Insta Grid Summary

Executive Summary – “Insta-Grid”

AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 1

Executive Summary

American Industrial Co & Insta-Grid

New Business for Insta-GridTM (aka, Solar-Microwave Fabric)

the Solar Blanket for Instant Earth Energy & Communication applications.

COMPANY

American Industrial Consultants & Solution Vehicles Company (AIC & SVC) was formed in March,

2010 to design, engineer, develop, manufacture and market a new flexible product line of highly cost-

efficient new solar energy & communication systems. AIC & SVC initial product, the Insta-Grid, will be

directed specifically at solar energy, co manufacturers. While a prototype has yet to be built, the design

and specifications of the products are substantially complete. Allow us disseminate the differences for

American Industrial Consultants from Solution Vehicles Company. American Industrial Consultants is

the over arching company which includes hiring experts in industry, academia & government to produce

NEW technologies & products for American Industry whether it’s aerospace products (Aircraft &

Spacecraft) or highly technically specialized industry such as Electronics, EV’s, Sciences, Biomedical,

etc. American Industrial Consultants big picture is to help create the Energy From Space aka Space Solar

Power Systems, here is a presentation link: http://www.scribd.com/doc/238698625/Space-Solar-Power-

OMICS-2014 . This is a real way to help achieve World Peace.

PRODUCTS

This business focuses in on the full development & production of it’s proprietary Insta-Grid TM, (aka,

Solar-Microwave Fabric also mentioned). AIC & SVC Solar products address these industries in green

energy, inexpensive communications in aerospace industry. In addition many areas which AIC-SVC add

value and the quickest Return On Investment new market introduction, production flexibility and cost

reduction for end users being in industry, utilities and government. Current and future AIC & SVC

products encompass proprietary designs which yield substantial benefits over competitive products.

Here are some product & service differences for AIC & SVC along with our Product Planning approach.

Insta-Grid; a co-populated Solar-microwave fabric to be used on land to bring Energy (also

communications optional) anywhere in the world. This is very useful in war zones, disaster relief, or

bringing civilization access where there is none existing or outdated. You could also make tents, boat &

convertible recharging roofs, covers or bimini top out of Solar-Fabric. The Solar-Microwave Fabric

called a collectenna can also bring communications along with energy to anywhere in the world which

did not have the infrastructure required usually -This is the Game Changer!

We will be mass producing the Solar-Fabric with greater than >20% efficiency. This is to be produced

at $1 dollar per KW and objectively supply energy as clean new source at less than 7 cents per Kilowatt

per Hour (KWHr.). Much less than today’s market price in the USA and ¼ that of Europe’s. The

Executive Summary – “Insta-Grid”

AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 2

tangible structural fabric will be automated using an advanced Shima Seiki’s CAD/CAM system

explained below.

FUTURE BUSINESS for Growth (Listed here for Ref. Only):

Solar-Hardened Fabric; to be used to harden/protect the electrical grid system, from Electro-Magnetic

Pulse (EMP) or upper atmosphere nuclear explosion and prevent disaster from penetration of small arms

(bullets).

Solar-Microwave (S-M) Fabric; to be used in building the (Powerstar) Energy & Communications Space

Satellite, in addition to be used on land to bring Energy & Communication anywhere in the world. This is

very useful in war zones, disaster relief, or bringing civilization access where there is none existing or

outdated. You could also make tents, boat & convertible recharging roof, cover or bimini top out of S-M

Fabric.

Substrate layer

Transm

itterSolar

cell

Solar

cell

Conductive coating (ground)

Power

connectors

Printed Solar ArraysPrinted Patch Antennae

Solar-Microwave

Fabric

The New Solar Microwave Fabric

=New “Collectenna”

Shima Seiki-Fabric Mfg.

(Future Option Powerstar) Space Satellite: to be used to produce green Energy From Space with the added

benefit of lower cost communications without added carbon footprints. Eventually aiding to World Peace.

The benefits for the Energy, Communications Space industry among others will be dramatic over existing

technologies they are:

a) Simplicity — manifested in ease of use and maintenance because there are no moving parts and everything is

integrated as a turnkey unit; the S-M fabric, the Solar-Fabric in addition to a lower cost of manufacture as

mass production.

b) Performance Capacity — increased solar efficiency to cost and mass production capability for integrating

both makes this unique for increased capacity worldwide.

c) New Markets: Space, Air, Land & Sea Power Generation & Communications applications

1. Solar Power applications: Worldwide providing Energy without infrastructure.

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 3

2. Rapidly deployable new power generator, communications & air or missile defense

3. Solar collectors and Microwave Communication transmitters can be printed on a thin fabric. The collectors

and transmitters are combined in modules called “collectennas”TM

. These modules have built-in retro-

directive capabilities (analog electronics)

d) Flexibility — these smaller Space Satellites can be place in more advantageous locations to deliver energy &

communications where no infrastructures exist.

e) Price / Performance — Significant savings to end users through state-of-the-art performance at highly

competitive price (much lower) – increased performance ratios.

Summarize the Market: Energy

Capital costs to produce energy have doubled since year 2000, we are going to reduce that and help eliminate

the environmental issues. The original market for the So lar- Fabric was for Space Solar Power, as energy

demand keeps growing exponentially more ways have been looked at without the carbon footprint. Nowadays

the world consumes around 20 terra-watts of energy per year. The average consumer pays 10-25 cents

($0.10-$0.25 USD) per kilowatt hour, sometimes much more in hard to service areas a nd other Countries.

AIC & SVC believes it can realistically capture 3% of the domestic market, or $54 million by its fifth year of

operations.

These manufacturers must find ways to achieve improved efficiency and reduce their carbon

footprint while containing costs. The annual spending increase from $130 billion today and

expected to reach $550 billion by 2035 thus requiring new finance models & sources such as our

Space Solar Power or Energy From Space systems. Many countries and people have been proposing

this since 1970s and much more recently. Currently there is no competition in this industry.

Investment into Energy in 2013 was $1.6 Trillion which is just slightly less than 10% of the entire market

sales; this amount has doubled since 2000. Here is the link to the overall World’s Energy Outlook, where

some of these charts come from: http://www.slideshare.net/internationalenergyagency/weio2014-presentation

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 4

FINANCIAL AIC & SVC is seeking $50-150 million in first-round financing. The funding will enable the company to build

its product line, to implement aggressive sales and marketing plans, and to establish an initial manufacturing

facility. The company anticipates that the initial round will be sufficient to carry it to profitability and to

allow building assets to a level where outside debt financing can be obtained to fund further growth.

Initial revenues are expected in the second half of 1998. The company creating the Solar-Microwave fabric is

anticipated to become profitable during the 3rd

year. The First Revenue

System of the Solar-Fabric requires 32 months of development Revenue and profit information for the first

seven years is summarized below (figures are in $ Millions USD):

Revenues (in Millions)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7

Insta-Grid 0.2 2.5 25 150 300 500 750

EMH Grid 0.2 1.7 35 180 450 700 1,000

Net Income

Insta-Grid (11.5) (23.5) 1.5 25 48 62 88

EMH Grid (13.5) (28.8) 4.5 35 60 100 200

MARKET/Energy is #1: The Market for our flexible and adaptable fabric will be used for producing energy & communications along

with its fabric that maybe made structurally valuable (like shielding). The overall market(s) for the AIC-SVC

Business is $17,702.2 Billion USD (Est. Value) applicable to:

1) Clean Energy, Production

2) Electro Magnetic Hardening (EMH) the electrical Grid System

3) Communication, Supplier & Satellites.

4) Other/New Markets: Land Use in providing Energy & Communication for disasters, war time, area where

it doesn’t exist or is outdated and vulnerable to failures.

To break down the markets numbers into more understandable segments & which are focused for our

introduction and penetration would be a reasonably small percentage by focused markets.

Electro-Magnetic Hardening Grid (US shown below)

In 2012, there are about 19,023 individual generators at about 6,997 operational power plants in the

United States with a nameplate generation capacity of at least one megawatt . A power plant can have one or

more generators, and some generators may use more than one type of fuel. In the Market case for Solar-

Microwave Hardened Fabric; to be used to harden/protect the electrical grid system, from Electro-Magnetic Pulse

(EMP) or upper atmosphere nuclear explosion and prevent disaster from penetration of small arms (bullets). This

would be used at approximately 6,000 electrical plants, generations and grid support systems. Implementation to

reduce terrorist & solar flare grid outage would be starting with the most susceptible regions/ar eas and of public &

17,226

42

314.2

120

MARKET REVENUE Annual in $ Billion USD

Energy ($17.2 T)

EM Harden Grid ($42B)

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 5

government concerns. This is not exclusive to US, and has been shown for US alone because, good data

&information exists and highly susceptible due to threats being sought by their enemies-terrorists. Currently there

is no competition in this industry.

July 2014

% change from

July 2013

Total net generation

thousand megawatt hours

384,839 -2.3%

$Residential retail price

cents/kilowatt-hour

13.05 3.5%

*Retail sales

thousand megawatt hours

347,151 -2.4%

Natural gas consumption

thousand cubic feet

870,103 -7.3%

Coal consumption

thousand tons

81,631 -1.9%

Cooling degree-days 308 -12.3%

Total Market Cost ($Price x *Sales) = $17,226 Billion in Annual sales

Source: Electricity Monthly Update

International Energy Agency IEA data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased

10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle

East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by

20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and world overall grew by 39%.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an

average power use of 15 terawatts (2.0×1010

hp).[7]

The annual potential for renewable energy is:

solar energy 1,575 EJ (438,000 TWh),

wind power 640 EJ (180,000 TWh),

geothermal energy 5,000 EJ (1,400,000 TWh),

biomass 276 EJ (77,000 TWh),

hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and

ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).

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Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009,

world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years, by −1.1%—equivalent to 130 megatonnes

(130,000,000 long tons; 140,000,000 short tons) of oil—as a result of the financial and economic crisis,

which reduced world GDP by 0.6% in 2009.

Worldwide Energy Demand Over 50% of U.S. crude oil and petroleum products imports came from the Western Hemisphere (North,

South, and Central America, and the Caribbean, including U.S. territories) during 2012. About 29% of our

imports of crude oil and petroleum products came from the Persian Gulf countries of Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait,

Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Our largest sources of net crude oil and petroleum product

imports were Canada and Saudi Arabia.

Top sources of net crude oil and petroleum product imports:

Canada (28%)

Saudi Arabia (13%)

Mexico (10%)

Venezuela (9%)

Russia (5%)

It is usually impossible to tell whether the petroleum products you use came from domestic or imported

sources of oil once they are refined. Reliance on petroleum imports has declined

U.S. dependence on imported oil has declined since peaking in 200

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 7

MANAGEMENT

The ultimate success of AIC & SVC will be dependent upon management’s ability to develop an innovative

product line and to cost-effectively deliver the line to a large and receptive market. AIC & SVC’s founding

executives comprise the following high caliber professionals whose experience will create immense synergy

for the company.

Shawn P Boike, CEO & President—30 Years industrial experience, manager, consultant & employed at

Honeywell, Boeing, General Dynamics, Northrop-Grumman, Lockheed Martin, GM, Ford & for Samsung

(Amerigon), see www.linkedin/in/shawnpaulboike

Dr. David Hyland, V.P. of Science & Engineering — 40 years experience; Inventor & Patent Holder of the

Solar-Fabric Satellite & the Solar-Microwave fabric. Professor of Aerospace Engineering at Texas A & M,

former Dean & Professor of Aerospace for University of Michigan. Worked in the Aerospace & Defense

industry for Harris Corp.

Dawn M Murphy, Director of Program Management — 20 years of industrial marketing experience culminates

as a Program Manager for a Fortune 500 Aerospace manufacturers & capital equipment.

Kathleen Suhy, CFO - Controller — 25 years experience CPA accounting experience, the last two of which

were consulting to start up businesses.

Wade Keller, Director of Manufacturing — 40 years experience; Former Executive Manager of Operations for

Boeing’s 747-8 the most profitable Aircraft in service .

James F Stadler, Director of Procurement — 35 years experience; Manager of Procurement & Sub-Contracts

Management for Boeing’s Large Aircraft Group.

Each of the founders has contributed substantially to the company in the form of sweat equity and capital.

Management believes that it is addressing a market destined to grow substantially with a well-conceived line

of products. It is confident that both market share and revenue projections will, at a minimum, be achieved in

the projected time frame.

Team Mates: Consultants, Suppliers, Members

Our strategy to get to market with the least amount of burden for growing many new team members is paying

for members roles in tasks, activities and requirement(s) completion in development. Experienced prior

success has proven this to be the best “Lean Practice” for speed in schedule completion, overall lower

program costs without the delays and cumbersome adaptability for the overall program. A key element of

AIC-SVC’s strategy and it builds revenues as well as prevents other companies from working with these

strategic accounts. With roots in the sports and Internet industry, Pipedream.com has developed

relationships and strategic alliances with companies and organizations who will provide publicity,

marketing, and technology assistance. S o m e o f t hese organizations include the following:

Company Product Service Offering

Boeing, Northrop-Grumman Test & Services Supplier

Siemens CAE, CAD & Simulation Development & Internet

BASF Materials Material Supplier

Shima Seiki Fabric Machines Material Development

TCS TeleCommunication Systems Build, Communications Supplier & Fabricator

AEI Systems Power & Testing Services Supplier

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 8

Technical Discussion:

“Insta-Grid”TM Solar-Microwave Fabric: Description for Patent Disclosure

(Inventor: D. C. Hyland, 1/4/2015, rev.1 1/12/2015 &

Developer: Shawn P Boike 2/14/2015)

“Insta-Grid”TM a Solar-Microwave Fabric (SMF) is a mass-produced, thin, flexible membrane upon which is

imprinted various combinations of so lar cells, microwave patch antennas, and analog control devices, for

applications such as solar power collection, power transmission, and communication, such that it can be

folded into a compact volume for transport and then unfurled for its operation. In its most sophisticated form,

the SMF is as illustrated in Figure 1, features the full complement of printed devices: solar cells, patch

antennas, transceivers, and retro-directive phased array capability. This most mature capability can be applied

to the Power Star space solar power satellite, and to ground installations for combined solar power and air

defense, as will be discussed below. Over all, the SMF has the following embodiments and modes of

operation, listed in order of complexity.

1) Solar Power Collector – Solar cells printed on flexible fabric, with appropriate power distribution

subsystem

2) Solar Power Plus Communication – Item (1) with the addition of microwave patch antennas for

communication.

3) Power/Communication/Transmission – Item (2) with the addition of microwave transceivers on both

sides of the flexible substrate, and retro-directive phased array capability for power transmission to a

distant collection station, using a microwave beacon at the collection point . This is the embodiment

for the Power Star. Use of a beacon constitutes the passive mode of beam direction and shaping.

4) Power/Comm/Defense – Item (3) with only one side printed and with the addition of an “active”

mode of power transmission whereby radiation is broadcast to a non-cooperative target and the return

from the target is used as the beacon for direction of a high power density beam. This could be

applied for both ground-based power collection and air/space defense.

We now discuss each of these embodiments in turn.

Solar power collector

Large scale production of inexpensive solar arrays is well underway. Presently, there is a range of solar cell

printing technologies, where rapid manufacturability is traded off against cell efficiency. A notable example

is that reported in Reference [1]. The Victorian Organic Solar Cell Consortium has demonstrated the

capability to produce printed solar arrays at speeds of up to ten meters per minute, or one cell every two

seconds. Up to 30cm wide, these cells produce 10-15 watts of power per square meter per square meter under

maximum ground insolation. Substrates include paper-thin flexible plastic or steel. As illustrated in Figure 2,

the cells combine various organic materials to capture power from different parts of the solar spectrum.

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 9

Figure 1: Insta-Grid in its most sophisticated embodiment.

Figure 2. Composition of the Victorian Organic Solar Cell Consortium.

In comparison, MIT solar cells [2] use an ink-jet process to print cells on paper or fabric. Efficiency for most

designs is presently 1% to 2%. However, 4% is a near-term goal for large scale manufacturing. More

advanced laboratory investigations [3] have demonstrated 50m GalnP/GalnAs/Ge triple junction solar cells

Substrate l ayer

Transmitter

Solar cell Solar cell

Conductive coating (ground) Power

connecto

rs

Printed Solar

Arrays

Printed Patch

Antennae

Solar-Microwave

Fabric

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 10

with an average conversion efficiency of 28%. I t is quite reasonable to anticipate 20% for large-scale

manufacture in the future. As a baseline we can say that a minimum of 20% efficiency with rapid fabrication

ability is the baseline capability for SMF.

In summary, technology to print solar cells on a wide variety of flexible materials presently exists. However,

existing art anticipates the installation of such solar arrays on permanent, stationary structures. Existing art

does not include flexible solar arrays that can be compactly folded in a small volume for transport to hard -to-

access areas, with a corresponding ability to be easily unfolded for use at such locations.

Solar Power Plus Communication

This embodiment combines printed solar cells powering printed microwave antennas: both printed

on the same flexible sheets. The patch antennas in this case providing communication capabilities,

including relay communication facilities on the ground or in space.

Printed microwave antennas are presently well known and are being advanced at a rapid rate for

numerous communication applications. If the solar cells and patch antennas are interspersed without

overlapping they would be arranged with a randomized tessellation in order to eliminate grating lobes.

Alternately, it is possible to have both components printed to occupy the same surface area on the

sheets. In the full system, there may also be an array composed solely of microwave transceivers (dual

transmitters and receivers) printed on the opposite surface (due to become the interior surface of the

sphere).

Antennas can be inkjet printed or produced with photolithography techniques onto many flexible

materials, including cotton-polyester, and light-weight cotton clothing for athletes [4], and garments [5]

with capability for off-body communication for emergency responders. Studies have also verified a

limited degree of flexibility for these patch antennas [6, 7, 8 ]. Multiple printing layers can be used to

increase efficiency. Inkjet-printed phased array antennas integrating several patch antennas have also

been studied [9]. Finally, the printing of optically transparent patch antennas (mesh design) directly

onto printed solar cells has been proposed [10]. This means that the entire surface of the flexible sheets

can be occupied by both the solar cells and the antennas with nearly complete overlap.

As illustrated in Figure 3, a microwave patch antenna consists of a metal “patch” mounted on a

grounded, dielectric substrate.

Figure 3 . The basic configuration of a microwave patch antenna.

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 11

The dielectric provides a resonant cavity to amplify the transmitted signal. Since L is the resonant dimension,

we must have:

2L (1)

Where is the operating wavelength. W is usually chosen as 1.5L to get higher bandwidth, but we shall

assume 2W L here. The practical printing resolution is 15 microns and is quite suff icient to satisfy

Equation (1) to sufficient accuracy. Table 1 shows a survey of performance statis tics for existing patch

antennas [11]. Efficiencies of up to 79% are presently attainable.

Table 1. Performance characteristics of various printed patch antennas.

Substrate

Height in mm

BW =

Bandwidth

Etched patch

on FR45

substrate

Inkjet Patch

(two layers of

ink) glued on

FR45

substrate

Inkjet Patch

(one layer of

ink) on felt

Inkjet Patch

(two layers of

ink) on felt

Patch

size(mm)

37.4 x 28.1 37.4 x 28.1 47.7 x 36.9 47.7 x 36.9

Substrate

height

1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9

Frequency

(GHz)

2.378 2.480 2.405 2.505

SII (dB) -13.39 -14.89 -10.05 -9.95

10 dB BW

(MHz)

22.5 24.5 17.5 N/A

Directivity

(dBi)

7.39 7.55 8.38 8.72

Gain (dBi) 6.37 5.09 4.02 5.98

Efficiency (%) 79 57 37 53

In summary, technology to print solar cells and patch antennas on a wide variety of flexible materials

presently exists. However, existing art does not include flexible fabric with solar arrays fully integrated with

patch antennas that provides its own power to high gain communication capability, and can be compactly

folded in a small volume for transport to hard-to-access areas, with a corresponding ability to be easily

unfolded for use at such locations.

Power/Communication/Transmission

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 12

This embodiment is Item 2 described above with the addition of microwave transceivers to the obverse side

of the flexible substrate, and retro-directive phased array capability for power transmission to a distant

collection station. The principal application is the Power Star satellite concept. The external side of the

Power Star balloon skin is equipped with both solar cells and patch antennas, as in Item 2, except that the

antennas cover the surface as fully as possible. If the antennas are printed so that they do n ot overlap the

solar cells, the antenna placement is randomized so as to avoid grating lobes. Alternately, transparent patch

antennas can be printed directly upon the solar cells so that both components simultaneously occupy the

entire surface area, as discussed above. The “obverse” side of the flexible substrate corresponds to the

internal side of the Power Star skin, and is fully populated with microwave transceivers (dual transmitters

and receivers). The role of these devices is to transfer power across the Power Star, as will be explained

below. The operating frequency of these transceivers may be different from that of the external surface

antennas. In particular, a higher frequency may be used for the internal tran sceivers to reduce diffraction

effects.

Regarding the substrate material, although solar cells and patch antennas have been printed on a wide

variety of materials, one may consider two materials that have the closest connection to Echo satellite

technology [12, 13 14], which is the basis for the packaging and deployment of the Power Star satellite.

The foremost, and the one with the most heritage, is Mylar, a polyester film made from resin

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). This material retains its full mechanical capabilities at temperatures

ranging from -70 C to 150 0C. Its melting point is 254 0C. Its volumetric density is 1390 kg/m 3. An

attractive alternative is Kapton, an organic polymeric material that, effectively does not melt or burn

and functions well at temperatures ranging from -269 C to 400 0C. At 1420 kg/m3, its volumetric

density is slightly larger that that of Mylar. Continuing studies are underway to explore print-compatible

materials with adequate tear resistance and minimum density.

The retro-directive phased array capability is needed for power transmission to a distant collection station

(rectifying antenna). In the Power Star concept, a low amplitude microwave beacon is located at each power

reception station. An analog processor resident in each patch antenna receives the beacon radiation at its

location, then conjugates its phase, amplifies it and transmits it. Basic principles of electromagnetic wave

propagation ensure that the total signal forms a concentrated beam centered on the location of each beacon.

Retrodirective phased arrays have been understood for some time, and the technology for imp lementation is

well developed [15, 16]. The present embodiment uses a high efficiency analog circuit that avoids the

sensitivity to cosmic radiation inherent in digital circuitry.

A diagram of the cross-section of the Power/Communication\transmission embodiment is shown in Figure 4.

In one embodiment, (Figure 4(a)), the printed solar cells are positioned on the surface so as to not overlap

with the patch antennas. The pattern is

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 13

Figure 4: Cross-sections of the Power/Communication\Transmission embodiment

randomized to prevent grating lobes. Each external surface transmitter is powered either by the adjacent solar

cells, if it is in sunlight, or by the transceivers proximate to the transmitter on the inner surface, through the

thickness of the substrate layer, in the case where the transmitter is in shadow. A second embodiment,

(Figure 4(b)) would have optically transparent microwave patch antennas (pos sibly a mesh design) printed

directly on the solar cells, so the total area of the fabric collects solar energy. Analysis of the Power Star

shows that this arrangement would boost the power delivered to the ground by a factor of four.

Each microwave transmitter is equipped with an analog circuit that conjugates the phase of the beacon signal

that marks the location of a reception station, then amplifies the signal and re -transmits it. In other words, if

the beacon radiation received by any one patch antenna is cosB B BV t , then the transmitter, with its

retrodirective circuit will emit an amplified signal proportional to cos B Bt . Electromagnetic theory

shows that with every transmitter so equipped, the skin of the fabric can direct a concentrated beam at the

beacon without a priori knowledge of the beacon location or the surface geometry of the fabric. The most

efficient way to accomplish phase conjugation at each individual transmitter uses a heterodyne technique.

The transmitter is to connected to a mixer that is pumped with a local oscillator, (LO), signal that has double

the frequency of the beacon signal. This is illustrated in Figure 5 Let the LO signal be denoted by

cosLO LOV t , then the mixing product, MV , is:

Solar cell

Transceivers

Copper

grid

Power

connector

Solar Cell Substrate layer

Transparent Transmitters

Transceivers

Substrate layer

Transmitter

Solar cell

Exterio

r

surface

Solar Cell Solar Cell

(a) Non-

overlapping

configuration

(b) Fully co-

populated

configuration

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 14

Figure 5: Diagram of the phase conjugation circuit

cos cos

1 = cos cos

2

M B B B LO LO

B LO LO B B LO B B

V V t V t

V V t t

(2)

Since the LO frequency is twice the beacon frequency, we have:

1

cos cos 32

M B LO B B B BV V V t t (3)

Note that the first term above has the same frequency as the beacon signal, but has conjugate phase, as

desired. The frequency of the second term is so large compared with the beacon frequency that it can be

readily filtered and suppressed. For the same reason, any LO leakage can be filtered. Another signal that must

be suppressed is the beacon signal that leaks directly into the output of the phase conjugator. In general,

balanced mixer topologies can be used to eliminate t his leakage signal. The phase conjugation process can be

generalized to the case wherein the beacon and transmitted output signal do not have the same frequencies.

One of the underlying assumptions of the above discussion is that all the local oscillators that drive the

transmitter elements are in phase, because the beacon phase measurement is only relative to the LO phase. In

most applications this is satisfied by having each transmitter in the phased array driven by the same local

oscillator. The size of the Power Star is likely to make direct wire transmission of one LO signal to all the

patch antennas impractical. An alternative realization would use wireless transmission from one LO to all

transmission elements. As long as the transmitted signal is fir st band-pass filtered to suppress all but the 2 B ,

this is practicable. Another realization would entail signal processing in each patch antenna that by emergent

behavior synchronizes its LO phase with its neighbors.

The aforementioned phase synchronization works by means of deliberate LO signal leakage combined with an

analog phase locked loop (APLL) in each transmitter element. First, as shown in Figure 6, the LO of

Low-pass

filter

Amplifier

2LO B

Transmitter

Mixer

Local Oscillator

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 15

transmitter 1,...,k k N is embedded within the APLL, whose output is a signal of the form

cos 2LO k B LO kV t . This signal is not only input to the mixer, it is passed through a band -pass filter

centered at 2 B (to suppress the B and 3 B signals) and fed into the antenna as a low amplitude signal for

transmission (as end-fire leakage) to neighboring antennas. Likewise there will be a leakage signal

component at 2 B mixed in with the received signal due to all the neighboring transmitters. The received

signal is passed through a band-pass filter centered at 2 B , to form signal kL , which serves as the reference

input to the APPL. This signal has the form:

1,

cos 2

, real and positive , 1,...,

N

k mk LO m B LO m

mm k

mk km

L V t

k m N

(4)

The factors mk represent transmission coefficients from a neighboring antennas to antenna k. Since there is

reciprocity between reception and transmission, mk km .

Figure 6: Modifications (shown in green)of the transmitter/phase conjugation circuit to synchronize LO

phase

APPL & LO

Low-pass

filter

Amplifier

Mixer

Band-

pass

filter

centered

at 2ωB

cos 2LO k B LO kV t

Band-

pass

filter

centered

at 2ωB

kL

Leakage

centered at

2ωB

transmitted to

neighboring

antennae

Leakage

centered at

2ωB received

from

neighboring

antennae Transmitter

k

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A detailed diagram of the APPL & LO block in Figure 6 is shown in Figure 7. The filtered leakage signal, kL

, forms the reference input. An analog phase detector consisting of a mixer and filter combines kL and the

negative feedback signal to produce a signal proportional to the sum of the phase differences between

transmitter k and the neighboring transmitters. This signal is then low-pass filtered to produce an output

denoted here by kx . The voltage controlled oscillator, centered at 2 B , causes a rate of change of LO k

proportional to v kg Cx (taking account of the negative feedback).

At this point we can construct a phase-domain model of the entire LO phasing system (see References 17, 18,

and 19). The phase detector characteristics produce the output 12

1,

sinN

mk LO m LO k LO k LO m

mm k

V V

. To

illustrate results with the simplest example, let the low-pass filter be a simple RC circuit with time constant τ.

Then the filter output is determined by:

1,

1 1sin

2

N

k k mk LO m LO k LO k LO m

mm k

x x V V

(5)

And the action of the VCO and its feedback path can be expressed as:

LO k v kg Cx (6)

For purposes of analysis , let us drop the “LO” subscript on the phases; then solve (6) for kx and substitute

the result into (5). This produces the following system of equations modeling all the transmitter phases:

1,

1sin 0

, 1,...,

2

N

k k mk k m

mm k

v

mk mk LO m LO k mk km

k m N

g CV V

(7.a,b)

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 17

Figure 7: Detail of the APPL & LO device

The main features of the LO phase dynamics can be illustrated by consideration of just two neighboring

transmitters. The dynamical equations, (7.a) can be written:

1 1 12 1 2

2 2 12 2 1

1sin 0

1sin 0

(8.a,b)

If we sum the above equations and note that both transmitter VCOs are centered on 2 B , we can deduce that

the sum of the phases is a constant equal to its initial value. A more important effect is concerned with the

phase difference. Subtracting (8.a) from (8.b) and defining 2 1 , we get:

12

12 sin 0

(9)

This is the equation of motion of a damped pendulum. As is well known, the e quilibrium point 0 is

globally asymptotically stable. Thus, from some initial value, the frequency difference converges to zero.

Entirely similar characteristics can be shown for the complete system, (7). The proofs are given in A ppendix

A. In summary: If each transmitter “leaks” its local oscillator signal to produce “cross -talk” among its

neighbors, and the cross-talk is used as the reference for a phase-locked loop as described here, the phases of

all the transmitter element’s local oscillators will become synchronized in the course of time, regardless of

their initial values. With synchronized LO phases, the phase-conjugated signals of the patch antennas will,

indeed, be correct.

Moving to another topic, in the application of the fabric to the Power Star, since the directions of the sun and

the beacons are not coincident, a mechanism for distributing power within the satellite is needed. Figure 8

shows the geometry of irradiation from the sun and the beacons, where we assume tha t the angular separation

of beacons is small so that a single, representative beacon direction may be considered. The quantity is the

angle between the sun direction and the beacon direction. Recall that the interior surface of the sphere is

cos 2LO k B LO kV t

kL

Phase

Detector

(analog

multiplier and

filter)

Low

pass

filter

Voltage

Controlled

Oscillator

gv

=sensitivity

of VCO C

(>0

)

_

APPL & LO, for transmitter k

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coated with transceivers operating at a higher frequency (to reduce diffraction effects). These transceivers are

to be oriented so that the resonant axes of each diametrically opposite pair are parallel.

As illustrated in Figure 8, the surface of the sphere is divid ed into four sectors: The sector exposed to both

sunlight and beacon radiation (denoted by ,S B ); that receiving beacon radiation but no sunlight ( ,S B ); that

exposed to sunlight but not beacon ( ,S B ), and the region where neither sun nor beacon are visible ( ,S B ).

Clearly, sectors ( ,S B ), and ( ,S B ) are mirror images, such that each point on ( ,S B ) has a diametrically

opposite point on ( ,S B ), and vice-versa. The same remark pertains to ( ,S B ), and ( ,S B ). The sector that a

particular transmitter and its adjacent solar cells are located is indicated by their output

Figure 8: Geometry of the power distribution system. Angle denotes the angle between the directions to the

sun and a beacon.

signals. Given this information, the power supply algorithm is indicated in Table 2. Note that no processing is

needed for this algorithm. In essence, the transmitters that need to be active because they receive a beacon

signal are powered by either the proximate solar cells or by the proximate internal transceivers, whichever is

actually producing power. No beacon signal means the transmitter is blocked. Each transmitting antenna

draws power from the solar cells in its immediate vicinity (within a few centimeters), or through the

thickness of the skin. Each transmitter receives just a few Watts, so there are no high voltages or large wires.

This localized architecture means robustness against partial damage.

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Table 2: Power transfer algorithm

Sector Power Transfer

,S B External surface transmitter draws power from the adjacent solar cells

,S B Solar cells transfer power through the skin to their immediately

proximate internal surface transceivers. The internal transceivers emit

power beams through the center of the sphere to fall on the internal

transceivers in sector ,S B .

,S B Internal transceivers transfer received power through the skin to their

immediately proximate external surface transmitters

,S B No action taken.

In summary, while separate components such as printed solar arrays and patch antennas and

retrodirective circuits have been have been demonstrated at some level (which argues for the

feasibility of the invention described here), the concept of combining these elem ents in a unified,

integrated system that can be folded into a small volume for launch, then deployed automatically for

space operation without need for complex structures or on-orbit construction is a new contribution to

the state-of-the-art.

Power/Comm/Defense

This embodiment is the item described above, but with the internal transceivers omitted and with the addition

of an “active” mode of power transmission whereby radiation is broadcast to a non -cooperative target and the

return from the target is used as the beacon for direction of a high power density beam.

In the power gathering mode, the Power/Com/Defense embodiment simply uses the printed solar array

elements. As pictured in Figure 9, a compactly folded rug of fabric is brought to a forward military base, a

developing world location or similarly difficult to access location and is then unfolded , and spread over the

ground. Once deployed, it provides solar power using the printed solar cells and a conventional power

management and distribution system.

Besides providing power, this embodiment can be run in “active” retrodirective mode to provide self -defense

against airborne attack, as pictured in Figure 10. The patch antennas are energized to transmit a broad

directivity radiation pattern, and radiation return from intruding air vehicles is used as the beacon for

retrodirective beam transmission. Note that a first revenue unit Power Star at geostationary orbit will

generate safe, low energy density radiation on the ground. Decrease the transmis sion energy to less than

100km, however, and the power density is enormous. A Power/Comm/Defense rug could easily be designed

to disable an aircraft or rocket at some tens of kilometers distance.

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The addition of the active mode of retrodirective beam control makes this embodiment an original

contribution to the state-of-the-art – both for power collection in remote places and as a method for aircraft

and missile defense.

Figure 9: Power/Com/Defense embodiment in power collection mode

Figure 10: Power/Com/Defense embodiment in defense mode

At a forward operating base, lay out Solar-Microwave “rugs”.

Whatever the mode of operation, the rugs need not be flat nor does one need a continuous sheet (there can be minor gaps)

For power generation, use only the solar cells. If receiving power from Power Star, engage transceivers

Transmitter

Conductive coating

(ground)

Power

connectors

Substrate

l ayer

Solar cell

Using power direct from solar cells or another source, operate beam forming in active mode.

This means irradiate target, sense return and use as beacon signal. Beam forming proceeds as described for Power Star.

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 21

Appendix A

Here we show that the dynamical system, (7), is globally asymptotically stable. To reprise, for , 1,...,k m N

:

1

0

1sin 0

0

0 ,

0 0

N

k k mk k m

m

mk km

k k

k

(A-1.a-d)

Initial conditions (A-1.d) arise because the VCOs are centered on 2 B , and in particular, when the feedback

mechanism is first turned on, there is no drift in the phases. Otherwise there are no re strictions on the init ial

phase values.

First note that if we sum (A-1.a) over all k, we get

2

21

10

N

k

k

d d

dtdt

. Integrating this from 0 to t

produces:

0

1 1 1

10

N N N

k k k k

k k k

dt t

dt

(A-2)

In view of the initial conditions (A-1.c,d), this implies:

0

1 1

, 0,N N

k k

k k

t t

(A-3)

Thus the trajectories in the system state space are confined to a hyperplane. Let us center the state on this

hyperplane by defining:

0

1

1, 0,

N

k k m

m

t t tN

(A-4)

The hyperplane thus becomes 1

0N

k

k

t

, and (A-1.a) retains its form, i.e.:

1

0 0

1

1sin 0

10 ,

0 0

N

k k mk k m

m

N

k k m

m

k

N

(A-5.a-c)

With definition (A-4), it is clear that the equilibrium point is now at the origin of the statespace.

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AIC-SVC, Insta-GridTM Executive Summary Page 22

Now we attempt to form a Lyapunov function and its derivative by multiplying (A -5.a) by k t and

summing over all k. After this multiplication and summation we have:

2

1 1 1 1

1sin

N N N N

k k mk k k m k

k k m k

(A-6)

Using (A-1.b) and after much algebra, we find that the second term on the right in the above relation is given

by:

1 1 1 1

14

sin 1 cosN N N N

mk k k m mk k m

k m k m

d

dt

(A-7)

Substituting this into (A-6), and noting that 2

1 1

12

N N

k k k

k k

d

dt

we obtain:

2 2

1 1 1

12

14

11 cos

N N N

k mk k m k

k m k

d

dt

(A-8)

The term in braces, {.}, is our candidate Lyapunov function. This is positive definite and decrescent (see

Hahn, [20] for definitions), but its derivative, given by the right -hand side, is nonpositive, rather than

negative definite (which would suffice for asymptotic stability). However, in the domain where the derivative

is zero, namely 0, 1,...,k k N , there lies no complete half –trajectory 0f (A-5). Indeed, if the

system is initially in the domain 0, 1,...,k k N a series expansion of (A5-a) shows that trajectories

immediately leave the domain unless the initial state is at the origin as well. In summary, positive

definiteness, and decrescence of the trial Lyiapunov function; non-positivity of its derivative; and the non-

existence of a complete half trajectory in the domain of zero derivative are sufficient conditions for the

asymptotic stability of (A-5) (References [21], and [22]). Obviously these propert ies are global. Hence for

all init ial values:

0

1

10

N

k k m tm

t tN

(A-9)

Thus all the LO phases converge to the same value.

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