Intelligence

The man behind the iPhone Boom! There goes the dynamite!

War Balloons

Blastoff with Christa McAuliffe! Finding Physics

The story behind the Mona Lisa

Evolution

100% ORGANIC Columbian roast coffee beans

Going Above and Beyond ……………………………………….4

Artist and… Scientist? ………………………………………6

Electrified…………………………………………………………8

The Young One…………………………………………………10

Flying High……………………………………………………..12

Bigger Brains Bigger Theories………………………………..14

Injecting a Cure…………………………………………….16

Liftoff!!!……………………………………….……………18

Timeless…………………………………………………….20

What are the Odds………………………………………….22

You Won What?…………………………………………….24

Boom! There goes the Dynamite………………………..26

Finding Physics……………………………………………...28

Evolution……………………………………….……………….30

iMan……………………………………………………………..32

You Can Tell the World we Have Arrived ……………....34

Reach For the Stars……………………………………36

Father of Modern Science………………..…………..38

War Balloons……………………………………….….40

Pasteurized……………………………………………42

Contents

going above and beyond by: fred jones

Caroline Herschel was born March 16, 1750 in Hanover, Germany. She was a German British astronomer, and the sister of the astronomer Sir William Herschel. She worked with her brother William throughout her career. At a young age she was struck with the disease Typhus which is a disease caused by Rickettsia bacteria. This awful disease stunted her growth so she never really grew past 4’ 5’’, because of this her mother never really thought she would amount to much and decided to train her to be a maid. She was to follow her brother William wherever he went and to tend to his every need. There for everything her brother learned she pretty much learned as well. Many of the colleges she wanted to go to did not accept women they only accepted men. She wrote in many scientific journals but burned most of them, but no one really knows why she burned them.

Her brother William started out as a musician but later on in his life began to be interested in the subject of astronomy. As her brother became interested in this she also became interested in astronomy. She wrote letters and journals of her personal life describing that she was mainly a servant to her brother. She said somewhat bitterly in her Memoir, “I did nothing for my brother but what a well-trained puppy dog would have done, that is to say, I did what he commanded me.” She became a very good astronomer in her own right as a result of her being with her brother. Throughout all of her Memoirs she make it very clear that she has decided to earn a living on her own and that she wanted to be able to support herself. The state had begun to pay her for helping her brother. She became the first woman to be paid in account of science. Her brother married a wealthy widow named Mary Pitt, in 1788. This caused a lot of tension between their delicate brother sister relationship. This made people refer to Caroline as a very bitter, mean, and jealous woman that did not like others that invaded her and her brother’s domestic lives. Although other accounts of Caroline’s life describe her as a woman who was not treated with all the respect she deserved. Her brother getting married likely contributed to her becoming a more independent woman. She moved away from her brother’s house to a place of her own returning day to day to do their work. While

her brother and his family were away from home she often returned to it to take care of it and watch it for them. Looking back at her letters people noticed that she became very attached to her nephew, John Herschel. When her brother died she became very sad and depressed and moved back to Hanover, Germany. She died on January 9, 1848.

She is mainly known for her significant contributions to astronomy. These contributions include her discovery of many comets. The one she is the most

famous for is the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, which has her name in it. She was the very first woman to be paid for her wonderful contribution to science. She was also the first woman to be awarded a Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1828, and to be named an Honorary Member of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1835. She was also named to be an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1838. The King of Prussia presented her with a Gold Medal for Science on her 96th birthday in 1846.

***

EAT LIKE AN ASTRONAUT!

Banana chips

FREEZY DRY

AT YOUR LOCAL GROCER!

Drawing of Leonardo’s airscrew

invention. By: Jennifer Jones

He is the artist of the famous painting, Mona Lisa, and he was self-educated. The majority of people know that he is an artist, but very few people know that Leonardo da Vinci is also a scientist! Leonardo was a very curious man that was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. Da Vinci is a self-educated man, and has many notes in his journals. There is a legend about him that when he was a baby, a kite flew toward him and kept tickling his nose and was drawn to him. Some people predict that this is how his interest in flight began!

Let’s start from the beginning, Leonardo’s parents, Caterina and his father’s name is unknown, were not married when they had Leonardo. They ended up never being married and instead the peasant, Caterina, married another man when Leonardo was very young, and his name was Ser Peiro. Peiro was a notary and attorney, but Leonardo’s uncle also helped with raising him.

Leonardo da Vinci knew how to read, write, and do math, but he wasn’t properly educated. He also had an interest in nature, mechanics, weaponry, anatomy, physics, and architecture. He filled his notebooks with different ideas of inventions. One of his inventions was called the flying machine or the ornithopter. This invention had a wingspan of 33 feet and had two wings with pointed ends. In order for this flying machine to fly you had to lie down in the middle of the invention board, and the pilot would have to pedal a crank that is connected to a rod and pulley. For the steering part of this invention there was a head piece to control it. When a pilot moves his hands and feet, the wings started to flap, but unfortunately, there was no way for this to come up from the ground.

You probably know that the helicopter wasn’t built until the 1940’s, but Leonardo had a great contribution to this discovery. As people found his journals, they noticed that there was a screw picture in the notebook. This screw is called the Helical Air Screw or an airscrew. You might ask how this is important to the helicopter flight. This screw is what allows the helicopter to spiral high into the air. Once again, Leonardo believed that this would allow the helicopter to lift off the ground, but once again it failed to do so. Leonardo also created the anemometer and the parachute for his flight discoveries.

Artist and…Scientist?

Leonardo da Vinci’s armored car invention.

Leonardo da Vinci robotic knight invention.

YOU could have your own Nobel Prize!

Nobel Prize replicas at nobelprizes.com

Leonardo invented war machines, one of them being an armored car. This is the most famous war weaponry da Vinci ever made. This invention could transport many weapons at once, and could go in any direction. This car had a 360 degree range, with

eight men inside of this car to spin the wheels. However, this design had a huge flaw, the cranks went in opposite directions, so it couldn’t go forward, but this was still an amazing and elaborate design. For the rest of war machines he invented a 33-barreled organ, giant crossbow, and a triple barrel cannon.

For his architect pursuits, he built a robotic knight. He had wanted to use pulleys, weights, and gears and now he did that by creating this! He made a self-propelled car, which is considered the first robot. A full drawing of this invention has not been found, but different parts of this invention have been found throughout his journals. This was capable of sitting, standing, moving its head, and lifting its visor. For other architect pursuits, he also invented, or began the idea of the clock,

colossus, ideal city, and a self-propelled cart.

Leonardo also made some water and land machines. For the water he invented scuba gear to protect the human body from water. He designed it to protect themselves from enemy ships from underwater. Leonardo also invented a revolving bridge which was a bridge used by armies to move over or pass water.

Leonardo da Vinci was a very intelligent man even though he was self- educated. He was also very curious because he went through trial and error many times, but he was very persistent. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 in Amboise, France. Even though he is gone, his inventions and discoveries are still with us today.

Electrified! Billy Martini

Zap! Could you imagine “lightning bolts” flying through the air from a tower! This tower was called the Tesla Coil. Or could you imagine a person with such a determined attitude that he accomplished more than he wanted too? Nikola Tesla did these things and much more throughout his life.

Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856. He was born in Smiljan, Croatia and he studied electromagnetism. His father was an orthodox priest and his mother didn’t go to school but was highly educated. She created a few household items to make chores go faster. As a child

he told his uncle that he would go to America someday. That is exactly what he did. Nikola Tesla came to the United States in 1884 and spent the next 59 years there. When Tesla got to New York, he was hired by Thomas Edison as an engineer at Edison’s headquarters. Tesla worked there for a year and impressed Edison a lot. Before

immigrating to New York, Tesla moved to Paris and got a job repairing direct current (DC) power plants. When working with Edison, Edison presented Tesla with a 50,000 dollar reward for creating an improved design of his (DC) dynamos. After a long period of time, Tesla presented a new (DC) design and asked for the money. Edison told him no and soon after that

This is Nikola Tesla.

Tesla left.

In 1891 Tesla invented the Tesla Coil. The Tesla Coil is an electric resonant transformer circuit. It looks like a steel tower with electrical bolts shooting out of it. This was one of Tesla’s most famous inventions.

In 1897 Tesla was trying some experiments. He sent a wireless transmission to a boat in the Hudson River. He would’ve done this sooner but his lab caught on fire and he lost everything.

Nikola Tesla was educated in telephony and electrical engineering before immigrating to the United States. He soon started setting up labs and companies to develop a range of electrical devices. Tesla went on to pursue his dream of wireless lighting and electricity. In his lab, he also conducted a large range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a

wireless controlled boat, which he was the

first to

do.

In

conclusion, Nikola Tesla was a big factor in our history. For example inventing the Tesla Coil. We also know now that if you put your mind to something, you can do it.

This was Nikola Tesla as young teen.

The Young One

William Bragg Lawrence Bragg

By Britteny Thatcher

William Bragg II also none as Lawrence Bragg was a hardworking man. He was born march, 31, 1896 in Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia. He died July 1st 1971 in Ipswich, United Kingdom. William Bragg II had

one brother named Robert Charles Bragg he was born (1891) and died In (1915) world war1 in Suvla Bay on Gallipoli and one sister named Gwendoline Bragg Caroe (Caroe was her maiden name) she was born (1907)and died (1982) . William grew up with his two parents, his mother,

Gwendoline Bragg I and his father, William Bragg I. William Bragg II in 1921 got married to Alice Grace Jenny Bragg. Together they had four children; two sons, Stephen Lawrence Bragg and David William Bragg and two daughters, Patience Mary Bragg and Margaret Alice Bragg. William Bragg took after his father and became physicist. In 1904 William attended St Peter’s collage in Adelaide, Australia. In 1908 William graduated from BS Mathematics, University of Adelaide and after that he went to MA Physics, Trinity College, and Cambridge University and graduated in 1911.william was a professor at the Victoria University of

Manchester in 1919-1937 he taught alongside with Niels Bohr they were both Physicist working at the same places. Niels also won a Barnard

medal but he won his in 1925 ten years after William Bragg and his father. William also was a professor at Cambridge University and was a physicist just like his father in 1938-1953. Also In that time William Braggs II was an Administrator for Cavendish laboratory. Over the years William Bragg studied under J. J. Thomson who was a physicist just like

The Bragg’s law

William Bragg and his dad. William and his father studied together on what is now called “The Bragg’s law of diffractions.” This explains how crystals diffract x-ray beams at specific angles of measure. William Bragg I and his son both shared a noble prize along with the Matteucci Medal both in 1915.both William Bragg I and his son both got awarded with a Barnard medal in also in 1915 William Bragg II was and still is the youngest man to win a Nobel Prize. He was at the age twenty five when he won the award. William Bragg II won many more awards for several other things for example he won the Military Cross award in 1918 for his work developing technology

to pinpoint the position of enemy artillery by analyzing the sound of their weapons firing. Later on he studied metallurgy, silicates, and the structures of proteins .He also won Officer of the British Empire award which means that he was an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. William won a lot of awards for a lot of different things like for his serves to his country. William served in the British Royal Horse Artillery (1915-1919). The royal horse artillery (RHA) was responsible for light, mobile guns that provided firepower in support of the cavalry. William wrote several books about his research over the years like X-Rays and Crystal Structure which he wrote with his father in

1915 (nonfiction). He also wrote many more books like Atomic Structure of Minerals in (1937) and there several more. William Bragg made it on the cover of BYLINE: Fifth Director (of Cavendish Lab), TIME magazine in October 3rd 1938 and more. William and his

father both where very hard working men that deserves a lot credit for their discoveries. I think that it was very interesting how a William Bragg and son, Lawrence Bragg could work together on a project that big and that long but they did it.

*******

Lawrence Bragg in Time

magazine 1938

by amalia elizabeth

Shoom! An airplane streaks across the sky above your head. You watch it soar higher and higher into the sky. It’s flying! Have you

ever wondered how these flying machines were invented?

IN THE BEGGINNING…

Orville Wright was born on Agust 19, 1871. He was born fourth in a family of seven children. Before him were Reuchlin, Lorin, Wilbur, and after him, Katherine. From a very early age, Wilbur and Orville were always together. Wilbur recalls, "From the time we were little children, my brother Orville and myself lived together, played together, worked together, and, in fact, thought together” Their love for aviation started when Orville was 10 years old. Their father, a travelling bishop for the Church, brought them back a bamboo plane with a rubber band propeller. The brothers played with it until it broke. Then, they worked together to build a better, more durable plane.

Orville was not your star pupil growing up. He was expelled from school at an early age. He joined again, only to drop out in high school. On March 1, 1886, Orville released the first issue of the “West Side News’, a newspaper he started to make some money. When Wilbur finished high school, Orville begged him to help with the paper. In 1893, they started a bicycle repair shop. The two brothers used their money to invest in their interest in flight. On May 30, 1899, Wilbur

Wright put himself out in the world. He wrote a letter to the Smithsonian demanding information about aviation and plane building.

THE BUILDING BEGINS

Field studies. Late nights spent in the back on the shop, tinkering, scribbling, imagining. A hunger for new information. The Wright brothers grew, in knowledge and experience. They spent countless hours out in farmer’s fields testing gliders, engines and flight. Orville noticed that birds had slightly drooping wings that helped them soar and catch wind currents, lifting them higher. They took this information and used it in their experiments. Finally, in 1902, the Wright brothers successfully flew a glider. The morning dawned bright in Kitty Hawk, It had narrower wings, spruce framework, and hand-held controls. Wilbur lay on his stomach, hands gripping the steering. What was he to do? Steer, and hope for the best, hope for survival. A few close friends stood on the wind-swept beach, eyes never leaving the glider sailing above the dunes. Then, Wilbur landed. Safely.

A year later, Orville was sitting in the pilot’s seat, hands on the rudder. The first powered flight took off, with a 4 cylinder,

Orville Wright Wilbur Wright

Model Airplanes. Up to five feet wide!

Millersmiddleplanemodels.web

The Wright brothers glider at Kitty Hawk. 1902

12 horsepower, combustion engine. It was a slightly bigger, powered version of the 1902 glider. At about 200 pounds, it rocked slightly in the wind. Newspapers reporters trained their cameras on the plane, not daring to miss a moment. It was either going to be a failure, or a ground-shaking discovery. After about 12 seconds of up-in-the-air flight, Orville landed the plane with a bump. The beach erupted in cheers and applause.

At an aviators meeting, a French gentleman, named Hart O. Berg, approached the brothers. He proposed to them that he help them put their discoveries and inventions out into the public. That is why we know about their brilliant formulas and inventions. He also helped them get “test- flights,” flights for people to endorse their inventions. In September of 1908, the Wright brothers did a test-flight for the U.S. Army. The flight lasted 1:45, but the Army was impressed. The brothers showed off, doing figure 8’s

and sharp turns. George Besacon wrote that the flights “dissipated all doubts.” The brothers went on to do more flights,

improving models and overcoming all the obstacles that stood, or flew, in their way.

On January 30, 1948, Orville died, back in his home-town of Dayton, Ohio. He was at a good age of 76 when he passed away. The Wright Brothers award was commemorated to people who have made amazing achievements in the aviation field. It also goes to great pilots who have successfully flow for 50 years. So next time you get on an airplane, say thank you to the Wright brothers, and think about their amazing break-through.

Bigger Brains Bigger Theories By: Mr. Bobby Bubbles

Did you know he was known for the formulation of relatively theory? He was one of the twentieth century's greatest thinkers and scientists. He is recognized as one of the greatest physicists.

Albert was the first child born to Hermann and Pauline, a bourgeois Jewish. When Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, the back of his head was reportedly so huge that his family worried something was wrong with him. But within the first few weeks, the shape of his head became more normal-looking. Einstein was slow in learning how to speak.Some say he didn't start speaking until age four. His parents even consulted a doctor. He also had a cheeky rebelliousness toward authority, which led one headmaster to expel him and another to amuse history by saying that he would never amount to much. But these traits helped make him a genius. His cocky contempt for authority led him to question conventional. And Albert tended to think pictures than words. His slow verbal development made him curious about ordinary things — such as space and time — that most adults take for granted. His father gave him a compass

at age five, and he puzzled over the nature of a magnetic field for the rest of his life.

Albert’s parents were both Jewish, however, they are not practicing Jews. They sent Albert to a Catholic School. Einstein's parents did not teach their child any religious practices. Which religion his parents practiced at home is a little bit ambiguous, although it seems to be the case that they did not practice any sort of religion. His father once allegedly called Jewish something to the effect of

ancient fairy tales. Perhaps it was his father who first ignited his passion in the field of science when he showed Albert a pocket compass. Albert concluded that there must be something which caused the needle to move. This is probably where his interest in science began.

Albert Einstein received his private education at a catholic school. He got his diploma July 1900. He accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and immigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

Albert Einstein’s field of study is Modern Physics

Albert won the Franklin medal, Copley medal, and the Nobel Prize in physics. Albert even won the Max Planck medal, Matteucci Medal

Albert Einstein name has become synonymous with genius but his contributions to science might have been cut short had he stayed in Germany where he was born on March 14, 1879.

It was 1933 and a charismatic politician called Adolf Hitler had just become Chancellor.

Einstein a Jew, Learned that his name was on a Nazi list of people earmarked for assassination and a bounty had even put on his head.

One German magazine even include him on a list of enemies of the state under the phrase: not yet hanged.

Visit the houses that supported

their beginnings.

Alexander working in his lab.

injecting a cure by: aria sangster

How can I explain Alexander Fleming in a matter of words.He was determined, and outgoing, and he created one of the medicine world’s most important injections. When he was younger, his family called him Alec. He lived with several siblings but his father died when Alec was 7. He attended many colleges and eventually married Sarah McElroy. They had a son who grew to be a general medical practitioner. She later died in 1949. Alexander then married Dr. Amalia Vourekas. She died in 1986. But back to his discovery. On September 28 1928 Alexander Fleming invented penicillin. Penicillin was made from fungi and

juice from molds. It killed bacteria and cured many diseases. More specifically, this was investigated for

its antibacterial effect on organisms. However, it didn’t automatically work. Alexander attended St. Mary’s medical school in London. His first test (that wasn’t on an animal) was on a man who had a severe disease. Doctors told Fleming that the process of cure would take a few days. For a while, the medicine worked. After about a 7 day process the medicine stopped working because it didn’t go to the spinal area. The only way to get it there was to inject the penicillin directly to the spine (which had never been done before). Fleming took the chance and injected the penicillin.

This cured the man and he walked out of the hospital in a matter of weeks. Penicillin was published in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in 1929. Not much attention was paid to his discovery. Alexander continued to grab the attention of a chemist that would help refine the penicillin. He continued to try on his own but eventually gave up because he discovered penicillin didn’t last long in the human body. Not long after he abandoned the project, Howard Flowey, and Ernst Chain tried to fix penicillin. They began mass production after funding help and produced enough penicillin to save every wounded man in the allied forces. They learned how to isolate penicillin (which made the effect last). This won Alexander many awards such as Nobel Prize in medicine and

100 of the most important people in the 20th century. Its amazing what you can get from an accidental discovery. Alexander also discovered enzyme lysozyme. This is an antibacterial that broke down the cell walls of bacteria. President for the society of General Microbiology. He was also a member of the Territorial Army when he was younger and served from 1900-1914 as a private. Alexander was a very generous man to the public and it was no surprise that he also served in World War I in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He paid close attention to the soldiers’ health.

Alexander Fleming died on March 11th 1955 in London of a heart attack. His discovery has and will continue to save many lives.

The crew of the challenger spacecraft

Liftoff!!!

By: James P. Sullivan

5... 4... 3... 2... 1... LIFTOFF! On January 28, 1986, the Challenger spacecraft took flight with the first American civilian on board. Teacher Christa McAuliffe was prepared for the ultimate field trip to outer space. No one knew that the flight would end in tragedy when it exploded killing all seven astronauts 73 seconds after liftoff.

Christa McAuliffe was born on September 2, 1948 in Boston, Massachusetts. She went to college and became a teacher. She taught junior high students in Maryland and high school students when she moved to New Hampshire. She was married and had two children. To get people excited about NASA’s space shuttle program again, President Reagan announced in 1984 that an ordinary citizen would be sent to space. Of course this was just no ordinary citizen; this would be a teacher!

Teachers have the ability to get people excited and interested in learning. NASA

wanted someone to communicate with students from space. When Christa McAuliffe heard of the Teacher in Space Program, she applied along with more than 11,000 other applicants. Vice President George Bush announced that McAuliffe would be the first private citizen, a teacher, to go into space. She went to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas to undergo extensive

training and preparation. She became popular with students, educators, and the media as she prepared for her flight in early 1986. She would have taught at least two lessons from space on their daily life and activities as well as technological advancements in space. Many Americans watched with eager anticipation on that tragic day in January as the shuttle exploded. Christa was quoted as saying, “I touch the future ... I teach.” Even though she never got to

Background by: http://vicvapor.com/space-shuttle-challenger-1985/space-shuttle-challenger-1985-2

Christa McAuliffe undergoing pre-flight simulations

report from space, she inspired so many children and adults to dream of a future in space. For her courage, she received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor after her death.

Today there are many elementary schools named in her honor including ones in Florida, Colorado, and California. Her legacy lives on with many space education programs

that provide space education to both students and teachers. One of these programs is the Challenger Learning

Center. Albuquerque was fortunate to have this program for many years before a lack of funding caused it to close. With hopes and dreams many others will be

inspired to liftoff to space too!

Timeless

Beyonce Bee

Imagine, you were sitting underneath the branches of an apple tree while your eyes gazed upon the blue sky. You took a deep breath in, enjoying your relaxation until ouch! You were hit by an apple that had just fallen! You can thank the strong force of gravity for interrupting your relaxation, but what exactly is gravity and who could have come up with such a mind blowing discovery? Sir Isaac Newton, of course.

Did you know that Isaac Newton is known as one of the greatest scientists who ever lived? Well, in Lincolnshire, England, Isaac Newton was born as a gift to the world on Christmas Day in 1642. While growing up, Isaac attended a grammar school in Grantham. Isaac often made models of such things as windmills and carts, amazingly, all

of the moving parts actually worked.

At age 14, his mother was remarried for the second time and Isaac was taken out of school to help run the family farm. He was a failure at farming and missed school dearly. Luckily, he was eventually sent back to

finish basic academics. After seeing Isaac’s intellectual abilities, his uncle, a graduate of the University of Cambridge’s Trinity College, persuaded Isaac’s mother into enrolling Newton into the university. Again, life was not easy for him. As he was unable to afford the tuition fees, he worked many hours each day to pay his way.

Isaac graduated in 1665, shortly before an outbreak of the plague. Isaac returned to the family farm and continued his research in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. His very first scientific achievement was the invention of a reflecting telescope, constructed in 1668. He previously had done experiments with a triangular prism of glass in which he placed near a window. The sunlight separated into a rainbow of colors! His curiosity with light led him to a great invention. This telescope allowed the optical telescope to reflect light and give a sharper image than was possible with telescopes at the time. His theory was that white light was a composite of all colors of the spectrum and that color is the result of objects interacting with already colored

light, rather than objects generating the

color themselves!

His grand invention was just the start of Newton’s amazing discoveries yet to come! While spending much of his time back at the family farm, his mind was busy. The story goes that while he was sitting in the garden, an apple fell from a tree. How the apple fall down, he wondered. Why not up, or sideways? These questions lead him to the conclusion that there was some force pulling the apple towards the earth. Isaac had discovered the principle of gravity! Over time, this brought Isaac to yet another discovery of the universal law of gravitation: Every particle in the universe is attracted to every other particle. The force of their attraction is related to their masses!

For a long time before the apple ever fell, Newton was interested in the mathematical theories. By using algebra, finding the value of an unknown number that was continuously changing was a problem. Isaac Newton decided to come up with a new branch of mathematics in which he called “fluxions“. It is now called calculus. Although, Isaac was slow to tell the world of his discoveries and kept to himself.

Newton wrote down many of his most intelligent ideas on paper in which eventually turned into one of the most important books in science history, entitled “Principia”. Stated within this book were

Isaac’s laws of motion. These laws are the foundation for the science mechanics. His rules state:

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion unless acted upon by an

unbalanced force. Acceleration is produced when a

force acts on a mass. The greater the mass, the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate the object.

For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

These simple rules turned out to be the answer to many of the raving questions among those of the world. His brilliant book included his many theories. Isaac became quite popular around the science world and was given The Royal Society award, which was a notable honor.

Isaac Newton passed away on March 20, 1726. Who knew one man’s theories would dominate our world for the next three centuries? Sir Isaac Newton has laid the basics for our knowledge to grow stronger and stronger. His discoveries are definitely “timeless” and will be used for centuries to come.

What Are The Odds? By: Bobby Jones Have you ever wondered how

women are able to go to college in England? This is because Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. She was the first English woman to qualify as a physician and surgeon in Britain, the co-founder of the first hospital staffed by women. She was also the first dean of a British medical school, the first female doctor of medicine in France. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was also the first woman in Britain to be elected on school board, Mayor of Aldeburgh, and lastly she was the first female mayor and magistrate in Britain.

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was born June 9, 1836 in Whitechapel, London, England. She died December 17, 1917 at the age of 81. There was no school in Aldeburgh, so Elizabeth learned her three R’s from her mother. Then she was helped by Miss Edgeworth who was a poor gentle women that was also employed to educate Elizabeth and her sister Millicent. Elizabeth despised her teacher, and wanted to outwit the teacher in her own classroom. When Elizabeth was 13 and her sister Millicent 15, they were sent to a boarding school named, Boarding School for Women in Blackheath, London, England. There English literature, French, Italian, and German were taught. Later in her life she

recalled the stupidity of all her teachers there, although her schooling did help Elizabeth establish the love of reading. Her reading included Tennyson, Wordsworth, Milton, Coleridge, Trollope, Thackeray and George Eliot. Elizabeth and Louie were known as “the bathing Garrett ”. Because their father would insist that they could be allowed to take a hot bath once a week. After this formal education, Elizabeth spent all next 9 years tending to domestic duties, although she continued to study Latin and arithmetic in the mornings and read widely. November 9, 1908 she was elected mayor of Aldeburgh, she

followed in her father’s foot steps. She was the first female mayor in England.

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson said “a doctor leads two lives, the professional and the private, and boundaries between the two are never traversed.”

1837, she married James George Skelton Anderson, of the Orient Steamship Company his uncle Arthur Anderson co-owned.

Elizabeth’s family were: Louisa her daughter (1873-1943), Margaret (1874-1875), who died of meningitis, and Alan (1877-1952). Louisa also became a pioneering doctor of medicine and feminist activist, Louisa followed in her mothers footsteps. They retired Aldeburgh in 1902, moving to Alde House in 1903, after the death of

Portrait of Elizabeth Garret Anderson

Elizabeth’s mother. Elizabeth’s husband James George Shelton died of a stroke in 1907.

The New Hospital for Women was remained the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in 1918 and amalgamated with the Obstetric Hospital in 2001 to form the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital before relocating to become the University College Hospital Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing at UCH.

The former Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital buildings are incorporated into the new National Headquarters for the public service trade union UNISON. The Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Gallery, a permanent installation set within the restored hospital building, uses a variety of media to set the story of Elizabeth

Garrett Anderson, her hospital, and the women’s struggle to achieve equality in the field of medicine within the wider framework of 19th and 20th century social history.

There is a secondary school for girls in Islington, London which is named after her;

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson School. The archives of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson are held at the Woman’s Library at the library of the London School of Economics.

Have you ever wondered who the first woman was to win the Nobel Peace Prize? Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland. As a young girl she loved reading and learning. At the age of 4 she could speak in full sentences and could read at a high level for her age. She went to a private school and later was enrolled in a government school.

At age 8 her sister died of typhus by getting it from a student boarder. Less than 3 years later her mother died of tuberculosis when Marie was 10. The loss of her mother and sister drew her 3 other siblings and her dad closer. Marie did not let her losses interfere with her school work. She graduated as the star pupil of her class in 1883 at 15 years of age.

In 1891 Marie left Poland and went to Paris to live with her sister Bronya. She wasted her money on carfare so she moved closer to the university. She was so into her studies that she fainted due to not eating. Her sister Bronya checked on her from time to time to make sure that she was keeping herself healthy.

Marie finished first in her master’s degree physics course in the summer of 1893. The next year she was second in her math course. Her lack of money constricted her from getting her math degree. The Encouragement of

National Industry to do a study on relating magnetic properties of different steels to the chemical composition. Now she just needed to find a lab to work in.

At this time in her life Marie met Pierre Curie while she was looking for a lab to work in. She asked a polish physicists and he said that his colleague Pierre Curie might be able to assist her.

Marie had success in her math and that summer she went back to Poland for the summer of 1894. When

Marie Curie

Marie went back to Poland she was unsure whether she was to return to France. Letters from Pierre convinced her to peruse her doctorate in Paris.

In 1895 Marie and Pierre got married. In 1896 a scientist discovered uranium rays but soon after were forgotten about. The uranium rays interested Marie. She asked the director of the Paris Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry for a room that she could do her research in, and said that she could us an old crowded, damp storeroom.

15 years earlier, Pierre and his older brother invented a kind of electrometer. An electrometer is a device for measuring extremely low electrical currents. Marie used this tool to measure the faint currents that can pass through the air which has been filled with uranium rays.

In 1898 her research revealed that thorium compounds, like those of uranium, emit Becquerel rays. The emission appeared to be atomic property. To describe the behavior of uranium and thorium she invented the word “radioactivity.” In 1897

Marie Curie berthed her first born daughter who was named Irene. That same year Marie was hired to do some experiments. While doing this she discovered pure radium. In 1903 Marie and Pierre Curie won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1906 Pierre was killed in an accident. At that time he had been teaching at Sorbonne School. Marie took his place and became the first women

professor there.

In 1911 Marie won her second Nobel Prize for her continued work in radioactivity.

In 1929 Marie visited America. Since she was honored everywhere for a gift she was given a gram of radium.

In 1932 Marie and her sister started a research facility to help fight cancer. This research center is called the Marie Sklodowska Curie Oncology Center. This center is still open today. Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934 due to Aplastic Anemia which is a condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough new blood cells.

Marie in the lab

Alfred Nobel at a young age

Here’s a picture of dynamite.

Boom! There Goes The Dynamite!

By: Florida Georgia

BOOM! You were talking to your friends when all of a sudden out of nowhere dynamite explodes. What was that? Who was that? Alfred Nobel. Yes that’s right, it was Alfred Nobel. The explosion-yes that was dynamite! Alfred Nobel-creator of dynamite and gelignite. All of a sudden boom another one! OH NO ITS WAR TIME!! Alfred Nobel didn’t create dynamite to start wars. This was all not supposed to happen. Then a loud crash happened and the war was over! YAY! Alfred Nobel, son of Immanuel Nobel and Caroline Andrietta Ahlsell. He had 3 siblings: Ludving Nobel, Robert Nobel and Emil Oskar Nobel. Alfred Nobel was a very smart man. He is the one who they named the Nobel Peace Prize after. He was never married and no kids. He studied in the Jacobs Apologistic School. He was born on October 21, 1833 and died December 10, 1896 in Sanremo, Italy. He was

63 years old when he died. They buried him in Norra Begravningsplatsen. Alfred Nobel died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Alfred’s mom and dad paid a tutor to teach him when he was a little kid. Alfred Nobel made a lot of experiments. One of the experiments he did was he kept working on the nitroglycerine explosive experiments begun by his father. He first started working alone in St. Petersburg and later together with his father in Stockholm. He is

sweedish. He did not live that long. His family was descended from Olof Rudbeck, the best-known technical genius in Sweden in the 17th century, an era in which Sweden was a great power in northern Europe. Nobel was fluent in several languages, and wrote poetry and drama. Nobel was also very interested in

social and

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related issues, and held views that were considered radical during his time. Alfred Nobel's interests are reflected in the prize he established. Learn more about his life and his interests -science, inventions, entrepreneurship, literature and peace work. Alfred Nobel's huge interest in literature and writing is reflected in his book collections. After his death he left a private library of over 1500 volumes, mostly fiction in the original language, works by the great writers of the 19th century. When Alfred Nobel's will was made known after his death in San Remo on 10 December 1896, and when it was disclosed that he had established a special peace prize, this immediately created a great international sensation

By 1895 Nobel had developed angina pectoris, and he died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his villa in San Remo, Italy, in 1896. At his death his worldwide business empire consisted of more than 90 factories manufacturing explosives and ammunition. The opening of his will, which he had drawn up in Paris on November 27, 1895, and had deposited in a bank in Stockholm, contained a great surprise for his family, friends, and the general public. He had always been generous in humanitarian and scientific philanthropies, and he left the bulk of his fortune in trust to establish what came to be the most highly regarded of international awards, the Nobel prize.

It is certain that the actual awards he instituted reflect his lifelong interest in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology, and literature. There is also abundant evidence that his friendship with the prominent Austrian pacifist Bertha von Suttner inspired him to establish the prize for the Nobel peace prize. Nobel himself, however,

remains a figure of paradoxes and contradictions: a brilliant, lonely man, part pessimist and part idealist, who invented the powerful explosives used in modern warfare but also established the world’s most prestigious prizes for intellectual services rendered to humanity.

Finding

Pierre Curies’ home town which is Paris, France.

Marie and Pierre Curie in their lab.

Marie and Pierre Curie’s children Eve, Laboisse, and Irene Curie.

Physics By: Nicole Hillerman

French physicist Pierre Curie was one of the founding fathers of modern physics. Pierre Curie is best known for being a pioneer in radioactive studies. He and his wife, Marie Curie, won the Noble Prize in Physics in 1903, and the curie, a unit of radioactivity, was named after him. Curie died in 1906 after being run over by a horse-drawn carriage in Paris.

Pierre Curie’s career started when his father, Eugene Curie, trained Pierre in math and science. Pierre then entered the faculty of sciences in Sorbonne.

Pierre Curie was born May 15, 1859 and died April 19, 1906. He was born and died in Paris, France.

Pierre Curie’s spouse, or wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curie was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.

Maria Sklodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland, Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the

only woman to win the award in two different fields (physics and chemistry). Curie's efforts, with her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of polonium and radium and, after

Marie and Pierre’s children had children with the names Irene Joliot-Curie and Eve Curie.Ève Denise Curie Labouisse was a French and American writer, journalist and pianist. Eve Curie was the youngest daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie and her brother-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie. She was born December 6, 1904, Prance,

France. Irene Joliot-Curie was a French scientist and the wife of Frederic Joliot-Curie. She was born September 12, 1897 in Paris, France and died March 17, 1958 in Paris, France.

Curie conducted his studies of radioactive substances with his wife, and the pair overcame the challenges posed by inadequate lab equipment and heavy teaching schedules to succeed in isolating the elements of radium and polonium (Marie Curie named polonium after her native country, Poland). The Curies went on to describe many of the novel properties of radium, which would form the basis of subsequent research in the fields of nuclear physics and chemistry.

Pierre and Marie Curie were awarded half of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on radiation. The other half of the prize went to Henri Becquerel, whose work had informed the Curie’s research. The Curies were also awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1903. In 1905, Pierre Curie was elected to the Academy of Sciences.

Pierre Curie died in an accident in Paris, France, on April 19, 1906. Curie lost his footing while crossing the street and fell beneath the wheels of a horse-drawn vehicle, suffering a fatal skull fracture. He was 46 years old.

Pierre and Marie Skłodowska-Curie's daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and their son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity. They were awarded a Nobel Prize for their work as well.

The Curies' other daughter, Ève, wrote a noted biography of her mother.

Their granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a professor of nuclear physics at the University of Paris, and their grandson Pierre Joliot, who was named after Pierre Curie, is a noted biochemist.

Pierre Curie died in a street accident in Paris on 19 April 1906. Crossing the busy Rue Dauphine in the rain at the Quai de Conti, he slipped and fell under a heavy horse-drawn cart.

He died instantly when one of the wheels ran over his head, fracturing his skull.

In April 1995 Pierre and Marie were enshrined in the crypt of the Panthéon in Paris.

The 1897 discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel inspired Marie and Pierre Curie to investigate further this phenomenon. They examined several substances and minerals for radioactivity: polonium and radium, both of them more radioactive than uranium.

Pierre Curie self-portrait.

Charles Darwin

Written by: Batman

Charles Darwin is a British scientist who improved the theory of evolution. Unlike other famous scientist Darwin did not enjoy school and finished collage. At his time, to find answers to the world people would go to the bible for answers but Darwin gave compelling explanations of the origin and evolution of all types of living things in the world. His theories were supported by scientific facts, which were gathered during his trip around the world. Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England and died at the Down House in Kent on April 19, 1882. He is the son of Robert and Susannah Darwin. Robert was a successful physician whose father (Erasmus Darwin) had also been a physician but had made his name as a poet. Susannah Wedgwood came from a family of potters. Her father (Josiah Wedgwood) had made a small fortune making high-quality pottery. Both sides of Darwin's family had the same religion.

Darwin spent his childhood playing at The Mount, near his house in Shrewsbury. He was taught at home by his sister Caroline until he was eight years old. After that he spent a year at school and transferred to a boarding school, the Shrewsbury School, only a mile away from The Mount. Charles Darwin was not the best student at school, his grades weren’t all that great, and he (like most kids) did not enjoy school that much either, until age sixteen when his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Darwin focused on collecting, hunting, and naturalizing instead of medicine. It was at that university where he wanted to study and collect beetles. The marine

biologist Robert Grant took him under his wing. After two years, it was obvious that Darwin would not become a doctor, so with the help of his father (who did not approve at first) Darwin transferred to the University of Cambridge to study for the clergy of the Anglican Church. There he became friends with the older botanist named John Henslow.

Soon after graduating, in 1831, Charles was offered a position on board the HMS Beagle, a ship that was mapping the coast of South America on a two or three year trip around the world. He accepted the opportunity and spent the next five years of his life on board the Beagle, taking notes and sending samples of bugs and animals back to Henslow in England to keep it safe. When Darwin returned to England he found that Henslow and other geologists, zoologists, and botanists were fascinated by the animals he had collected. He spent the next ten

years describing the discoveries he had made on his journey. He wrote books on coral reefs and volcanic islands, various papers, and a journal of his trip. While working on these, he also started to think about a deeper, more important problem which was the origin of species. He opened his first notebook on the topic in 1837, more than twenty years before he publish his book "evolution by natural selection"

In 1839, Darwin married Emma Wedgwood, his cousin, and they moved in to a house in London where Darwin could focus on his work. Unfortunately, his health started to fail mysteriously, so they moved to the country. They lived in a small village where Darwin could find peace and quiet. After completing his work on the results of the Beagle, still not ready to publish his thoughts on evolution, Darwin turned to what seemed at first like a small, insignificant problem, the classification of different kinds of barnacles. Darwin soon became entangled in the project of dissecting and describing all of the barnacles of the world for what eventually became a four- volume

book. Eight years later, in 1854, he finally finished, and was able to go back to the problem of evolution. In 1857, Alfred Russell Wallace sent Darwin a paper regarding the evolution of species. Wallace's theory was very similar to Darwin's theory. Wallace's paper and a sketch of Darwin's theory were presented at the Linnean Society. Darwin decided to publish a book on evolution that he was working on. The book was published in 1859 as On the Origin of Species, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. It was selling out the first day it was released. So in conclusion Charles Darwin was a very successful scientist.

Citations

"Charles+darwin - Google Search." Charles+darwin - Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2015. "Charles Darwin Was An English Naturalist And Geologist | Great Minds Of The World." Great Minds Of The World. N.p., 29 July 2014. Web. 03 Jan. 2015. "Charles Darwin." Http://commons.wikimedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.

"On Invasive Species, It Turns out Darwin Was Right All Along, Study Shows - HeritageDaily - Heritage & Archaeology News."

HeritageDaily Heritage Archaeology News. N.p., 02 Oct. 2014. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.

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Written by: Flash Gordon

Have you ever seen kids with their new IPhone and wondered, “How this started” and “who started it”. Well this all started on February 24, 1955 when Steve Paul Jobs was born. He was the CEO of apple and created the first iPhone.

On February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. When Steve Jobs was born he had been adopted at birth by his new parents Paul Jobs and Clara Jobs. Later when Jobs was about five him and his parents moved to Mountain view, California. When they got to their new house Steve’s father had decided to teach him how to work with his hands and how to work with technology. He then attended Monta Loma Elementary school where he had been quiet the trouble maker he had constantly

pulled pranks on the kids there. However he was extremely smart, so smart the officials of the school suggested him to skip two grades, but Steve’s parents only let him skip one. Later when he was old enough to go to middle school he moved to Cupertino, California and there he attended Cupertino middle school. When they moved he had lived next to a neighbor that shared the same interest in technology as him his name was Bill Fernandez. After getting to know Fernandez, Bill introduced Jobs to Steve Wozniak. Wozniak was a wiz kid in his time he showed Jobs what Bill and him had made they called it the cream soda computer, Jobs was very interested in this. When Steve was in high school he was going to the same high school as Wozniak but did not know it.

When Steve graduated from Homestead high school he enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon. This college however was very expensive and his parents had been saving for his future education but did not have enough for the whole time. So after one semester Jobs dropped out, he then just attended classes he could afford including a class he took for the next eight-teen months called calligraphy. This class was one of the most important classes to Jobs he said in a speech “If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.”

Later in 1976 Wozniak created the apple 1 which then Jobs suggested that they sell it. Then Steve, Wozniak, and Wayne started to all build what is now apple in his parent’s garage. Jobs then started his career in technology design. Jobs then started to recruit other people from all over to come work for Apple. When he got John Sculley to come work for Apple instead of Pepsi he

said “do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water or do you want a chance to make a

difference.”

Steve then decided to take a break from Apple and left. However he soon came back from Pixar and Disney. When he came back he started the whole new idea of the iMac, MacBook, iPod, and iPhone. He then made a new thing called iTunes which was the processing system the iPhone would run off of and where you would buy Apps, music, and books. Steve later in his career made the iPad and made millions off of it. However he then got diagnosed with Pancreatic Cancer and died October 5, 2011.

Steve Jobs sadly died on October 5, 2011 he had accomplish so much.

Upon reaching the lunar orbit, Thomas P. Stafford said, “Houston, this is Apollo 10. You can tell the world we have arrived.” Stafford is a famous astronaut who flew two Gemini rendezvous missions, commanded Apollo 10, and docked with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft.

Stafford was born on September, 17, 1930 in Weatherford, Oklahoma. His parents are Thomas S. Stafford and Mary E. Stafford. He has been married twice. In the first marriage, Stafford had two daughters. In the second marriage, Stafford had two sons.

Stafford went to Weatherford High School and graduated in 1948. Stafford went to the United States Naval Academy graduated in 1952, and then transferred to the Air Force Experimental Flight Test School.

In his 3 missions, Stafford spent 507 hours in space. His first mission was piloting Gemini 6 during the first rendezvous in space. His second mission was Gemini 9A. During that mission, Stafford performed a demonstration of a rendezvous that

would be used in Apollo 10. His final mission was as Commander of Apollo 10. This mission was important because the first flight of the lunar

module during a Moon orbit was recorded, and the first rendezvous in the Moon environment was recorded. Stafford was cited in the Guinness Book of World Records for the highest speed attained by man during the Apollo 10 mission.

Stafford was also an actor. He was in the movies: Houston, We’ve Got a Problem, The Apollo Years, and Apollo Soyuz. In all of these movies, Stafford played himself.

Stafford won many awards. Here are some of them: The National Aeronautic Association Wright

Brothers Memorial Trophy, The Air Force Association Lifetime Achievement Award, The Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, The Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, The Presidential Medal of Freedom, and The NASA Exceptional Service Medal. These are just some of the medals Stafford won but there are plenty more.

In Weatherford, Oklahoma there is an Air and Space Museum named after Stafford. This Museum was founded in 1981. Weatherford, Oklahoma also has an airport named after Stafford. In 1969, this airport was activated.

Thomas P. Stafford is one of the few remaining astronauts from the Apollo

missions. Stafford is still alive and is living in Florida today.

Annie Jump Cannon in 1992

Have you ever wondered how many stars are in the sky? Have you ever wondered what a stellular body and what a lunar crater is? Astronomers thought the same thing as you when they were young. Galileo was an astronomer, he was curious about planets and how they moved around the sun. He figured out that earth moved around the sun and that the sun did not move around the earth.

Like Galileo, Annie Jump Cannon was also an astronomer. Only she was curious about the stars and already knew about the planets and how they moved around the sun.

“Who is Annie Jump Cannon?” you might ask. Well, it all started on December 11, 1863 in Dover, Delaware; Annie Jump Cannon was born! She was the oldest of three daughters and her father was a ship builder. Mary Jump, her mother, was the one who encouraged her to be an astronomer. She was the first to teach her the constellations and told Annie to follow her dreams.

As a child and a young adult Annie suffered from hearing loss. This made it very difficult to socialize. This made her work even harder in school because she had nothing distracting her. Some say she didn’t get married or have kids due to her hearing loss.

At age 17 in 1880 Annie was sent to Wellesley College in Massachusetts. This was one of the top Academic schools for women in the U.S. While she was there she studied

physics and astronomy. Four years later, in 1884 she graduated with a degree in physics. After she graduated she went home and stayed unemployed for a long time. This is because there were no jobs that she was interested in for women.

10 years later in late 1893 she was stricken with scarlet fever which made her almost deaf. Shortly After in early 1894 her mother died. After this series of unfortunate events Annie found it hard to get back to normal everyday life.

Annie Jump Cannon at her desk at Harvard College Observatory

Wikipedia, (2015). Annie Jump Cannon. [All pages used]. Retrieved

from http://wikipedia.com.

Google Images, (2015). Star. [Picture]. Retrieved from http://google.com.

Afterwards she had finally found a job available. She was hired as a junior physics teacher at Wellesley College. She had finally

gotten into the swing of things. She also went back to college. After more education she got a new job to be Edward C. Pickering’s assistant. Edward was famous at the time, so this was a big deal.

At the same time she became a member of “Pickering’s Women”. These women are the women hired to complete the Henry Draper Catalogue. This was mapping and defining every star in the sky. This was hard work but Annie was definitely the right person to do it.

While Annie was working on the Henry Draper Catalogue she came upon a problem. Everyone disagreed on what method they should use to classify the stars. Annie later came up with her own way to classify stars and she published it to the public in 1901. Many

years later the International Astronomical Union liked her Classification system. So on May 9, 1922 the Union formally adopted Annie’s stellular classification system. It is still being used today.

Annie retired in 1940 and died one year later in Cambridge Massachusetts on April 13th. But she accomplished a lot in her life. She received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. She was the First women elected as officer of the American Astronomical Society. Now an Annie J. Cannon Award is given to female astronomers for distinguished work in astronomy. Best of all she has classified more stellular bodies than anyone else.

Annie Jump Cannon has accomplished many things. Having many hearing problems she had to be passionate about her work. In order to be famous in astronomy she had to have a good education. This was hard for her because of her hearing issues. But she stayed strong and worked her hardest. She may have to continue college in classes for people with disabilities, but she still continued her education. Even though she was disabled she managed to accomplish many things. This just shows that no matter how far away the stars are, always reach for them. Keep pushing forward and be persistent. Don’t let anyone or anything pull you down. Reach for the stars!

***

father of modern science

By: Bailey

Some people always said “Columbus discover the new continent, Galileo discover the new universe” Galileo Galilei, he was a pioneer of modern science and also the pioneer of experimental physics. He was an late renaissance astronomer, physicist, philosopher, scientists, mathematician.

In Italy he was one of the founders of modern experimental science and he made enormous scientific contributions to mankind

Galileo was born on 15th February 1564 in Pisa, which then formed a part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He was the eldest of the six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist. His family moved to Florence when he was hardly 8 years old. He joined the rest of his family in Florence when he was ten years old and was taught music and mathematics by his father with the help of a tutor named Jacopo Borghini. Although Galileo became an accomplished lute player, he had no wish to follow his father’s musical career. He began school at the age of eleven in a monastery at Vallombrosa, southeast of Florence and at the age of fifteen, Galileo joined the monastery as a novice. His father, although he was Catholic, was horrified, since he had already decided his eldest son should become a doctor.

In 1581, Vincenzio sent his son back to Pisa, where he lived again with

Muzio Tedaldi 。This time he enrolled

at the University of Pisa as a medical student. During the summer of 1583, Galileo invited Ricci to his home, where Ricci tried to persuade Vincenzio to allow Galileo to study to study

mathematics. All university teaching at the time was based on books written by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. This had been the case since the twelfth century, when Aristotle’s works were translated from Greek and Arabic to Latin. Aristotle was considered to have the answer to all questions concerning the universe.

For the next couple of years, Galileo worked quietly, but he could not avoid controversy for long. In 1618, when three comets were sighted, he was urged by friends to give an opinion. Today we know that comets come from an icy cloud beyond the farthest planet, Pluto. Sometimes they leave this cloud and are attracted by the gravitational pull of the sun. As they get closer to the sun, heat causes the ice to evaporate and long tails are formed from the jets of dust and gas that are

visible from earth.

Unfortunately, Galileo was bedridden with rheumatic pains when the comets were visible from November until January and was unable to observe the phenomena. He did, however, manage to reply to a published article written by a Jesuit mathematics professor at the Roman College, father Orazio Grassi, who concluded that the comets were located between the sun and the moon. Galileo accused the Jesuits of spreading false information.

Some invention he created because he need money, he created a simple thermometer that could register variations in temperature but did not make any money off of it. In 1596, he built a compass used for aiming

cannonballs. Galileo also built a telescope and he created a telescope with 3x magnification and another invention that Galileo worked on was a pendulum clock he also created a design for a pendulum clock in 1641, but never completed one before his death.

After Galileo built his first telescope in 1609, he observed and described the landscape of the moon, discovered four

of the moon of Jupiter, discovered the phases of Venus, and discovered sunspots.

War Balloons By Jefferson Poland

The giant airship passed over head. Its silver body glinting of the sun. Its engines loud and powerful. This was the future of flight, the future of war.

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin was born July 8, 1838, in Konstanz, Grand Duchy of Baaden. He was from a noble family known as Zeppelin. As Ferdinand grew up his parents bought private tutors for him. They taught him math and science.

As a young man Ferdinand went to America to observe the war on the union side. He went to a balloon camp and was fascinated with how the Americans used them to drop bombs.

On August 7, 1869, Ferdinand married Isabella Freiin von Wolff. They had a daughter who was named Helene. After his daughter was born Ferdinand started his planning and making his first airship, The Ludwig Zeppelin 1. He asked the government for a fund to help him make his airship. They said yes and gave him enough money to research and build the airship.

In 1900 the first flight of the LZ1 took place over Lake Constance. The military watched to see if the new type of airship would be good enough to fly for the army. The airship stayed in the air for 20 minutes and then landed, damaging it slightly. After repairs and modifications the LZ1 flew twice more. The military thought that the airship wasn’t that successful and the government stopped funding his project.

With support from King Württemberg, Ferdinand Zeppelin was able to complete the LZ2 in January 17, 1906. The only flight for the LZ2 was a disaster. The winds forced it high. Then the winds pushed it to the ground. With major damage the LZ2 was forced to be dismantled.

With King Württemberg still supporting him, Count Zeppelin made the LZ3. By the end of 1906 the LZ3 had made two successful flights. The military got interested in this and started funding his work. LZ3 made a 24 hour flight and the government accepted his airship. Count Zeppelin started making two more airships bigger than the LZ3. They were the LZ4 and the LZ5. The military accepted these into the army.

When WW1 started the army used several of Zeppelins airships. The airships were made into bombers. During battle, the Ludwig Zeppelins would fly over there target and drop bombs from a hatch on the gondola. The Zeppelins would mainly fly over to England to bomb coastal towns.

Count Zeppelin died March 8, 1917 in Berlin and never lived to see the end of the war or the shutdown of the Zeppelin program because of the Treaty of Versailles. Now in the 21st century zeppelins or blimps are used for commercial purposes. If you look around in big cities you most likely will see one.

Pasteurized By Alice Jenkins

The father of Microbiology. Who is he? He is Louis Pasteur. Louis Pasteur was born on December 27th, 1822. Louis was born in Dole, France and died in Marnes- la -Coquette, France. He died September 28th, 1895. Louis discovered Pasteurization and a cure to rabies. Rabies is an infectious and ill fated disease that s p r e a d s r a p i d l y. I t i s contracted from dogs or other mammals. It comes from the animal’s spit. The s y m p t o m s a r e m a d n e s s a n d convulsions. Pasteurization is a way to get rid of germs from foods such as, eggs and milk and other dairy products. Louis Pasteur is a Microbiologist and a Chemist. He went to school in École Normale

Érieure. He earned the awards Copley Medal, Rumford Medal and the Leeuwenhoek Medal. His parents were Jean- Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. His Spouse was Marie Pasteur and his children were Marie Louise Pasteur, Camile Pasteur, Jean Baptiste Pasteur, Jeanne Pasteur and Cecile Pasteur. His Zodiac sign is the Capricorn and his religion is Roman Catholic. Pasteur didn’t just work with Pasteurization he also worked with the

germ theory. This theory is that more often or not Microorganisms are the main cause of disease. Back when Louis was alive everyone thought disease was randomly spawned. When Louis Pasteur generated the germ theory everyone at

first thought he was crazy and later realized he was right. He also discovered the molecular basis for asymmetry of crystals. Louis Pasteur was an amazing F r e n c h s c i e n t i s t w h o

discovered many things. Pasteur also came about a commodity called Fermentation. In his studies and series of procedures or experiments he found out that fermentation is the result of the action of microorganisms on sugar. This means that fermentation is a chemical breakdown of material. One of the many practices he did was the boiling broth experiment. First, he boiled broth and then as soon as it is boiled sealed the container. The container stayed clear. Then he added material which had been open to the air and then the container grew cloudy and microorganisms started to grow. This proved that his theory was right. Another way Louis Pasteur changed history was finding a cure to the

disease known as Pebrine. This deadly disease was at the time devastating the silk trade by killing off the Silk worms who made the silk. The signs of the disease were that the worms that were infected laid eggs that never hatch. Sometimes the worms would die even before making the cocoons. Once Pasteur came though it was too late the disease was spreading at a rapid pace. There wasn’t a egg there that wasn’t contaminated. The only worms that didn’t have the disease were the ones from Japan. Pasteur noticed after looking at contaminated eggs and worms in a microscope that the eggs and worms both had microorganisms. The smal l o rgan i sms which he discovered were the cause of the disease. Then he conducted an experiment where he fed the healthy worms from Japan two mulberry leaves. Some of the worms were fed mulberry leaves smeared with the contaminated worms and some got mulberry leaves smeared with the

healthy worms. The worms that were fed the leaves with the healthy worms were fine. The worms that were fed the leaves with the contaminated worms were not. Also he told the silk company how to keep the all of the worms’ germ free.

Now you know a little more about Louis P a s t e u r. H o w h e d i s c o v e r e d Pasteurization and Fermentation. How he also helped out the worms in Southern France. Thank you for reading.

Louis Pasteur is an amazing

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