Indo-pak Relations

INDO-PAK RELATIONS 1947-2015

Abhishek

BRITISH INDIA1940

INDO-PAK RELATIONS 1947

PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA

BIRTH OF TWO NATIONS

INDIA & PAKISTAN

ROOTS OF PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA

Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1876-1938), the leading Muslim philosopher of his time, was an Indian nationalist in his early writings. But by 1930, in his poem, The Millat, his thoughts had crystallized on Muslim separatism. He explained the concept of partition in his presidential address to the Muslim League in Allahabad in 1930: that a unitary form of government was inconceivable, and that religious community had to be the basis for identification.

In the 1937 elections to the provincial legislative assemblies, the Indian Congress party gained majorities in seven of the eleven provinces. Congress refused to form coalition governments with the Muslim League, even in Uttar Pradesh, which had a substantial Muslim minority, and vigorously denied the Muslim Leagues lai to e the ol true represetatie of Idia Muslims.

Cotiued

1939, the Aligarh Musli groups resolutio refleted the hardening of the Musli leaderships thikig: Neither the fear of the British bayonets nor the prospects of a bloody civil war can discourage (the Muslims) in their will to achieve free Muslim states in those parts of India where they are in majority. Jiah used Pakista as the uifyig cause. His famous 1940 Presidetial address to the Musli Leagues aual oetio i

Lahore was a watershed event to segregate dar-ul-islam in the Indian subcontinent.

JINNAH WOD It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders. It is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to revise our notions in time.

Continued.......

Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946, Direct Action Day, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India. However, on the morning of the 16th armed Muslim gangs gathered at the Ochterlony Monument in Calcutta to hear Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the League's Chief Minister of Bengal, who, in the words of historian Yasmin Khan, "if he did not explicitly incite violence certainly gave the crowd the impression that they could act with impunity, that neither the police nor the military would be called out and that the ministry would turn a blind eye to any action they unleashed in the city

Communal violence and mass conflicts in Bengal and Punjab along with led to partition of British India.

Savarkar in his presidential address asserted : "India cannot be assumed today to be Unitarian and homogenous nation, but on the contrary there are two nations in the main - the Hindus and the Muslims. In 1945, he had stated "I have no quarrel with Mr. Jinnah's two nation theory. We, the Hindus are a nation by ourselves, and it is a historical fact that the Hindus and the Muslims are two nations."

PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA ON 15- August-1947

DOMINION OF PAKISTAN REPUBLIC OF INDIA

PARTITION OF INDIA DOMINION OF PAKISTAN

Islamic country P-Punjab A-Afgans of North

west Frontier

S-Sind K-Kashmir Tan-Balochistan

REPUBLIC OF INDIA

Secular country(Hindu Majority)

PARTITION & MASS MOBALISATION OF PEOPLES

British tates ere diided o the asis of majority of population.(Muslims or Hindu & Sikhs) Oe the Radcliffe lines were established, about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the relative safety of religious majority.

Aout 1 million people died in the process of crossing border.

PRINCELY STATES

PRINCELY STATES

Even though princely states are theoretically free to choose independence Mountbatten insisted that princely states should join either India or Pakistan to maintain unity, while doing so geographical continuity should be considered.

Congress maintained that princely states should join India or Pakistan according to the geographical continuity and wishes of the people.when ever a dispute come on this matter a plebiscite should be held.

Jinaha did not think people have any say in it and maintained that ruler of the state can decide whether to remain interdependent or to choose India or Pakistan.He also rejected the role of geographic realities.

FATE OF PINCELY TATE At the time of partition of British India there were 565 Princely states.

549 Princely states joined Republic of India. 13 Princely states joined Dominion of Pakistan. Remaining 3 were 1-Hyderabad (surrounded by India on all sides) - Later Acceded to

India

2-Junagadh (surrounded by Indian on all sides) - Later Acceded to India

3-Kashmir (wanted Independence, located strategically between India and Pakistan) Still unresolved

KASHMIR- HEAVEN ON EATH

HISTORY OF KASHMIR

Jammu and Kashmir, a collection of culturally distinct regions, were nominally brought under the rule of Sikhs in the early 19th Century. After the British fought the Sikhs in 1846, instead of assuming direct control over the area, Britain installed a Hindu ruler as Maharaja.

Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof till the battle of Sobraon(1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir HenrY Lawrence. The British gave Kashmir to Gulab Singh for (Rupees) 7.5 million all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of Indus and west of Ravi" (i.e. the Vale of Kashmir).The Treaty of Amritsar freed Gulab Singh from obligations towards the Sikhs and made him the Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir.

Continued........

The Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was then called) was constituted between 1820 and 1858 and was "somewhat artificial in composition and it did not develop a fully coherent identity. It combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim.

Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. An internal revolt began in the Poonch region against oppressive taxation by the Maharaja.

1931: The movement against the repressive Maharaja Hari Singh begins; it is brutally suppressed by the State forces. Hari Singh is part of a Hindu Dogra dynasty, ruling over a majority Muslim State. The predominantly Muslim population was not adequately represented in the state

Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah("Sher-i-Kashir) sets up the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference to fight for Kashmiri freedom from the Maharaja's rule, which would eventually become the National Conference in 1939. In the British census of India of 1941, Kashmir

registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a sparse population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining 3%. That same year, Prem Nath Bazaz, a Kashmiri Pandit journalist wrote: "The poverty of the Musli asses is appallig. A sall Hidu elite had ruled over a vast and impoverished Muslim peasantry.

Quit Kashmir movement gains momentum. The Muslim Conference adopts the Azad Kashmir Resolution on 26 July 1946 calling for the end of autocratic rule in the region. The resolution also claims for Kashmiris the right to elect their own constituent assembly.

In August, Maharaja's forces fired upon demonstrations in favour of Kashmir joining Pakistan, burned whole villages and massacred innocent people. The Poonch rebels declared an independent government of "Azad" Kashmir on 24 October 1947.

In October 1947, Pashtuns from Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province recruited by the Poonch rebels, invaded Kashmir, along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by the atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way. The ostensible aim of the guerilla campaign was to frighten Hari Singh into submission

The Maharaja, faced with an internal revolt as well an external invasion, requests the assistance of the Indian armed forces. The Maharaja appealed to Mountbatten for assistance, and the Governor-

General agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India.

Instrument of Accession was signed on 26th October 1947. Historians differ on when it was signed (Some say it was signed before landing of Indian army and some say after Indian army landed in Srinagar (i.e. under duress) or if he did so under no direct military pressure.)

BONE OF CONTENTION INDIA

Instrument of Accession was signed before airlifting of troops.

Since ruler of Kashmir Hari Singh signed Instrument of accession it is valid.

Will organise a plebiscite under United Nations on improving law and order situation.

People of Kashmir want to Accede to India.

PAKISTAN

Instrument of Accession was signed after airlifting of troops.

Since ruler of Kashmir Hari Singh Fled Kashir He at ig Instrument of Accession.

Organise Plebiscite under International Agencies Presence and in absence of Indian authorities.

Since Muslim population is in Majority it should Accede to Pakistan.

Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah had already reached Delhi on 25 October to persuade Nehru to lose no time in accepting the accession and dispatching Indian troops to the State.

The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-General the next day, 27 October. With the signature of the Maharaja and the acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India.

Indian troops landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October and secured the airport before proceeding to evict the invaders from the Kashmir Valley.

The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, thus came under Indian suzerainty on 27 October 1947.

The Maharaja appointed Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister and, in 1948, appointed his son Karan Singh as the Prince Regent to act on his behalf.

Jammu and Kashmir operated as a princely state under Indian control till 1952, when the Constitution of India came into effect, abolishing monarchies. Karan Singh then accepted th post of Sadar-i-Riyasat(constitutional Head of State).

The Indian and Pakistani armies entered the war after signing of accession treaty. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the Line of Control. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949. India's Complaint to the Security Council, lst January 1948.

This complaint made by India placed the Jammu & Kashmir problem before the world body. The intention was to ask the world community to acknowledge Pakistani aggression on the people of J&K and to force Pakistan to vacate its troops from that state so that a final solution to the question of the state's accession to India could be found.

After protracted negotiations a cease-fire was agreed to by both countries, which came into effect. The terms of the cease-fire as laid out in a United Nations resolution of 13 August 1948, were adopted by the UN on 5 January 1949.

Conditions of Ceasefire agreed.

1. As the presence of troops of Pakistan in the territory of the State of Jammu and Kashmir constitutes a material change in the situation since it was represented by the Government of Pakistan before the Security Council, the Government of Pakistan agrees to withdraw its troops from that State.

2. The Government of Pakistan will use its best endeavour to secure the withdrawal from the State of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the State for the purpose of fighting.

3. Pending a final solution, the territory evacuated by the Pakistani troops will be administered by the local authorities under the surveillance of the commission.

KASHMIR 1948-52

1948 India raises Kashmir in the UN Security Council, which in Resolution 47 calls for a

referendum on the status of the territory. The resolution also calls on Pakistan to withdraw its troops and India to cut its military presence to a minimum. A

ceasefire comes into force, but Pakistan refuses to evacuate its troops. Kashmir is for practical purposes partitioned.

1949 On 17 October, the Indian Constituent Assembly adopts Article 370 of the

Constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the IOA(Instrument of Accession), namely, defence, foreign affairs and

communications.

1951 Elections in the Indian-administered

state of Jammu and Kashmir back accession to India. India says this makes a referendum unnecessary.

The UN passes a resolution to the effect that such elections do not substitute a plebiscite, because a plebiscite offers the option of choosing between India and Pakistan.

Sheikh Abdullah wins, mostly unopposed. There are widespread charges of election rigging which continue to plague most of the subsequent elections.

1952-54 Sheikh Abdullah drifts from a position of endorsing accession to

India in 1947 to insisting on the self-determination of Kashmiris in 1952.

In July 1952, he signs Delhi Agreement with the Central government on Centre-State relationships, providing for autonomy of the State within India and of regions within the State.

In 1953, the governments of India and Pakistan agree to appoint a Plebiscite Administrator by the end of April 1954.

1953:Both India and Pakistan temporarily agreed to take the issue out of UNs hads and resolve it directly. Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement in

May 1954.

In August 1953, Abdullah is dismissed and arrested.

Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed is installed in power.

Before his dismissal, arrest, brief release and re-arrest under the case, the intelligence agency had collected ample proof regarding the Sheikh's links with Pakistan and of his speeches and activities to these affect, after which Bakshi rearrested Sheikh Abdullah.

The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India is ratified by the state's constituent assembly.

1956-57 On 30 October 1956, the state Constituent Assembly adopts a

constitution for the state declaring it an integral part of the Indian Union.

On 24 January 1957, UN passes another resolution stating that such actions would not constitute a final disposition of the State.

India's Home Minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, during his visit to Srinagar, declares that the State of Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India and there can be no question of a plebiscite to determine its status afresh.

Kashmiri activists continue to insist on the promised self-determination.

In April 1959, permit system for entry to the State is abolished.

1960-Indus Waters Treaty-A RAY OF HOPE Water sharing treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World

Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development).The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.

In 1960, India and Pakistan concluded The Indus Water Treaty, which enabled them to peacefully share water from the Indus and its tributaries.

Two governments did devise and run a system that maintained peace. This illustrates the ability of India and Pakistan to successfully resolve a serious problem.

1950s-63 1950s - China

gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin).

1962 - China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin.

1963 - Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China

1963-64 Mass uprisings occur in the Kashmir Valley and protests

occur against Articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution, by which the Indian government can exercise legislative powers.

The Indian army attacks the protesters. The special status accorded to the State under Article

370, continues to get eroded over years.

Following the failure of the 1963 talks, Pakistan refers the Kashmir case to the UN Security Council.

Sheikh Abdullah is released in April 1964; The ailing Prime Minister Nehru sends Abdullah to Pakistan on 25 May, in an effort to resolve the Kashmir problem, taking into account the wishes of Kashmiris; Nehru passes away on 27 May and the talks get stranded.

1965-2nd Kashmir war The Indo-Pakistani War of

1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India.

On 5 August 1965 between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. Indian forces, tipped off by the local populace, crossed the cease fire line on 15 August.

Ceasefire and Tashkent Agreement(1966) By September 22, both sides agree to a UN mandated ceasefire, ending the war that had by

that point reached a stalemate, with both sides holding some of the other's territory.

1966 - On January 10, 1966, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahdaur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign an agreement at Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan), agreeing to withdraw to pre-

August lines and that economic and diplomatic relations would be restored.

Rise of Kashmiri Nationalism 1966-71

1966: Kashmiri nationalists form another Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called the Jammu and Kashmir National Liberation Front (NLF) in Azad Kashmir, with the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation.

1967- Jammu Autonomy Forum is formed with the objective of regional autonomy.

1968- Gajendragadkar Commission recommends statutory regional development boards.

1971- An Indian Airlines plane, 'Ganga', en route from Srinagar to New Delhi, is hijacked in January and diverted to Lahore and later blown up after allowing passengers to leave.

1971-Birth of Bangladesh Indo-Pakistani relations

deteriorated again when civil war erupted in Pakistan, pitting the West Pakistan army against East Pakistanis demanding autonomy and later independence.

India backs East Pakistan's rebel outfit Mukti Bahini and later sends troops to East Pakistan to defend its secessionist movement against repressive Pakistani army

Indo-Pakistani war ends in defeat for Pakistan and leads to the 1972 Simla Agreement

The Simla Agreement designates the ceasefire line of December 17, 1971, as being the new "Line-of-Control (LoC)" between the two countries, which neither side is to seek to alter unilaterally, and which "shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side

1972-74(Shimla Accords) Regional tensions were reduced by the Simla accord of 1972 and by

Pakistan's recognition of Bangladesh in 1974. The Simla accord committed both sides to working through outstanding issues bilaterally and through the mechanism of working groups.

In relation to Jammu and Kashmir, the two countries agreed that the ceasefire line, which was renamed the Line of Control, would be respected by both sides "without prejudice to the recognised positions of either side".

In 1974 the Kashmir state government reached an accord with the Indian Government, which affirmed its status as "a constituent unit of the union of India". Pakistan rejected the accord.

The Opposition Plebiscite Front in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir drops demand for a referendum in return for extensive autonomy in an agreement with the Indian government.

1974-SMILING BUDDHA

On May 18 1974, India detonates a nuclear device at Pokhran, in an operation codenamed "Smiling Buddha". India refers to the device as a "peaceful nuclear explosive"

Cold War & INDO-PAK Relations. 1976-84

1976: Maqbool Bhat is arrested on his return to the Valley 1977:Bhutto's government was replaced by a military regime when General Zia-ul-

Haq seized power

1979: The USSR invades Afghanistan. 1977.Pakistan acquired the status of a frontline state in the U.S.-Soviet Cold War.

Pakistan's army was used by the U.S. to organise resistance to the pro-Soviet regime in Afghanistan.

The US and Pakistan are involved in training, recruiting, arming, and unleashing the Mujahedin on Afghanistan created a fertile ground in both Pakistan and Afghanistan for Islamic insurgency in the region.

The mujahedin so recruited would take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir from the late 1980's

1984: The Indian Army seizes control of the Siachen Glacier, an area not demarcated by the Line of Control.

Siachen Glacier, 71km long and one of the world's largest glaciers, is situated in the north of the disputed region of. this is also the worlds highest battleground, where two nuclear armed states are locked in a struggle to keep a foothold at heights of 6700 metres.

Where the cease-fire line had been left undefined by 1972 Simla Agreement.

Pakistan makes frequent attempts to capture the area in the following decades.

START OF INSURGENCY IN KASHMIR 1987-90 Farooq Abdullah wins the 1987

elections. The Muslim United Front (MUF) accuses that the elections have been rigged.

Disputed state elections in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir give impetus to a pro-independence insurgency centred around the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF).

The insurgency in the valley increases in momentum from this point on, given the consistent failure of democracy and limited employment opportunities.

KASHMIR INSURGENCY Muslim political parties complained

that the 1987 elections to the state's legislative assembly were rigged against them, and they formed militant wings.

Armed resistance to Indian rule broke out in the Kashmir valley in 1989, with some groups calling for independence and others calling for union with Pakistan.

India accused Pakistan of supplying weapons to the militants. During the 1990s, with the emergence of militant Muslim groups, the oveets ideology eae essentially Islamic in nature.

Armed insurgency also gets on a rise.

End of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan releases a great deal of militant energy and weapons to Kashmir.

Pakistan provides arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir, thus adding fuel to the smouldering fire of discontent in the valley

Pakistan says that it gives its

"moral and diplomatic" support to the movement, reiterating its call for the earlier UN-sponsored referendum.

World witnesses Kashmiris pouring out on streets, sloganeering anti-India demonstrations, which are deeply resisted by police firing, crackdowns, mass killings and curfew culture.

The insurgency escalates after the Indian Army kills about 100 demonstrators at Gawakadal Bridge

The Indian government

tries to sabotage the rising secessionist movement through a central rule of authority for seven years.

India imposes Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Jammu and Kashmir.

1990:India imposes Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Jammu and Kashmir.

DIPLOMATIC PUSH 1991-1997

1991 - The two countries sign agreements on providing advance notification of military exercises, manoeuvres and troop movements, as well as on preventing airspace violations and establishing overflight rules.

1992 - A joint declaration prohibiting the use of chemical weapons is signed in New Delhi.

1996 - Following a series of clashes, military officers from both countries meet at the LoC in order to ease tensions.

India and Pakistan set up low-level meetings to defuse tension over Jammu and Kashmir.

The diplomatic push became more concerted a year later and an agenda for peace talks was agreed on.

1997:Pakistan suggested that the two sides meet to discuss restraining nuclear and missile capabilities. India's then Foreign Minister Inder

Kumar Gujral, left, met his Pakistani counterpart Gohar Ayub in 1997

Nuclear Nations 1998-99

India detonates five nuclear devices at Pokhran.

Pakistan responds by detonating six nuclear devices of its own in the Chaghai Hills.

Signing of lahore declaration between Indian prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistani Prime minister Nawaz Sharif.

India and Pakistan go to war again after militants cross from Pakistani-administered Kashmir into the Indian-administered Kargil district.

India repulses the attack, accuses Pakistan of being behind it, and breaks off relations.

The brink of war 2000-02

2000 - Then U.S. President Bill Clinton arrives in India, beginning his six-day visit to South Asia, partly in an attempt to ease relations between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir.

2000 - Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announces that security forces will suspend combat operations against militants in Jammu and Kashmir state during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.

26 December 2001:Attack on Indian parliament in New Dehli. Pakistan based militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed take responsibility.

Tensions along the Line of Control remain high, with 38 people killed in an attack on the Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar. Following that attack, Farooq Abdullah, the chief minister of Indian-administered Kashmir, calls on the Indian government to launch a full-scale military operation against alleged training camps in Pakistan.

IndiaPakistan standoff was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on either side of the border and along the Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Kashmir

2002 -After months of diplomacy, troops are withdrawn on either side.

2003: Delhi-Lahore bus service resumes

Pakistan and India declare Kashmir ceasefire.

INDIA ENGULFED IN TERROR 2002-2008

There have been numerous attacks on Hindus by unidentified gunmen including 2003 Nadimarg massacre and 2006 Doda massacre. India blames it on foreign militants and Kashmiris blame it on renegade militants used by Indian security forces.

The State assembly elections held in 2002 and 2008 have been relatively free and fair but the voters turned out in large numbers more to improve local governance than to signal their support for Indian rule in Kashmir.

2006 - India redeploys 5,000 troops from Jammu and Kashmir, citing an "improvement" in the situation there, but the two countries are unable to reach an agreement on withdrawing forces from the Siachen glacier.

In September, President Musharraf and Prime Minister Singh agree to put into place an Indo-Pak institutional anti-terrorism mechanism.

2007 - On February 18, the train service between India and Pakistan (the Samjhauta Express) is bombed near Panipat, north of New Delhi. Sixty-eight people are killed, and dozens injured.

CRICKET DIPLOMACY 2004-2005

2004 India toured Pakistan in the wake of diplomatic initiatives to bury half a century of mutual hostility.

2004:The two countries launch a formal peace process.

Both sides relaxed their tough visa regulations for each other, allowing thousands of fans to travel across.

2005: General Pervez Musharraf came to India ostensibly for a cricket match. The trip, however, quickly took on the air of a summit as the sides were urged "to seize a historic chance to end their dispute over Kashmir

2008 Mumbai Terror attack (26/11) On November 26, armed gunmen open

fire on civilians at several sites in Mumbai.

Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker captured alive, says the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.

In the wake of the attacks, India breaks off talks with Pakistan.

2009 - The Pakistani government admits that the Mumbai attacks may have been partly planned on Pakistani soil

Pakistan denied allegations that the plotters were sanctioned or aided by Pakistan's intelligence agencies

Trade & Onion Diplomacy

Bilateral trade had benefited from the Composite Dialogue process which had begun in 2004. However, it declined after the Mumbai terror attack. In the financial year 2010-11 the bilateral trade was USD 2.67 illio, ith Idias eports to Pakistan worth USD 2.33 billion. 2012: Both sides agreed to jointly work for more than doubling bilateral

trade within three years from the current level of USD 2.7 billion.

The sides also agreed to cooperate on preferential trade relations under the framework of the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA).

Tensions between India and Pakistan may be running high over border clashes in Kashmir, but a crippling shortage of onions in India has now fored Ne Delhi to tur to Islaaad for help, though ot eeroes happy about going cap-in-hand to the neighboring sparring partner.

Energy Cooperation Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) pipeline

project (also called peace pipeline) was aimed at constructing a 1,620-mile (2700 km) pipeline from Iran's South Pars fields in the Persian Gulf to Pakistan's major cities of Karachi and Multan and then further to Delhi, India.

In May2009, Iran and Pakistan signed an initial agreement for a USD 7.5bn Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline

There is proposal for constructing the TAPI pipeline inspite of IPI pipeline.

Diplomacy Politics And Media War 2010-15

2010 - Major protests erupt in the Kashmir Valley of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir over the summer after a demonstrator is killed by the Indian army.

2011 - September - Indian forces kill three Pakistani soldiers in firing across the Line of Control. India accuses Pakistan of opening fire first.

2013 September - Prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet and agree to try reduce the number of violent incidents at their disputed border in Kashmir.

2014 August - India cancels talks with Pakistan after accusing it of interfering in India's internal affairs. The decision comes after Pakistan's High Commissioner in Delhi consulted Kashmiri separatist leaders in advance of the talks.

2014 October - Pakistan and India exchange strongly-worded warnings, after a flare-up of violence across their common border leaves at least 18 people dead.

Sources 1. Times of India

2. Hindustan Times

3. Ministry of external affairs website.

4. The Dawn

5. The Hindu

6. Amrit Bazzar Patrika

7. Kashmir library website.

8. Wikipedia

9. Al Jazeera

10. BBC

11. India after Independence-Ramchandra Guha.

12. Challenges and Strategies- Rajiv Sikri.

13. Partition Archive website.