Industrial Revolution

Industrial RevolutionWorld History | Chapter 25

The Beginnings ofIndustrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in Englandand soon spreads to other countries.

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England?Britain has natural resources — coal,

iron, rivers, harborsExpanding economy in Britain

encourages investmentBritain has all needed factors of

production — land, labor, capital

Geography

1. What one generalization can be made about virtuallyall of the major industrial areas in Great Britain in1850?

Geography

2. Which is the only industrial area that is not in a coal producingregion?

Geography

3. What was the major industrial activity around Durham in north England?

Charles Dickens

From farms to citiesIndustrial Revolution — greatly

increases output of machine-made goods

Enclosures — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Factories pay more than farms Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land

once owned by village farmers▪ Crop rotation — switching crops each

year to avoid depleting the soil

ReviewWhat were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?

1.

2.

3.

4.

Large population of workers

Political Stability

Extensive Natural Resources

Expanding Economy

ENGLAND: a leader nationGETS THE JUMP ON COMPETITION +FORCED TO UNDERGO “TRIAL AND

ERROR” ON MACHINES –SLOWLY BUILDS FROM ‘BOTTOM UP’

+ENCOUNTERS ‘MASSIVE SOCIAL

PROBLEMS” CONTINENT DOESN’T –CONTROLS “INDUSTRIAL ‘PSYCHIC’

CLIMATE ” +

TransportationNeed for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine first steamboat

first railroad line

Cities turn into slumsSickness widespread; epidemics, like

cholera, sweep urban slumsLife span in one large city is only 17

yearsWealthy merchants, factory owners live

in luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary

codes, building codesCities also without adequate housing,

education, police protection

Working Conditions Average working

day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round

Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers

Many coal miners killed by coal dust

Child labor

Benefits Problems

U.S. has natural and labor,

resources needed to industrialize

non-industrialized countries fall

further behind

rise of global inequality

European nations, U.S., Japan exploit

colonies for resources

Europe and U.S. gain economic

power

African and Asian economies lag,

based on agriculture, crafts

EconomicsLaissez faire — Economic idea of

government NOT interfering or regulating businesses

Adam Smith — laissez faire defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations

Believed in “natural laws of economics”: an invisible hand would guide the economy

Adam Smith

Click icon to add pictureEconomic liberty guarantees economic progress

Smith’s 3 economic natural laws — 1) self-interest 2)competition 3) supply and demand

Capitalism: system of privately owned businesses seeking profitsSocialism: factors of production owned by, operated for the people

UTILITARIANISM• POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY in late 1700’S by JEREMY BENTHAM

• GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE

• JS MILL FURTHERED UTILITARIANISM• UNREGULATED CAPITALISM IS WRONG• Womens’ rights; agric. co-ops; equal division of profits; legal, prison, educational reforms

Karl Marx

Communist Manifesto 1848• believe society is divided into warring classes• Capitalism helps “haves” (employers)• Hurts “have-nots,” (workers) •BOURGEOISIE = MIDDLE CLASS•PROLETARIAT = WORKERS

KARL MARX

“Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!”

“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”

The Communist Manifesto did NOT influence the Revolutions of 1848

•Predicted workers would overthrow the capitalists in a revolution•Only proletariat would exist and rule•Eventually the State will wither away

Karl Marx

Communism — society where people own, share the means of production

Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba

Marx’s version of communism was NOT a dictatorship. Has never really been tried.

Improvements• (think back to guilds) goals

were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions Unions

• U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 Children

•In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empireSlavery•Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848Women

UNIONS

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS ALL AT ONCE (PAY, WORKING CONDITIONS)

STRIKES: IF DEMANDS NOT MET, WORKERS WOULDN’T WORK

•8-HOUR WORK DAY•1 ½ PAY FOR OVER 40 HOURS•VACATIONS•HEALTH BENEFITS•PENSIONS•SAFER CONDITIONS•NO CHILD LABOR

UNIONS

UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: RIGHT TO VOTE FOR ALL PEOPLE (ORIGINALLY ONLY LAND-OWNING MEN)

CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE

REFORMS HARD FOUGHT TO GETOCCURRED OVER LONG TIME PERIODENTERED INTO LAWS WHICH HELPED SOCIETY

UNIONS

AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY:

END OF SLAVERYWOMEN’S RIGHTSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPRISON REFORM

JANE ADDAMSAND HULL HOUSE

MOTHER JONES