INTEGRATED PLANNING FOR LANDSCAPE APPROACH · 2017-11-13 · INTEGRATED PLANNING FOR LANDSCAPE APPROACH Methodological approaches to territorial ... conserve water resources. Data

INTEGRATED PLANNING FOR LANDSCAPE APPROACHMethodological approaches to territorial planning for conservation

In this sense, landscape approach represents a conceptual framework that brings together several actors and their objectives. The aim is to reconcile social, economic, and environmental interests with local-level action planning, while at the same time considering broader goals and outcomes, such as those set by national governments or international commitments.

For fifteen years, WWF-Brasil’s Science Program has developed territorial planning studies, supporting various conservation initiatives. This work is carried out in partnership with other WWF-Brasil programs, alongside the WWF Network and national and international institutions, using diverse and complementary methodologies and tools to address different conservation and land use challenges.

Strategy 1 relates to the application of solutions that promote integrated con-servation planning to multiple sectors of society, taking into account conflicts and opportunities. The objective is to provide support for planning and monitoring of ef-ficient biodiversity conservation strategies

T he growing demand for natural resources has put increasing pressure

on biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, with severe impacts on human well-being in the future. The maintenance of natural resources in this scenario requires a transversal approach to conservation that takes local reality into account and integrates with regional management.

INTRODUCTION

SCIENCE PROGRAM

We hope to disseminate the application of the methodologies and provide options for the incorporation of scientific knowledge in the different regions of Brazil.

The purpose of the Science Program is to develop concepts, methodologies and analyses to plan and monitor efficient strategies for biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation in natural landscapes.

Promote integrated conservation planning to multiple sectors of society, taking into account conflicts and opportunities.

Two main strategies are adopted:

Territorial planning has the potential to make the opportunities, conflicts and potential of each area clear to multiple actors, allowing for transparent discussion and decision-making, based on evidence of the priorities and choices needed to reach different objectives.

For more than fifteen years we have been developing studies that contributes to landscape planning in multiple scales. As a result, it can support decision making and influence public policies and investments.

In this publication, we gathered the main approaches adopted by WWF-Brasil in landscape planning, with general guidelines and case studies.

and ecosystem services in terrestrial and aquatic landscapes so that they can be used as a negotiation and decision support tool by governments and companies, as well as by the civil society. The definition of priority areas for conservation, restoration of de-graded areas, zoning and risk analysis are examples of developed solutions.

Strategy 2 seeks to share methodologies and concepts through training offered to specialists and decision makers, and the design and management of various information systems, such as conserva-tion support platforms for both WWF and partner institutions.

Trainings can address conceptual issues to discuss strategic visions, new theories and innovative mechanisms, as well as more practical aspects, such as the use of tools and the development of analytical routines for specific studies. The platforms aim to dis-seminate knowledge and support ongoing projects through public consultations and database sharing, as well as disseminate study results in the form of dynamic and well-illustrated publications.

Develop and share methodologies and concepts

1

2

• Support the design of conservation projects and the decision-making of multiple partners on land use;

• Monitor and report the impacts of conservation actions and guide conscious environmental planning.

• That involves strategic visions, new theories and innovative mechanisms;

• From topics related to nature conservation from positioning documents with scientific basis.

The methodological approaches adopted encompass different routines of analyses and use biodiversity (or proxies), hydrological, vegetation, and socioeconomic data to

generate information to support territorial planning in multiple scales of intervention, such as a micro basin, a municipality or a protected area.

HidrologicalData

• Spatial resources to support decisions;

• Publications and platforms to share studies and results;

• Capacity building of different actors, multiplying the adoption of environmental planning concepts, methodologies and tools.

LINES OF ACTION

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES

CARRY OUT ANALYZES AND TECHNICAL STUDIES:

PRODUCTION, MANAGEMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION

AND KNOWLEDGE:

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT:

WWF-Brasil has been playing an active role in landscape planning as an articulator, source and generator of knowledge. Through studies, plans and technical documents, it promotes the sustainable

use of the environment and the optimization of investments in environmental conservation.

VegetationData

BiodiversityData

SocioeconomicData

Land Use Data

Others

Prioritization of Areas Zoning Risk Assesments

For the dissemination of strategic visions, new theories and approaches

Promote integrated conservation planning to multiple sectors of society

Developing landscape analyses in partnership with WWF Network, other institutions, universities and government

To share the main approaches adopted by WWF-Brasil in landscape planning, with general guidelines and case studies

INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

15 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE OBJECTIVE

© 1986 Panda Symbol WWF ̶ World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark. WWF, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland ̶ Tel. +41 22 364 9111; Fax +41 22 364 0332. For contact details and further information, please visit our international website at www.panda.org

Why we are here

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To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment andto build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

Why we are hereTo stop degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

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INTEGRATED PLANNING FOR LANDSCAPE APPROACHES

COMMON STEPS TO MOST OF THE APPROACHES:

Diagnosis of the regional context and its attributes

Definition of conservation solutions for different scenarios

Integrated analysis

Engagement of of multiple stakeholders

Integration of processes and results into regional management

Support for efficient decision-making and planning

Aims to identify priority areas to be conserved, restored and/or to guide zoning processes

Territorial planning guidelines that takes into consideration the potential and vulnerability of the area

São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, South of Bahia state and South of the Amazonas state were mapped by WWF

The most sensitive and important areas for conservation targets

RESULTS

OBJECTIVE

REACHCONSIDERS


Why we are here

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Why we are here

To stop degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to

build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

wwf.org.br

INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE PLANNING

ILP

INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE PLANNING

SCIENCEPROGRAM

2017BR

The Integrated Landscape Planning (ILP) is an approach that integrates ecological, social and economic attributes of an area aimed at:

1. Identifying priority areas to be conserved or restored;

2. Establishing environmental zoning; 3. Supporting the definition of actions or

decisions based on the opportunities and needs of each landscape.

This method does not require setting goals. It compiles and consolidates attributes already mapped by other studies. The result is a dynamic layer of information that can be reviewed at any time, both for insertion of new data and for new directions to be set by experts. Therefore, it can be easily adopted to different contexts.

Supporting the definition of actions or decisions

Establishing environmental zoning

Identifying priority areas to be conserved or restored

Steps of the process

A diagnosis in

which information,

geospatial and

socioeconomic

data are organized

for mapping

threats and setting

conservation

targets.

THREATS ANDTARGETS

ANALYSESCOMPONENT

IDENTIFICATIONOF AREAS

RESULT

ACTIONS ANDZONING

Overlapping the data

collected with the

planning units, using

a weighting approach

similar to that of

ERI, to classify each

component of the

analysis depending on

the influence it exerts

on the study target.

The sum of all ratings

will support the

identification of areas

that are most sensitive

and important to

conservation targets.

In the previous

example, the higher

the weight, the higher

the restoration priority

in that planning unit.

The result is a process that allows for reviews and validations by experts and local actors, so that the final map has more adherence to reality.

A decision tree

is adopted for

proposing actions

and/or zoning.

ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES

01 02 03 04

Where it was applied

Integrated planning for nine municipalities in the Southern Bahia (Atlantic Forest)The ILP was adopted in the definition of priority areas for the Conservation and Restoration Plans of the Atlantic Forest in nine municipalities in the Southern portion of Bahia state. This project was a collaboration among several organizations, and the municipalities of Belmonte, Canavieiras, Eunápolis, Guaratinga, Itabela, Itagimirim, Itapebi, Mascote and Santa Cruz Cabrália.

WWF-Brasil was responsible for preparing the priority area maps, based on a landscape level analysis that considered the capacity to maintain, regenerate and reconnect the existing Atlantic Forest remnants and conserve water resources. Data on climate change, land use and endemic biodiversity were also incorporated.

The great innovation of this project was the consolidation of an environmental

plan - integrated with other economic and social aspects - built along a collaborative process involving local actors. The plans are at an initial stage of implementation and they are now important tools for territorial management and for the promotion of the application of public and private resources in the region.

Aims to qualify the risk of ecosystems’ ecological integrity loss

That contribute to the integrated management of water resources

Over 10 years applying the ERI approach

48% of South America and 60% of Brazil were mapped

RESULTS

OBJECTIVE

APPLICATIONREACH


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ECOLOGICAL RISK INDEX

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ERI

ECOLOGICAL RISK INDEX

SCIENCEPROGRAM

2017BR

The Ecological Risk Index (ERI) approach aims to qualify the risk of loss of ecological integrity1 of aquatic ecosystems. This calculation considers the different uses and sectors concerned in the territory for which an intervention is planned. This analysis was originally designed to evaluate freshwater ecosystems but could also be adapted to terrestrial or marine ecosystems.

According to Karr et al. (1986) and Mattson & Argermeier (2007), which propose the bases for calculating the ERI, five

1. energy sources

2. hydric regime

3. water quality

4. biotic interactions

5. physical structure of habitats

1 - The concept of ecological integrity is in the Earth Charter and consists of “protecting and restoring the integrity of Earth’s ecological systems, with special concern for biological diversity and the natural processes that sustain and renew life.”

The Earth Charter is a statement of fundamental ethical principles for building a just, sustainable and peaceful global society, developed by a global civil society initiative and completed in 2000.

fundamental aspects for the environment functioning are recognized:

The ERI qualitatively assesses changes in these five aspects, due to multiple uses of natural resources, in order to calculate an index for each portion of the study area.

PhysicalChemical

Introduction of exotic species

migration

TemporalitySpeed

Quality

Channel geometry

Organic matterFood chains


This analysis helps territorial planning because:

Multiple land uses

of the territory

in all the study

area are identified

and mapped.

LAND USES

FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY

SEVERITY INDEX

CONSOLIDATEDINDEX

The frequency index

describes the extent

of occurrence of the

activity in the territory.

The severity index is an

estimate of the magnitude

of its consequences.

Workshops are held

with the participation

of researchers,

governmental managers

and specialists with

different background, to

rank the activities.

The information

generated in the

analysis can be used

to understand the

dynamics of the

territory as a whole.

• it allows us to asses, for example, whether an important area that guarantees the water supply of a city is losing its ecological integrity, compromising the quantity or the quality of the water;

• it allows us to estimate the conservation cost of each planning unit: areas at greater risk have a higher conservation cost, i.e. it is more difficult to conserve areas where there are many uses, large extent of a single use or severe impacts.

ENERGY SOURCE

HYDROLOGICAL REGIME

WATER QUALITY

BIOTIC INTERACTIONS

HABITAT STRUCTURE

Thus, it is possible to prioritize conservation efforts in areas with greater chances of persistence in the long term or to identify areas in need of immediate intervention.

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

01 02 03 04

Case study

Ecological Risk Analysis of the Paraguay River Basin Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil e Paraguay

This analysis was developed in 2012 for the Water and Climate Initiative, a global partnership between WWF Network, HSBC Bank, and the Great Lakes Alliance, a partnership between The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the Caterpillar Foundation.

The objective was to identify the status of the ecological components that guarantee the integrity of the aquatic systems in the

Amazon biome Rio das VelhasBasin

Alto ParaguaiBasin

TapajósBasin

XinguBasin

BahiaBasin

basin to support governments of the four countries, as well as civil society, in the establishment of a climate adaptation agenda to the Pantanal. It also collaborated for the integrated and transboundary management of water resources.

The study area covered more than 2,600 km of the Paraguay River, from its source, in the region of Diamantino (MT), to the confluence with the Paraná River, in Corrientes (Argentina). The drainage area has more than 1,135,000 km², which is equivalent to more than 800 Itaipu reservoirs, or 35 times the area of Portugal, covering portions of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.

Results included the detailed ecological risks for four regions:1. Headwaters and tributaries in the

Brazilian Cerrado and Chiquitano forest;2. Atlantic Rain Forest Region of the

Paraguay River Basin;3. Development axis of Salta/Jujuy;4. Puerto Suarez and Tucavaca Valley.

Priority areas for creation of protected areas, environmental compensation, promotion of sustainable economic activities

Over 10 years applying the SCP approach

53% of South America and 79% of Brazil were mapped by WWF including 100% of the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon biomes

The Cerrado-Pantanal priority areas were officially recognized by the Environmental Ministry

APPLICATION

RESULTS

REACHRECOGNITION


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SYSTEMATIC CONSEVATION PLANNING

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SCP

SYSTEMATIC CONSERVATION PLANNING

SCIENCEPROGRAM

2017BR

Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) is a robust approach that aims to identify priority areas for conservation and/or restoration. It combines information on conservation targets (species, ecosystems and ecosystem services that needs to be protected) with information on the conservation cost (where it is easier or harder to protect) and landscape aspects.

It aims to promote an integrated view of territories, maximizing the efficiency of the solution and the persistence of ecological functions.

It evaluates the ecological representation of the network of protected areas to propose the creation of new complementary areas for the achievement of conservation goals in the most efficient way, that is, avoiding areas with high conservation costs.

It is a participatory process, with several stages of consultation to conduct the diagnosis of the study area, definition of prioritization criteria and indication of conservation actions for the prioritized areas.

Landscape aspectsConservation costsConservation targets


The first stage

consists of a

diagnosis of the

study area, in which

selected species,

ecosystems and

ecosystem services,

called conservation

targets, are mapped.

The information

gathered in the

diagnosis generates a

prioritization analysis of

areas in which the system

seeks to maximize the

achievement of goals

and connectivity,

minimizing

conservation costs.

CONSERVATION TARGETS

PRIORITIZATIONANALYSES

CONSERVATION GOALS

QUALIFIEDAREA

THREATS TOCONSERVATION

ACTIONS FORPRIORITY AREAS

RESULT

LANDSCAPE ASPECTS

For each target, a

conservation goal is set

from a proportion of the

extent of the occurrence

of the target, which is

then weighted by criteria

such as conservation

status and

extinction risk.

The result of the

area selection is

qualified so that it is

possible to assess the

contribution of the

priority areas

to the conservation

of regional

biodiversity and

ecosystem services.

During the

diagnosis, threats

to conservation are

also mapped, which

can be compiled in

several ways, including

through the results

of the Ecological Risk

Index (ERI).

Based on this

qualification, several

experts and public

managers are

consulted in order

to propose actions

for each priority area.

Map/list of priority areas and recommendations for each of them: creation of protected areas, restoration initiatives, protection/payment for ecosystem services, environmental compensation.

Information about

landscape aspects,

such as the amount

of natural vegetation

remnants and their

potential to increase

connectivity, are

also mapped.

PRIORITY AREAS

01

05

02

06

03

07

04


Priority areas for conservation, sustainable use and sharing of biodiversity benefits in the Cerrado and Pantanal biomesHeld in partnership with the Ministry of the Environment between 2011 and 2013 and published in 2015, the study updated the priority areas for conservation developed between 1998 and 2000 and revised for the first time in 2006.

More than 100 experts were consulted, resulting in the identification of :

• 300 priority areas;• 69 of extreme priority;• 152 of very high priority;• 79 of high priority.

Total priority area covered 8,611 thousand hectares, which represents 35% of the Cerrado and Pantanal. Proposed actions include creation of protected areas, promotion of sustainable economic activities, best agricultural practices.

The study also provided an analysis biodiversity gaps and status, from species to ecosystem types. It also organized

mapinhas

information about Cerrado and Pantanal, creating a database to advance in actions to improve knowledge and effective protection of these biomes.

The results of the study were officially recognized by the government in 2016, through an infra legal mechanism of the Environmental Ministry.

Aims to map priority basins that contributes to the hydrological dynamics of the landscape

Provides guidance on how to increase the efficiency of interventions and investments in river basins

Highlights priority sub-basins for conservation and restoration actions

25% of Brazil was mapped, including the basins of the Doce, Paraguay, Xingu and Tapajós rivers and Bahia state

APPLICATION

OBJECTIVE

OUTCOMEREACH


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WATER CONTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

WCA

WATER CONTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

SCIENCEPROGRAM

2017BR

The Water Contribution Analysis (WCA) aims to quantify the water supply of each sub-basin into a larger river basin in order to guide and maximize the efficiency of interventions and investments aimed at improving water supply in a basin.

Considering the direct relationship between the presence of natural vegetation cover and the availability of water resources, the idea of this approach is to highlight priority areas

to be conserved or restored to ensure the maintenance or improvement of water supply.

Based on runoff and relief information, it is possible to identify which sub-basins generate most of the river flow, affecting the hydrological dynamics of the region. The idea is that stimulating the generation of clean water flowing towards the main river, clearance of contaminants, for example, will occur faster.

Availability of water resources

Relief information

Presence of natural vegetation cover

Runoff


Consists in

mapping the

sub-basins in the

study area

MAPPINGSUB-BASINS

CALCULATING THE FLOW

IDENTIFICATIONOF AREAS

RESULT

SELECTINGAREAS

Involves the

calculation of the flow

of each sub-basin,

based on relief and

runoff data

The product

of this calculation

is classified

according to the

water contribution

The final result is a map that highlights the priority areas for conservation and restoration actions, considering the maintenance or improvement of water supply in the basin.

The study was made available through an online platform (http://paisagem.wwf.org.br/projeto.php?id=22). It includes maps of remaining vegetation of the basin and the identification of priority sub-basins. After mapping these areas, WWF-Brasil proposed emergency actions, as well as medium and long-term actions.

Areas that present

higher flow,

therefore, greater

contribution to the

water system of the

basin, are selected.

PRIORITY AREAS FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION

AVAIABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES OF EACH SUB-BASINS

01 02 03 04


Doce River BasinIn November, 2015, the burst of two dams in the central portion of Brazil represented one of the major environmental disasters in the country and globally. Brazil’s national water agency, ANA, has warned that the presence of arsenic, zinc, copper and mercury in the river made the water untreatable for human consumption. Over half a million people had no access to clean water. The lack of oxygen and high temperatures caused by the pollutants killed much of the aquatic life along the river.

mapinhas

While most of the people were concerned about how to recover the river channel or minimize the impact of mud on marine ecosystems, WWF-Brasil sought an ecosystem-based solution that aims to strengthen and enhance the potential of the local ecological dynamics of the region to accelerate the recovery of the basin.

Based on runoff and relief data, we performed an analysis to identify which sub-basins generate most of the flow of the Doce River, impacting the whole hydrological dynamics of the region. The idea is that stimulating the generation of clean water flowing towards the main river, clearance of contaminants will occur faster.

Recovery actions in these areas will help reduce impact in coastal and marine ecosystems as well, improving the quality of the water that will reach the river outlet.

INTEGRATED PLANNING FOR LANDSCAPE APPROACH · 2017-11-13 · INTEGRATED PLANNING FOR LANDSCAPE APPROACH Methodological approaches to territorial ... conserve water resources. Data

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