Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships · Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships. Soil

Henry LinDept. of Crop and Soil Sciences

The Pennsylvania State University

Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships

Integrated Studies of Integrated Studies of LandscapeLandscape--SoilSoil--WaterWater RelationshipsRelationships

SoilMoisture

SoilStructure

OutlinesOutlines

Land Use Impacts on Soil Properties

Landscape Hydropedologic Studies- Forest Catchment- Agronomy Farm- Wastewater Spray Irrigation

Online Advanced Spatial Info System

To develop a set of models (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties (such as infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity, available water holding capacity, and others) based on land use, soil morphology, soil structure, and other available soil survey data.

Modeling Soil Hydraulic Properties as a Function of Soil Morphology,

Soil Structure, and Land Use

Modeling Soil Hydraulic Properties Modeling Soil Hydraulic Properties as a Function of Soil Morphology, as a Function of Soil Morphology,

Soil Structure, and Land UseSoil Structure, and Land Use

Pasture(2)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or …

Cropland(3)

Dynamic Properties(Use-dependent)

Inherent Properties(Use-invariant)

Land Use/Management Options

Urban(4)

Surface Soil

Subsoil

Forest(1) …

Genoform Phenoform

ControlSection

Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

Four soil series, each under four different land uses (woodland, pasture, cropland, urban):

- Two series (Glenelg and Joanna series, both Typic Hapludults) are located in Chester County, PA, representing the Northern Piedmont MLRA 148;

- Two series (Hagerstown series, a Typic Hapludalf, and Morrison series, an Ultic Hapludalf) are located in Centre County, PA, representing the Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys MLRA 147.

1. Water Reservoir2. Bubbling Tower3. Tension Setting Tube4. Differential Pressure Transducer5. Infiltration Disc (20-cm Diameter)6. Datalogger Linked to a Computer7. Data Cable8. Valve9. Rubber Stopper10. Connecting Tube 1

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

20 cm

Tension infiltrometers have been used for in situ infiltration measurements at each of the 16 sites. Apparent steady-state infiltration rates at the surface (A horizon) and subsurface (B and C horizons) were measured using a set of 4-5 tension infiltrometers simultaneously. Six different water supply tensions (12, 6, 3, 2, 1, and 0 cm) were used sequentially in each of the infiltrometers to enable the assessment of different soil pore sizes in influencing infiltration and the resulting soil hydraulic conductivities.

Highly compacted urban soil

Adjacent cropland soil of same series

y = -3.180Ln(x) + 2.304R2 = 0.2225

y = -3.856Ln(x) + 2.158R2 = 0.2366

y = -0.659Ln(x) + 0.375R2 = 0.2104

y = -2.004Ln(x) + 0.733R2 = 0.8425

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70Bulk Density (g/cm^3)

Ksa

t (cm

/min

)

Glenelg Joanna

Hagerstown Morrison

y = -0.074Ln(x) + 0.033R2 = 0.177

y = -0.019Ln(x) + 0.01R2 = 0.0513

y = -1.347Ln(x) + 0.854R2 = 0.9992

y = -2.16Ln(x) + 0.824R2 = 1

0.0

1.0

2.0

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50Bulk Density (g/cm^3)

Ksa

t (cm

/min

)Cropland Urban

Pasture Woodland

Saturated hydraulic conductivity vs. bulk density for the four land uses in the Glenelg.

Glenelg Woodland04-PA029-003

Surface (A)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.326Structure: Medium, moderate, granularBulk Density (g/cm3): 0.77Ksat (cm/min): 1.212Macroporosity: Common, fine, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Many, very fine-fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.244Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.17Ksat (cm/min): 0.632Macroporosity: Few, medium, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Common, fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): 38

C Horizon (C1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.148Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.37Ksat (cm/min): 0.418Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: Common, very fine-fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): 93

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Location: Art Hershey WoodsHalfway up driveway into woods, from stake, 9.5’ at 80°

Glenelg Cropland04-PA029-004

Surface (Ap)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.349Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.18Ksat (cm/min): 0.46Macroporosity: Common, fine, tubularRoot Density: Many, fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt2)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.281Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.46Ksat (cm/min): 0.001Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 45

C Horizon (C1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.234Structure: Medium, weak, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.38Ksat (cm/min): 0Macroporosity: None Root Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 110

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Location: Duane Hershey FarmStake at Telephone pole, 115’ at 78°

Glenelg Pasture04-PA029-005

Surface (Ap)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.288Structure: Medium, moderate, granularBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.32Ksat (cm/min): 0.019Macroporosity: Common, medium, tubularRoot Density: Many, fine-medium, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.323Structure: Moderate, medium, sub-angluar blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.44Ksat (cm/min): 0.008Macroporosity: Few, fine, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 43

C Horizon (C3)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.290Structure: Thick, weak, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.35Ksat (cm/min): 0.003Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 110

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Location: Richard Breckbill FarmStake in fencerow, 25’ at 62°

Glenelg Urban04-PA029-006

Surface (A/B)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.328Structure: Thick, moderate, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.34Ksat (cm/min): 0.002Macroporosity: Few, very fine, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Common, very fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.335Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.41Ksat (cm/min): 0.003Macroporosity: Common, medium, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Few, very fine, in channelsDepth Measured (cm): 46

C Horizon (C)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.300Structure: Thick, strong, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.35Ksat (cm/min): 0.007Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 150

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.0

0.20.4

0.6

0.8

1.01.2

1.4

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0Location: Lincoln UniversityNear Douglas statue, from manhole, 26’ at139°

Hey, it is not the milking time yet!!

#@&%!^$

2005 Fall 2006 Spring

Repeated Measurementsin Different Seasons …

Repeated Measurements in Different Seasons …

Seasonal Changes of Surface Soil Hydraulic ConductivitySeasonal Changes of Surface Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

GeC-Spring

04

GeC-Fall 04

GeC-Fall 05

GeC-Spring

06

GeP-Spring

04

GeP-Fall 04

GeP-Fall 05

GeP-Spring

06

GeU-Spring

04

GeU-Fall 04

GeU-Fall 05

GeU-Spring

06

GeW-Spring

04

GeW-Fall 04

GeW-Fall 05

GeW-Spring

06

Hyd

raul

ic C

ondu

ctiv

ity (c

m/h

r)

At 6 cm tensionAt 0 cm tension

Cropland Pasture Urban Woodland

Glenelg

Where is the food, buddy!

Uhhh, at least he brought some water!

Landscape Hydropedologic Studies Landscape Landscape Hydropedologic Hydropedologic Studies Studies

---- SpatialSpatial--Temporal Patterns of Soil Moisture and the Temporal Patterns of Soil Moisture and the Underlying Processes in Contrasting LandscapesUnderlying Processes in Contrasting Landscapes

UplandWetland

MModelingodeling.?.

Distribution Distribution →→ PatternPattern

Spatial Variability, Temporal DynamicsSpatial Variability, Temporal Dynamics

Lateral flow

MMonitoringonitoring

MMapping!apping!

Vertical flow

LandscapePedonLateral flow

Verticalflow

Hydropedologic Hydropedologic Approach to Landscape StudiesApproach to Landscape Studies---- ““33MM”” CycleCycle

Penn State

Wastewater Spray Field

Forest Catchment

Fox Hollow Watershed

Pasture Field

Agronomy Farm

Stream Gauge

Sediment Fence

Dry (D1)

Moderately Dry (D2)

Wet (W1)Moderately Wet (W2)

Subsoil Moisture Clusters of the Monitoring Sites

~100 m

Blairton Soil Pit

NE1

2

3

4

56

9

8 7 10

11

14

13

12

15A1

22

23

24

25

26

27

29

28

3031

36

3534

3332

3738

39

40

41

44 4342 45

4746

48

4950

5453

5251

58

5756

55

59

60

61

6766

656463

62

71 7069

68

7372

A2A3

A4A5

B2B3B4

B5

B1

A Hydropedologic Observatory: A Coupled Test Site for Hydrologic Observatory and Critical Zone Exploration

Study Area

~100 m

NE

South-facing slope

North-facing slope

(m)

• 7.9 ha pristine forest catchment, V-shaped, 30 miles from PSU campus

• 5 soil series (Weikert, Berks, Rushtown, Blairton, Ernest) were identified and mapped

• 4 landforms: south-facing slope, north-facing slope, valley floor of a 1st-order headwater, swales

ClimateClimate

TopographyTopography

GeologyGeology

VegetationVegetation

Land UseLand UseHydrologyHydrology

SoilSoil

Soil Survey and GPR Surveys at the Shale Hills Catchment

Map of Depth to Bedrock at the Shale Hills Catchment

Depth to bedrock ranges from <0.25 m on the ridge tops and upper side slopes to >2 m in the valley bottom and swales based on in situ 223 observations.

Investigate EMI as a potential noninvasive rapid reconnaissance tool for mapping subsoil moisture distribution in a pristine forest catchment

Investigate GPR as a potential noninvasive quick tool to provide continuous and high resolution data of subsurface features including depth to bedrock in the shale hills catchment

Explore integrated use of geophysical tools for identifying distinct soil-landscape components and mapping soil variability across hillslope, especially subsurface preferential flow pathways

Integrated Use of Geophysical Tools in Hydropedologic Investigations

Integrated Use of Geophysical Tools Integrated Use of Geophysical Tools in in Hydropedologic Hydropedologic InvestigationsInvestigations

March 2005

October 2005

Examples of EMI Surveys

Weikert

Berks

Rushtown

Weikert

Berks

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) image of a subsurface (a swale) in the Shale Hills Catchment. The green curve indicates an interpreted depth to bedrock. The dash lines separate 3 soil series along the hillslope.

An example of imaging tracer transport in the subsurface using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Cool colors on the right indicate an increase in electrical conductivity associated with the transport of a sodium-chloride tracer. From these spatially exhaustive data, the mass, center of mass, and spatial variance of the tracer plume can be estimated through time.

ERT

control unit

current source

potential lines

geophysical inversion empirical

relation

hydropedologic truth data

collection & inversion

hydropedologic estimate

This is the state of the practice: Error is propagated through traditional estimation processes. Geophysicists generally apply empirical relations to convert the geophysical data back to the parameters of interest, which means that while we get good qualitative information about subsurface processes, the final images cannot be used quantitatively. One way to get around this is to insert hydropedologic insight to help constrain the geophysical inversion.

EMI and GPR are complimentary and their integrated use with standard soil survey are advantageous to hydropedologic studies.

Shale Hills Monitoring Design Map

1

2

3

4

5

6

9

8 7 10

11

14

13

12

15

A1

22

23

24

25

26

27

29

28

30

31

36

35

34

3332

37

38

39

40

41

44

43

42

4547

46

48

49

50

54

53

52

51

5857 56

55

59

60

61

67

66

65

6463

62

71

70

6968

73

72

A2A3

A4

A5

B2B3B4B5

B1

Clusters: Dataloggers & Rain Gauges:

Each Cluster: 1 m instead of 2-3 m (steep slope)

2 m

2 m

0.5 mD

CB B

A74

B Horizon

B Horizon

C Horizon

2” Schedule 40

Portable Soil MoistureProfiling Probe (TDR)

Nested Piezometers with Multi-depth Thermocouples Nested Tensiometers

A Horizon

Instrument Installation Scheme for the Shale HillsInstrument Installation Scheme for the Shale Hills

5 cm

20 cm

60 cm

100cm

Thermocouples

Sand

Bentonite

Sand

Bentonite

Site 61 (Blairton Soil)

Matric Probe ECHO-10 229_L

OeABA

Bt1

Bt2

CB1

CB2

5 cm14 cm20 cm

46 cm

87 cm

103 cm

150 cm

15 cm 15 cm1220

36

67

85

95

127

1320

35

66

86

95

129

1020

36

67

87

97

127

Gee, what these guys doing at my yard?!

July 28 Aug. 12 Aug. 15 Aug. 25

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

7/20/04 8/20/04 9/20/04 10/21/04 11/21/04 12/22/04 1/22/05 2/22/05 3/25/05

Soil

Moi

stur

e St

orag

e w

ithin

1.1-

m S

olum

A)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

7/20/04 8/20/04 9/20/04 10/21/04 11/21/04 12/22/04 1/22/05 2/22/05 3/25/05

Soil

Moi

stur

e St

orag

e w

ithin

1.1

-m S

olum

Valley (North)

Swale (North)

Hillslope (North)

Hilltop (North)

Valley (South)

Swale (South)

Hillslope (South)

Hilltop (South)

B)

Ksat (cm/min)Horizon Depth (m)

Texture Bulk density(g/cm3)

Total Porosity(%) Vertical Horizontal

Oe 0-0.05

A 0.05-0.15 Silt loam 0.856 0.677 0.237 0.459

AE 0.15-0.20 Silt loam 0.865 0.674 0.678 1.338

Bw 0.20-0.28 Silt clay loam 1.107 0.582 0.271 0.403

Bt 0.28-0.50 Silt clay 1.267 0.522 0.367 0.820

2C 0.50-0.83 Sandy loam 1.715 0.353 0.394 4.116

3C 0.83-0.91 Clay 1.560 0.411 0.000 0.001

4C 0.91-1.28 Sandy loam 1.673 0.369 0.060 0.186

5C 1.28-1.37 Clay 1.597 0.397 0.000 0.001

Soil properties of Site 15 Ernest(Aquic Fragiudults)

Soil water content of each horizon at site 15

Date

10/6/05 11/6/05 12/06/05 1/6/06 2/6/06 3/6/06 4/6/06 5/6/06

Vol

umet

ric w

ater

con

tent

(%)

30

32

34

36

38

40

AAE-BwBtBt-2C2C2C-3C3C4C

A

AE-BwBt

Bt-2C3C

4C2C-3C

2C

Ksat (cm/min)Horizon Depth (m)

Texture Bulk density(g/cm3)

Total Porosity(%) Vertical Horizontal

Oe 0-0.05 0.550 0.792 0.415 4.637

A 0.05-0.14 Silt loam 1.180 0.555 0.345 1.704

BA 0.14-0.20 Loam 1.299 0.510 0.020 0.128

Bt1 0.20-0.46 Clay loam 1.372 0.482 0.002 0.284

Bt2 0.46-0.87 Clay loam 1.662 0.373 0.018 0.649

CB1 0.87-1.03 Sandy clay loam 1.730 0.347 0.121 0.191

CB2 1.03-150+ Sandy clay loam 1.739 0.344 0.007 0.002

Soil properties of Site 61 Blairton(Aquic Hapludults)

Soil water content of each horizon at site 61

Date

10/6/05 11/6/05 12/06/05 1/6/06 2/6/06 3/6/06 4/6/06 5/6/06

Vol

umet

ric w

ater

con

tent

(%)

15

20

25

30

35

ABA-Bt1Bt1Bt2Bt2-CB1CB1CB2

Bt2CB2

Bt2-CB1

CB1Bt1

BA-Bt1

A

S ite 1 5

D a te

3 /2 3 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 5 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 7 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 9 /2 0 0 6 3 /3 1 /2 0 0 6 4 /1 /2 0 0 6 4 /3 /2 0 0 6 4 /5 /2 0 0 6

Vol

umet

ric w

ater

con

tent

(%)

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 4

3 5

3 6

3 7

3 8

AA E -B wB tB t-2 C2 C2 C -3 C3 C4 C

A

Bt

3C

Bt-2CAE-Bw4C

2C-3C2C

S ite 6 1

D a te

3 /2 3 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 5 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 7 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 9 /2 0 0 6 3 /3 1 /2 0 0 6 4 /1 /2 0 0 6 4 /3 /2 0 0 6 4 /5 /2 0 0 6

Vol

umet

ric w

ater

con

tent

(%)

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 8

3 0

3 2

AB A -B t1B t1B t2B t2 -C b 1C B 1C B 2

Bt2CB2Bt2-CB1

CB1Bt1

BA-Bt1A

O

A

Bw

C

Bt

OA

Bw or Bt

C/R

OA

Bw

C/R

Valley Flooror Swale Bottom

(Wet Site)

Hilltop(Dry Site)

4) Return flow at footslope and toeslope during snow

melts or large storms

1) Subsurface seepage through macropore networks in subsoils

3) Flow at the soil-bedrock interface

Backslope(Moderately Wet or

Moderately Dry Site) Stream

2) Lateral flow through the interface between A and B horizons

Four main flow paths downslope and the typical soil profiles along the hillslope

A) Upslope

B) Midslope

C) Downslope

Bubbling outlet

Bubbling outletwhen saturated

A macropore when dry

Surface runoff at toeslope near the stream

Surface runoff at footslope near the stream

Flow at the interface between the Weikert soil and the fractured shale

Hillslope Flow Pathway Observations

Created using 5 ft contour

Elv. Diff: 74 ft

Created using 5 ft contour

Elv. Diff: 74 ft

Penn State Agronomy Farm, Centre County, PAPenn State Agronomy Farm, Centre County, PA

Surface Topography

Monitoring DesignSuper site

Satellite site

Key site

07/1807/18

08/1508/15

09/1009/1008/0308/03

06/2706/27 07/0507/05

07/0607/06

07/1107/11 10/14

0.095 0.101 0.160

0.176 0.181 0.188

0.209 0.263 0.344

Soil Moisture Spatial Patterns in Crop Root Zone at Different Wetness Conditions

Soil Moisture Spatial Patterns in Crop Root Zone at Different Wetness Conditions

Electrical Conductivity (uS/m)

Perc

ent

1918171615141312

80

60

40

20

0

Mean 15.78StDev 0.5382N 7

Normal Histogram of Melvin

Electrical Conductivity (uS/m)

Perc

ent

15141312111098

40

30

20

10

0

Mean 12.25StDev 1.546N 10

Normal Histogram of Nolin

Electrical Conductivity (uS/m)

Perc

ent

1110987654

40

30

20

10

0

Mean 8.260StDev 1.337N 63

Histogram of HagerstownNormal

Electrical Conductivity (uS/m)

Perc

ent

1110987654

40

30

20

10

0

Mean 8.665StDev 1.724N 17

Normal Histogram of Murrill

Soil Series vs. the Distribution of ECa Using EMISoil Series vs. the Distribution of ECa Using EMI

Soil Properties

Topography

Hourly Weather

Soil Moisture

Drainage

Yield

Grain Moisture

Inputs Outputs

GOES Insolation

and more...

PALM

Precision Agricultural-Landscape Model (PALM)Precision Agricultural-Landscape Model (PALM)

Determining Soil Changes after 40 years of Wastewater Irrigation

Determining Soil Changes after 40 years of Wastewater Irrigation

• Determine the physical, chemical and morphological changes of the irrigation area

• Determine if there is a reduced infiltration capacity

• Recommend future management practices to prolong the life of the area

• Penn State irrigates all of its wastewater since 1960’s (40 years so far!)• Approximately 2.5 million gallons/day, 365 days a year• Permitted to add 102 inches/year. Similar to a tropical climate!• 2 Sites (Toftrees and Astronomy Site)• 3 Types of Land Cover (Cropped Fields, Grass Fields, Forested Areas)

Control S

ite

Cornfield Site

Grass Site

Grass Contro

l

0 420 840 1,260 1,680210Feet

·

Control Info: Simpson & Cunningham (1978)

• Performed 15 soil pit descriptions

• Developed a profile rating scale using several different morphologic properties

• Many pits showed redoximorphic features and there was also evidence of “vertical water channels”

• Estimated the life of the system to be 15 years when applying 91 inches of water annually.

Sample Location

·0 70 140 21035

LegendNewPits

SprayHeads

CoreSamplesOldSamplePits

Original Control Area(Irrigated for over 20 Years)

Original Irrigated Area(Irrigated for over 40 Years)

• 60 1.2-m long soil core samples were taken by using a hydraulic giddings probe– Sample location was based on

Landscape Position– Summit– Side slope– Depression

• 6 soil pits were also examined– Location based on

• Previous Soil Pits• Landscape Position

Depression Mystery?!Depression Mystery?!

HaB

HuBHuC HaB

18

141516

176

510

94

3

13

812

11

71

2

19

2120

25

232422

Depression Areas

Depression #13 Depression #8

Top of the A Middle A Bottom A, with Buried A

A Horizon:YellowishLittle Redox

B Horizon:RedoxManganese

54

3

2

1

3936

35

34

3231

30

29 28

23

21

20

49

50

1817

19

52

53

54

41

42

43

45

411

LegendcornfieldsamplesiteGeo_K_cm_m

0.03 - 0.23

0.24 - 0.64·0 140 280 420 56070Feet

9

8

765

4

3

39

35

34

33

32

31

30

29 28

27

26

25

24

23

2221

20

16

15

14

13

12

1110

4N

49

55

50

59

53 57

5854

41

40

48

18n19n

3938

37

36

51

52

56

42

44

43

454647

17n

0 130 260 390 52065Feet

·

Is the Entire Field Showing Signs of Redoximorphic Features?

Is the Entire Field Showing Signs of Redoximorphic Features?

• The area is not as bad as predicted• There are certain “wet spots”• Local erosion is severe; overall site

erosion probably not too bad• Saturated hydraulic conductivity has

been reduced, and bulk density increased

• Some of the problems may be attributed to the landscape hydrology of the area

Some Preliminary ResultsSome Preliminary Results

Soil Modeling Hierarchy:

Molecular

Mixture

Ped (aggregate)

Profile horizon

Field (catena)

Pedon

Landscape (watershed)

Region

Globe

Mesoscopic

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Model Scale

i

i+1

i+2

i+3

i+4

i-1

i-2

i-3

i-4

Upscaling(larger area)

Downscaling(smaller area)

Soil Process and Parameters

Soil Mapping Hierarchy:

Pedon

Components

SSURGO

STATSGO

NATSGO

World Soil Map

Map Scale

1:1

<1:

12,0

00

1

:24,

000

1:

250,

000

1:7,

500,

000

1:10

0,00

0,00

0

Larg

e

Smal

lGreat

Little

Order 5+ O

rder 5 Order 4

Order 3, O

rder 2 Order 1 Local

Aggregation(larger area)

Disaggregation(smaller area)

Degree of Generalizationof Soil Distribution

A) B)

Point

Hydropedology

Two Hierarchical Frameworks for Multiscale Bridging in HydropedologyTwo Hierarchical Frameworks for Multiscale Bridging in Hydropedology

Molecular

Mixture

Ped (aggregate)

Profile horizon

Field (catena)

Pedon

Landscape (watershed)

Region

Globe

Mesoscopic

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Model Scale

i

i+1

i+2

i+3

i+4

i-1

i-2

i-3

i-4

Upscaling(larger area)

Downscaling(smaller area)

Soil Process and Parameters

Nano- and genomic technologies

NanoNano-- and genomic and genomic technologiestechnologies

Computer model and remote sensing technologies

Computer model and Computer model and remote sensing remote sensing

technologiestechnologies

Patterns

VariabilityStructure Function

ScaleMicroscopic Model

Patterns

VariabilityStructure Function

ScaleMesoscopic Model

Patterns

VariabilityStructure Function

ScaleMacroscopic Model

IntegrationIntegration& Scale Bridging& Scale Bridging

States,Properties,

…(Roads)

Fluxes,Processes,

…(Traffic)

Upscaling(larger area)

Downscaling(smaller area)

Scale of Properties

Aggregation(larger area)

Disaggregation(smaller area)

…

…Scale of Processes

A Framework for Integrated Hydropedologic StudiesA Framework for Integrated Hydropedologic Studies

OASIS for Landscape-Soil-Water Information Delivery, Interpretation, and Modeling

OASIS for LandscapeOASIS for Landscape--SoilSoil--Water Information Water Information Delivery, Interpretation, and ModelingDelivery, Interpretation, and Modeling

PASDA AI-GIS

Users

Internet/WWW(ArcIMS, ArcObjects, ASP)

(Client Tier)

(Database Sever) (Application Sever)

Nitrate concentration in ground water wells

OASIS.?.Example data: Example tool:

Example interface: Example interface:

Online Databases

Indexing, querying, mapping, and downloading

Identifying potential farmland protection

zones

Screening of “hot-spots” across town to

county size areas

Tier 1(Clients)

Tier 2(Applications

Server)

Tier 3(Database Server)

The Web-based System Users

HTML ViewersHTML

ViewersJava

ViewersJava

ViewersOther

ViewersOther

Viewers

Access Digital

Soils Data & Others

Water Quality

Hot Spot Tool

Farmland Preser-vation Tool

Digital Soils Data

SSURGOMaps

MUIR NSDAF

Other Digital Data

Land Use/ Cover

Bio-Physical Data

Socio-Economic

Internet/WWW(ArcIMS, ASP)

OASIS VisionOASIS Vision

Data mining & knowledge discovery

VisualizationVisualization

Coupling environmental modeling with GIS

Integrated multiscale landscape modeling

PASDA

SPOT

Landsat

DEM

Soil

Land use

Composite maps

Neural network, Decision trees

Others

Landscapeanalysis

Conditional entropy

NN Stat.

Indexingmodel

Watershedclassification

mapTerrain analysisSoil analysis

NN Stat.

Hydrology

Watersheds

Legend:Legend: MapDatabase

…

Waterquality

AIAI--GISGIS

Task flow Feedback to PASDA

Landscape patterns

Landscape variables

“Data rich, information poor?” –The Need of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

“Data rich, information poor?” –The Need of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

OASIS

SummarySummary

Land Use Impacts on Soil Properties

Landscape Hydropedologic Studies- Forest Catchment- Agronomy Farm- Wastewater Spray Irrigation

Online Advanced Spatial Info System

SoilMoisture

SoilStructure

Hydropedology In Action?Hydropedology In Action?