INTRODUCTION Information technology to people's production and way of life has undergone tremendous changes, manifested in: The emergence of electronic commerce, including online information services, electronic shopping, electronic banking and financial services, online degree; Management changes; Manufacturing and globalization of Economic activities. With the Internet, a new device can be designed in the United States, China printing, Russian-made. As people live and places of worship building to adapt to the changes brought by information technology, the emergence and development of intelligent building is an inevitable trend. Intelligent building is by configuring the various subsystems within the building, integrated wiring, based on a computer network as a bridge, the full realization of the communication system, building a variety of equipment (air conditioning, a total of heat, water supply and drainage, electricity distribution , lighting, elevators, fire, public safety, etc.) integrated management. All of these, from the technically for intelligent building technology industry has played a supportive role. The word ‘intelligent’ was first used to describe buildings in the United States at the beginning of the 1980s. The concept of ‘intelligent building’ was stimulated by the development of information technology and increasingly sophisticated demand
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INTRODUCTION
Information technology to people's production and way of life has undergone tremendous
changes, manifested in:
The emergence of electronic commerce, including online information services,
electronic shopping, electronic banking and financial services, online degree;
Management changes;
Manufacturing and globalization of Economic activities. With the Internet, a new
device can be designed in the United States, China printing, Russian-made.
As people live and places of worship building to adapt to the changes brought by information
technology, the emergence and development of intelligent building is an inevitable trend.
Intelligent building is by configuring the various subsystems within the building, integrated
wiring, based on a computer network as a bridge, the full realization of the communication
system, building a variety of equipment (air conditioning, a total of heat, water supply and
drainage, electricity distribution , lighting, elevators, fire, public safety, etc.) integrated
management. All of these, from the technically for intelligent building technology industry
has played a supportive role.
The word ‘intelligent’ was first used to describe buildings in the United States at the
beginning of the 1980s. The concept of ‘intelligent building’ was stimulated by the
development of information technology and increasingly sophisticated demand for ‘comfort
living environment and requirement for increased occupant control of their local
environments’.
An Intelligent Building is one conceived and designed with an integrated flexible and modular
communication cabling infrastructure capable of accommodating the needs of information
intensive users for advanced information technology and services.
Intelligent buildings apply technologies to improve the building environment and
functionality for occupants/tenants while controlling costs. Improving end user security,
comfort and accessibility all help user productivity and comfort levels. The owner/operator
wants to provide this functionality while reducing individual costs. Technologies make this
possible. An effective energy management system, for example, provides lowest cost energy,
avoids waste of energy by managing occupied space, and makes efficient use of staff through
centralized control and integrating information from different sources.
1.0 DEFINITION
Intelligent building (IB) is the future of our building industry. All new commercial
buildings and probably luxurious domestic buildings are designed with a common goal
– to become intelligent buildings. In the USA, an IB is categorised by four basic
elements, namely building structure, building systems, building services and building
management. In Europe, the emphasis is on information technology and the genuine
need of the user. In Singapore and China, it appears that the term “automation” has
been dominating with a great emphasis on high technology.
1.1 THE DEFINITION OF IBs IN USA
According to Intelligent Building Institute (IBI) of USA, an IB is one which provides
a productive and cost-effective environment through optimisation of its four basic
elements, i.e. structure, systems, services and management and the interrelationships
between them. IBs help building owners, property managers, and occupants realise
their goals in the areas of cost, comfort, convenience, safety, long-term flexibility and
marketability.
1.2 THE DEFINITION OF IBs IN EUROPE
The UK based European Intelligent Building Group defined an IB as one that “creates
an environment which maximises the effectiveness of the building’s occupants while
at the same time enabling efficient management of resources with minimum life-time
costs of hardware and facilities”. Based on this definition, building providers and
developers need to understand precisely what sort of buildings they should develop
that will be both profitable and able to meet the users’ increasingly complex
requirements.
1.3 EXISTING DEFINITIONS OF IBs IN ASIA
1.3.1 The Definition in Singapore
The Public Works Department of Singapore government stated that an IB must
fulfil three conditions:
The building should have advanced automatic control systems to monitor
various facilities, including air-conditioning, temperature, lighting, security,
fire etc. to provide a comfortable working environment for the tenants.
The building should have good networking infrastructure to enable data flow
between floors.
The building should provide adequate tele-communication facilities.
1.3.2 The Definition in Japan
IBs in Japan have been developed in a different social and office environment
from those in the USA. Japanese IBs must be designed to suit Japan’s cultural
climate. The foci of Japanese IBs have been on four aspects:
Serving as a locus for receiving and transmitting information and supporting
management efficiency;
Ensuring satisfaction and convenience for the people working in them;
The rationalisation of building administration to provide more attentive
administrative services with lower cost;
Fast, flexible and economical responses to changing sociological environments,
diverse and complicated office work and active business strategies.
1.3.3 A New Definition of IBs for Asia
It is believed that the Japanese mode of definition on IBs is more suitable for
formalising a universal definition for IBs in Asia. However, there is no point
why it cannot be extensible for the whole world. We have proposed a two-level
strategy to define an IB. There are eight “quality environment modules”,
including:
Environmental friendly – health and energy conservation (M1);
Space utilisation and flexibility (M2);
Life cycle costing – operation and maintenance (M3);
Human comfort (M4);
Working efficiency (M5);
Safety - fire, earthquake, disaster and structure etc. (M6)
Culture (M7);
Image of high technology (M8).
1.4 Other Definitions of Intelligent Building
Nowadays, the term "smart" or "intelligent building" is gaining popularity and this
concept generated a good deal of market anticipation during the last decade, much of
which subsequently dissipated once the limits and complexities of building
intelligence were discovered. Though intelligence is an ambiguous term, especially
when applied to man-made systems, it is widely accepted that it refers to objects that
can react correctly to unforeseen circumstances by choosing amongst a set of possible
actions and furthermore, can learn from the associated response. The concepts of self-
correction or fault tolerance are considered as essential elements of "artificial
intelligence". It is also widely accepted that the means to achieve intelligence consist
of tools that resemble human intelligence methods, such as neural networks and fuzzy
logic.
Intelligent Building technology generally refers to the integration of four systems: a
Building Automation System (BAS), a Telecommunications System (TS), an Office
Automation System (OAS) and a Computer Aided Facility Management System
(CAFMS). A sophisticated BAS is actually the basis of every "intelligent building".
Definitions for the Intelligent Building concept still vary but the most accepted
description is the one produced by the Barcelona-based Institut defons Cerdà:
“A building which incorporates information systems that support the flow of
information throughout the building, offering advanced services of business
automation and telecommunications, allowing furthermore automatic control,
monitoring management and maintenance of the different subsystems or services of
the building in an optimum and integrated way, local and/or remote, and designed
with sufficient flexibility to make possible in a simple and economical way the
implementation of future systems.”
Part of the definition accepted by the Intelligent Buildings Institute (IBI) is:
An Intelligent Building is one that provides a productive and cost effective
environment through optimization of its , four basic elements: Structures, Systems,
Services, Management, and the interrelation between them... the only characteristic
that all Intelligent Buildings must have in common is a structure designed to
accommodate change in a convenient, cost effective manner.
The definition adopted by the European Intelligent Building Group (EIBG) is:
An Intelligent Building creates an environment that allows organizations to achieve
their business objectives and maximizes the effectiveness of its occupants while at the
same time allowing efficient management of resources with minimum life-time cost.
It is clear from these definitions that the sole inclusion of high-tech, sophistically
controlled service systems in a building does not make it an IB. On the contrary, the
sophistication of a service system itself should be no higher than needed by the
defined goal and future application of the specific building. Moreover there is nothing
new in the service systems of an IB in the purely technological sense. The advantage
of IBs therefore lies in the selection of the most suitable systems to fulfil specific goals
and in the integration among these systems in order to achieve these goals, both
efficiently and economically.
2.0 CHARACTERISTICS
A building does not become intelligent just because a light is automatically switched
on when someone enters a door. The intelligent building must be able to support other
aspects like technical. Cannot take a building and make it intelligent, the building has
to be designed “intelligent” from the first draft on the drawing board. Far more than
technical systems must be considered when designing intelligent building. An
intelligent building is not only the building itself and the systems installed. There must
be a commitment from the developer or the owner than this is and will be maintained
as an intelligent building.
To be able to assess a degree of intelligence we have look at the specific needs of a
specific building. A system installed in a building considered as intelligent might not
be considered intelligent if the usage of the building was to change slightly. It might
be capability of the system to be able to adapt to the changes that makes it intelligent.
Whether this building is more or less intelligent it cannot be said. The answer must
come from those who occupy and maintain the building and perhaps from the future
tenants. What puts it in favour of a more intelligent building is the awareness of future
changes in demand and the relation to the activity carries out within the building.
3.0 PURPOSE OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING
The purpose of the intelligent building can be given in terms of:
3.1 Energy Efficiency
Intelligence with respect to energy in an intelligent building consists of the reduction
of energy use to the bare minimum. Computerized systems are used extensively.
3.2 Life Safety System
Intelligence with respect to life safety in an intelligent building consists of the use of
high technology to maximize the performance of the fire alarm and security systems
while at the same time minimizing costs.
3.3 Telecommunications Systems
Intelligence with respect to telecommunications in an intelligent building consists of
the offering to tenants of many sophisticated telecom features at a considerably
reduced cost due to fact that the equipment is shared by many users.
3.4 Workplace Automation
Intelligence with respect to workplace automation in an intelligent building consists of
the use of high-tech office automation systems to render the operation of a company
more efficient. This can be done at a reduced cost to tenants by virtue of the
equipment being shared.
3.5 Typical Services
Typical services that can be offered and give the occupants in terms of
Message centre
Word processing
Computer-Assisted design
Teleconferencing
Electronic mail
Computer services
4.0 CONCEPT
"Intelligent building" concept, was born in the early 80s of the 20th century, it is the
inevitable result of the information age. With the intelligent building (also known as
Intelligent Building) in the continuous application of intelligent technology and
development, it is very difficult to "intelligent building" a precise definition of the
next.
American Intelligent Buildings Institute (AIBI, American Intelligent Building
Institute) definition of "intelligent building" is the structure, systems, services,
operations and interrelationships of a comprehensive and integrated, and the best
combination, obtained by high efficiency, high performance and high comfort
building. The new definition is more general and abstract.
From a development point of view, should be emphasized that intelligent building is a
multi-disciplinary, multi-technology system integration features, which refers to the
use of intelligent building system integration method, the intelligent computer
technology, communication technology, information technology and art of organic
architecture , and through automatic monitoring equipment, information resources
management and information services to users and their optimal combination of the
building, which was a reasonable investment for the information needs of the
community and has a safe, efficient, comfortable, convenience and flexibility. Features
of the building:
4.1 Create a Safe, Healthy, Comfortable and Can Improve the Efficiency of the
Office Environment
In developed countries, people causing residents headaches or malaise, or even
frequently called sick buildings "People Building Syndrome" (Sick Building Sydrome)
buildings. The first intelligent building to ensure the safety and health, its fire and
security systems are intelligent; its air conditioning system to monitor the content of
harmful pollutants in the air, and automatically disinfected, making it "safe and
healthy building." Intelligent Building of the temperature, humidity, lighting levels are
to be automatically adjusted, or even control the colour, background noise and smell,
so people feel comfortable as at home, which can greatly increase the work efficiency.
4.1 Energy Conservation to Modern Commercial Buildings
Energy conservation to modern commercial buildings, for example, the air
conditioning and lighting systems, large energy consumption, accounting for 70% of
total energy consumption of buildings. To meet user requirements on the environment
under the premise of intelligent building, through its "wisdom", as far as possible use
of natural light and cold air (or heat) to regulate the indoor environment to minimize
energy consumption. By pre-established procedures on the calendar, the distinction
between "work" and "non-work" time, the implementation of the indoor environment
of different standards of control, after work automatically reduce the indoor
illumination and temperature and humidity control standards, have become essential
for intelligent buildings function. Use air conditioning and control industries latest
technology to maximize the energy savings are the main features of the intelligent
building, its economy is of such construction can be an important reason for rapid
promotion.
4.2 To Meet Various User Requirements in Different Environmental Functions
Intelligent building demands of their architectural design with smart features, in
addition to support 3A (or 5A) function to achieve, must be open, large-span frame
structure, allows the user to quickly and easily change the function or re-use of the
building planning architecture. Necessary for indoor office communications and power
supply also has great flexibility, through the structured cabling system, distributed in a
variety of indoor standard weak and strong electric outlet, just change the jumper
cables, you can quickly change the function socket such as changing the computer
program-controlled telephone interface, in some circumstances there are wireless
solutions as a strong complement.
4.3 Modern Means of Communication and Working Conditions
In the information age, time is money. In the intelligent building, the user through
international direct dial telephone, video phone, email, video conferencing,
information retrieval and statistical analysis and other means, it may be a global
financial business intelligence, technology intelligence and data systems in a variety of
the latest information; through the international computer communications network, at
any time with world trade and other enterprises or institutions of various operations.
Unprecedented speed, greatly in favour of decision-making and competition, this is the
modern company or organization with competing rent or purchases the reasons for
intelligent buildings.
5.0 INTELLIGENT ARCHITECTURE AND STRUCTURE
Although the successful use of advanced technologies, including IT, is the main
feature of intelligent buildings, the implementation of technologies should not be the
sole objective of IBs. Performance is definitely a key objective of intelligent buildings,
although performance can be interpreted very differently. As regards the hardware
facilities, intelligent buildings cannot be separated from the architecture design,
building facades and materials, which are among the essential elements of intelligent
buildings.
5.1 Intelligent Architecture
Intelligent architecture refers to built forms whose integrated systems are capable of
anticipating and responding to phenomena, whether internal or external, that affect the
performance of the building and its occupants. Intelligent architecture relates to three
distinct areas of concern:
Intelligent design
Appropriate use of intelligent technology
Intelligent use and maintenance of buildings
5.1.1 Intelligent Design
Intelligent design requires that the building design responds to humanistic,
cultural and contextual issues; that it exhibits simultaneous concern for
economic, political and global issues; and that it produces an artificial
enclosure which exists in harmony with nature.
Existing in harmony with nature includes responding to the physical laws of
nature and the proper use of natural resources.
5.1.2 Appropriate Use of Intelligent Technology
The mere availability of a large variety of smart materials and intelligent
technologies often results in their use inappropriate situations. Integrating
intelligent technologies with an intelligent built form that responds to the
inherent cultural preferences of the occupants is a central theme in intelligent
architecture. As an example, in areas where people place a high premium on
operable windows for conservation of electricity, the most appropriate and
efficient air-conditioning strategy for a building may be the use of thermal
mass and night-time free cooling instead of a high-tech air-conditioning
system. In other cases, the use of carefully selected electric lighting and
environmental control strategies may be more appropriate.
5.1.3 Intelligent Use and Maintenance of Buildings