomes its own health and safety hazard, if a room is over capacity, leave and find a less crowded area.


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Construction

Injury to workers 4 2 8 Follow working protocol and procedures. All workers must wear protective gear and take care while moving around on site, as well as take the appropriate measures when working with hazardous TMM (Tools, Machinery and Materials).

Planning permission denied 5 2 10 Alterations need to be made to meet local authority’s requirements on the building’s design.

Check with building regulations before beginning construction, as well as having weekly meetings with the sites building consultant and foreman. Make sure to design the building in an eco-friendly/ conservative manner.

Delivery delays 3 3 9 Account for lateness with deliveries. Check regularly with your supplier and drivers to make sure that everything is running smoothly and if not plan a head to make sure to stay one step ahead of your material surplus.

Building movement post build 2 4 8 Monitor the building and take appropriate action.

During construction carry out safety checks to make sure the contractor is complying with everything so as to minimalise the chance of fault. Once the building has been constructed and left to stand for 2 weeks send in a team of surveyors to check for any slant.

Finance issues 3 2 6 Account for delays, loss & replacement of materials or tools and keep track of the sites manuscript.

Focus on keeping the project budget on target if not factor in expenditures to counter the cost curve when issues arise. Keep to deadlines and account for economy fluctuation of the builds timescale.

Material availability 3 3 9 Make sure suppliers are reliable. Only employ trusted and well rated suppliers from an accredited charter to ensure supply will be met with no complaints. Make sure back up suppliers are also available/ not to use rare and hard to come by materials/ that the project has more than one supplier and that they all have surplus of the chosen materials.

Unforeseen circumstances - - - These cannot be accounted for, but respond with appropriate and logical action.

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Lazy/ Unhappy workforce 3 1 3 Make sure the contractors that are hired for the job have a strong job satisfaction rating and may have done some work for Plymouth University before or with an affiliate that you can observe first.

Make sure to provide appropriate amenities on site as well as suitably spaced rest breaks and working hours to ensure high quality productivity. Regularly visit the site in person to assess progress and always have a progression plan that can be referred to when needed.


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Machinery malfunction 4 1 4 Try to plan ahead for malfunctions. Vehicles and machinery onsite must be maintained regularly, as well as being surveyed every morning before use and put away correctly at the end of a working day in order to minimalise complications.

Working restrictions 3 5 15 It is different wherever you work, but make sure to visit the sites local planning office to check what is expected of workers.

Many places have a no heavy working policy between 9am to 7pm, if the site does have to obey these restrictions do so and make sure that the sites time management is managed smoothly to make up for it.

Construction set backs 3 4 12 Give clean and concise instruction when explaining jobs to the workforce

Supply multiple copies of a detailed plan of construction in order to minimalise mistakes and ensure to label essential materials so that they can be allocated the correct place. Again a competent workforce is key.


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Below shows the dimensions for all of the offices:

4th floor: 5th floor:

6th floor: 7th floor:

8th floor:


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Building/Panel Dimensions Equations and Assumptions


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Cost of Building Systems


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Solar Hydrogen Calculations

Intelligent Building Project

Documents