Intelligence Final

You are participating in a race. You overtake the second person. What position are you in?

• Answer: If you answered that you are first, then you are absolutely wrong! If you overtake the second person and you take his place, you are second!

• Am I an intelligent person? • How intelligent am I? • How do we judge if someone is intelligent

or not? • How can we measure the intelligence of a

person?

There are some other questions too: What is intelligence? Is intelligence how one deals with

others? or Is intelligence how precisely we learn a

new task? or Is it how good we are in our studies? Or Is intelligence how well we can solve

problems? or

According to Feldman “intelligence is the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges”

It is an inborn all-round mental efficiency ‘and also as ‘mental energy capable of being transferred from one activity to another’.

Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from understand, and interact with one’s environment. This general ability consist of a number of specific abilities :

Adaptability to a new environment or to change in the current environment

Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it

Capacity for reason & abstract thought Ability to comprehend relationships Ability to evaluate & judge Capacity for original and productive thought

David Wechsler (1944) defines intelligence as “The aggregate or the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

David G. Myers (2004) defines it as “the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problem, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations”.

PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH : gives emphasis on quantifying cognitive factors that compose intellectual performance.

Lumpers ( psychologist who adherents of psychometric approach)o Lump or put the cognitive factors together. They

define Intelligence as a general unified capacity for reasoning, acquiring knowledge and solving problems.

Splitters ( psychologist who adherents of psychometric approach)o Define Intelligence as consisting of separate mental

abilities that function more or less independently. Howard Gardner, one of the splitters was against the idea that intelligence is a single factor that can be measured by a single score, such as IQ score. Based on Gadner’s multiple-factor theory there are at least eight multiple intelligences.

It helps us adapt to new or changed situations quickly and correctly .

It is important for learning and solving problems .

We are to observe relationships and detect absurdities.

It helps in building our resourcefulness.

It is important for making effective decisions and choices in life.

It helps us in our interpersonal relationships.

According to Edward L Thorndike

Abstract intelligence. Mechanical or concrete intelligence Social intelligence

What it deals with Verbal- Linguistic The ability to use words and language Logical – Mathematical

The ability to think conceptually and abstractly and capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns

Visual – Spatial The ability to visualize objects and spatial dimensions, and create internal images and pictures

Body – Kinesthetic The ability to control one’s body moments and to handle objects skillfully

Musical – Rhythmic The ability to recognize tonal patterns and sound , as well as a sensitivity to rhythms and beats

Interpersonal The Capacity for person-to-person communications and relationships

InterpersonalTypes of intelligence

The Capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes

Naturalist The ability to recognize and categories plant , animals and other objects in nature

Existential The sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life why do life , why do we die, and how did we get here

The ability to communicate thoughts and ideas well, speak and write language or new languages.

Careers most associated with linguistic intelligence include:-Writers-Poets-Communications

("Theories of intelligence," )

The ability to perform and solve complex mathematical problems. Also, the ability to engage in logical arguments/conversations. Careers most associated with Logical-Mathematical Intelligence include:

-Mathematicians -Math teachers


Musical Intelligence is:The ability to learn how to read and write music and play an instrument well. Careers most associated with Musical Intelligence include:

-Composer-Musician


What is Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence? The ability to use the body to perform different tasks in a fluid motion. The ability to run, jump, and dance fluently and with rhythm. Careers most associated with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence include:

-Dancers-Athletes


Interpersonal Intelligence is:The ability to connect with others on an emotional level. The ability to assess a situation and understand and sense how others are feeling, as well as how to handle an emotional situation.

Careers most associated with interpersonal intelligence include

-Teachers-Psychiatrist/Psychologist-Counselors


Intrapersonal intelligence is knowing yourself inside and out. This is the ability to know your own strengths and weaknesses. Careers most associated with intrapersonal intelligence include:

-Entrepreneur


Naturalistic intelligence is: The ability to work with biology and work with and around natural settings.

Careers most associated with naturalistic intelligence include:

-Naturalists-Biologists


The ability to visually perceive items such as reading a map or arranging items to make them fit into a predetermined space. Careers most associated with spatial intelligence include:

-Navigator-Artist


Spearman’s two-factor theory

Thurstone’s theory of primary mental abilities

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

Cattell’s theory

Proposed a theory of two factors and also called G factor theory.

‘g’ or General factor and‘s’ or Specific factor.

Analytical thinking: Problem solving, monitoring, reflection and transfer.

Creative thinking: focuses on developing an applying new ideas and creating solutions.

Practical thinking: common sense.

Raymond Cattell (1963) believed that ‘g’ is composed of fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Fluid intelligence to be based on the ability to see relationship between things and be think logically and in the abstract.

In contrast, crystallised intelligence is based on think acquired knowledge and skills.

Heredity Neurobiological factors Environment

Classification IQ range Expected % in the population

Very Superior

130 and above 2.1

Superior 120-129 8.3High Average

110-119 16.1

Average 90-109 50.3Low Average 80-89 14.8Borderline 70-79 6.5Extremely 69and below 1.9

“Mental retardation refers to significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning resulting in or associated with concurrent impairments in adaptive behavior & manifested during the developmental period” (American Association on Mental Deficiency,1983).

About 3% of the world population is estimated to be mentally retarded.

In India, 5 out of 1000 children are mentally retarded.

Mental retardation is more common in boys than girls.

With severe & profound mental retardation mortality is high due to associated physical disease.

Genetic Factors Chromosomal abnormalities Down’s syndromesFragile X syndromeTrisomy X syndromeTurner’s syndromeCat-cry syndrome Prader-willi syndrome Cranial malformation HydrocephalyMicrocephaly

Genetic FactorsMetabolic disorders Phenylketonuria Wilson’s disease Galactosemia

Gross disease of brain Tuberous sclerosesNeurofibromatosisEpilepsy

Infection Rubella Cytomegalovirus Syphilis Toxoplasmosis, herpes simplexEndocrine disorders Hypothyroidism Hypoparathyrodism — Diabetes mellitusIntoxication Lead & certain drugSubstance abuse

Physical damage & disorders InjuryHypoxia Radiation Hypertension Anemia Emphysema Placental dysfunctionToxemia of pregnancyPlacenta previaCord prolapseNutrition growth retardation

Perinatal FactorsBirth asphyxia Prolonged or difficult birth Prematurity Kernicterus Instrumental delivery Postnatal

FactorsInfectionsi.Encephalitis ii.Measles iii.Meningitis iv.Septicemia AccidentsLead poisoning

Environmental & socio-cultural Factors

Cultural deprivation Low socio-economic

status Inadequate caretakers Child abuse

Mild Retardation (IQ 50-70This is commonest type of mental retardation accounting for 85-90% of all cases. These individuals have minimum retardation in sensory-motor areas.

Moderate Retardation (IQ 35-50)About 10% of mentally retarded come under this group.

Severe Retardation (IQ 20-35)Severe mental retardation is often

recognized early in life with poor motor development & absent or markedly delayed speech & communication skills.

Profound Retardation (IQ below 20)

This group accounts for 1-2% of all mentally retarded. The achievement of developmental milestones is markedly delayed. They require constant nursing care & supervision.

Failure to achieve developmental milestones

Deficiency in cognitive functioning such as inability to follow commands or directions

Failure to achieve intellectual developmental markers

Reduced ability to learn or to meet academic demands

Expressive or receptive language problems

Psychomotor skill deficits Difficulty performing self-esteem Irritability when frustrated or upset

Depression or labile moods Acting-out behavior Persistence of infantile behavior Lack of curiosity.

History collection from parents & caretakers

Physical examination Neurological examination Assessing milestones development Investigations

– Urine & blood examination for metabolic disorders – Culture for cytogenic & biochemical studies – Amniocentesis in infant chromosomal disorders – chorionic villi sampling – Hearing & speech evaluation

EEG, especially if seizure are present

CT scan or MRI brain, for example, in tuberous sclerosis

Thyroid function tests when cretinism is suspected

Psychological tests like Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale & Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children’s (WISC), for categorizing the child’s level of disability.

Behavior management Environmental supervision Monitoring the child’s development needs & problems. Programs that maximize speech, language, cognitive,

psychomotor, social, self-care, & occupational skills. Ongoing evaluation for overlapping psychiatric disorders, such as

depression, bipolar disorder, & ADHD. Family therapy to help parents develop coping skills & deal with

guilt or anger. Early intervention programs for children younger than 3 with

mental retardation Provide day schools to train the child in basic skills, such as

bathing & feeding. Vocational training.

Stanford – Binet Intelligence Scale: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale (WAIS) is used to test adults. Indian Child Intelligence Test (I.C.I.T)

Items for an eight – year –old child: TO define eight word from a given list of

word TO reproduce stories Verbal absurdities : TO identify what is

foolish about statements . To tell similarities and differences

between objects. Comprehension , e.g., What will you do

if a playmate hits you without meaning to do so?

Memory for sentences

Amount of information General comprehension memory span for digits, forwards and

backwards Ability to see similarities in situations

provided Ability to reason in arithmetical problems Ability to size up a total situation through

picture arrangements Ability to perceive forms and patterns

through block designs and picture completion.

Individual vs Group tests. Verbal , Non verbal and performance

tests.

To evaluate the abilities of individual learner

Helps to classify the students into groups

Selection of students in admission. Vocational guidance and counseling Child guidance Recruitment Research purpose.

They cannot measure intelligence with mathematical accuracy.

The score reflect not only innate abilities, but also a persons education and familiarity with culture assumed.

They do not throw light on individuals chgaracter, morals emotions or temparemnt

Influenced by test taking abilities.some tests are culturally biased.

Psychological Test - written, visual, or verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of children and adults.

Two Characteristics of Good Psychological Test :

Reliability : refers to consistency. It means that a person’s scores on a test or on similar tests given at different periods of time are close or almost the same.

Validity : means that the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Raven Progressive Matrices – a widely use intelligence test in many research and applied settings. In each item, one is asked to find missing pattern in a series.

RPM was designed primarily as a measure of Spearman’s g. There are 3 different tests for different abilities:

Colored Progressive Matrices (younger children & special groups)

Intelligence Final

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