Indo gothic

I N D O - G O T H I C A R C H I T E C T U R E

INTRODUCTION

Indo Saracenic architecture or Indo Saracenic Revival architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Hindu-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal architecture) denotes the fusion of Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture. Indo Saracenic is an absorption of exotic elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture, and fusing it with the Gothic revival and Neo-Classical styles favoured in Victorian Britain. Indo Saracenic architecture is the brilliant architectural engineering movement by the British architects in the late 19th century in British India.

The hybrid combined diverse architectural elements of Hindu and Mughal with Gothic cusped arches, domes, spires, tracery, minarets and stained glass, in a wonderful, almost playful manner.

WHY SARACENIC.?

"Saracen" is an adaptation of a Greek word, sarakenoi, meaning "people who live in

tents"; that is, Arabs. The word Saracen was employed by Greek and Latin to refer

people who lived in desert areas in and near the Roman province of Arabia, and who

were specifically distinguished from Arabs. During medieval era Europeans denoted

Muslims as Saracens. Over a period of time "Saracen" had become synonymous

with "Muslim."

HISTORY

Before 1857 the British rulers in India applied Gothic Revival architecture incorporating Greek and Roman features such as columns, triangular pediments for the public building in India. The main reason for the adoption of this classical style for the British rulers was to retain the image as the holder of power and status and to distance themselves from the native Indians. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857 and this 'Revolt of 1857' compelled the Britishers to legitimize their rule and to establish confidence from the natives of the colonized land. The rulers also began to understand that India had an architectural history that was as deep as it was complicated. James Ferguson, an historian of Indian architecture, categorized and evaluated Indian architecture and buildings based on their characteristics and proposed his conclusion stating that Indian architecture sporadically went into diminution and therefore need to be revived by British. The British government in India also encouraged a new generation of British architects to experiment with the style known as Indo Saracenic.

The architectural deigns of British buildings, monuments, forts etc. in the post-Renaissance period formed the inspiration for the British architects. They built the public buildings in India as per advanced British structural engineering standards of the 1800's and used iron, steel and poured concrete.

INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF INDO SARACENIC

The Palladian Style

When the British became a power, there were three styles prevalent in England viz. the Palladian, Baroque and the Victorian. The Palladian style of architecture is based on the works of Andrea Palladio (17th century) of Italy. It could be identified with a few features such as the ceilings as an ornamental focus, mouldings often featuring masks, terms and shells or other depictions of nature, fireplaces and wall painting. A great central tower rising from a succession of traced roofs is one important characteristic of this style. The another important feature is Palladian window, which consists of a central section with semi circular arch over and two sections on either sides, all supported by pillars, as shown in the adjacent image. This was a

feature inculcated in India in some buildings (in Lucknow for example) though as such we don’t find any monument made purely on Palladian style. La Martiniere Lucknow The early Britons sought to introduce the Palladian style in the form of the La Martiniere in Lucknow. It was built by Claude Martin, a wealthy eighteenth-century Frenchman, who was an officer in the French and later the British East India Company. Martin acquired his fortune while serving Asaf-ud-Daula, the nawab wazir of Awadh, and was reputedly the richest Frenchman in India. The building, called Constantia at that time is now serves as a college.

The Victorian Gothic Style

When, India saw the emergence of presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, the fashion in England was of Gothic revival and neoclassical architecture. At the same time, the Victorian style was also in vogue. So, in the years to come, the buildings and monuments saw a mix of Indian (Mughal) style, Victorian, Gothic, Palladian, Baroque and other styles. However, none of the styles prevalent in Europe in those times were original. All of them were either imitated features from earlier Romanesque or Georgian architecture. The Victorian Gothic Architecture thus, was basically a hotch-potch of early European styles mixed with the introduction of Middle East and Asian influences. This monument represents the themes deriving from Indian traditional architecture. This was the beginning of the Indo-gothic or Indo-Saracenic revival. The monuments now created drew the elements from the indigenous and indo-Islamic architecture and combined it with the gothic revival and neo-classical styles favoured in Victorian England. One the best example is the Victoria Memorial Hall of Kolkata, which inculcates numerous Mughal elements in its design. Such monuments were built on advanced engineering standards. The material such as steel, Iron and poured concrete started getting used. The most important features of the buildings of this revival were as follows: Bulbous domes along with many miniature domes Overhanging eaves Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches Vaulted roofs Domed chhatris, pinnacles, towers and minarets Open pavilions Pierced arcades.

FORMS OF INDO SARACENIC

Map showing the

locations of cities

having Indo Saracenic

style buildings in India

• Delhi

• Lucknow

• Ajmer

• Jaipur

• Gwalior

• Allahabad

• Calcutta

• Rajkot

• Jamnagar

• Baroda

• Bombay

• Mysore

• Chennai (Madras)

• Bangalore

• Trivandrum

FEATURES OF INDO SARACENIC

FEATURES OF INDO-SARACENIC

ARCHITECTURE

Bulbous (Onion-Shaped) Dome Arches

• horseshoe, pointed, ogee, scalloped, keyhole

Delicate Ornamentation

• Nonfigurative

• Quranic script

Chhatri

• Pavillion with domeJharokha

• Overhanging balcony

Chajja

• overhanging eaves on large carved brackets.

Jali

• Perforated stone or latticed screen

Towers or minarets

Pinnacles or spires

ARCHITECTS OF INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE

• Robert Fellowes Chisholm• Charles Mant• Henry Irwin• William Emerson• George Wittet• Frederick W. Stevens

ARCHITECTS OF INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECT HENRY IRWIN (1841-1922)

Architect of British IndiaBorn on 21st January 1841, in Tarbett, Ireland.1864- Joined the public works department in England.1866- was moved to ceylon.1868- moved to India in PWD, Shimla.1872- Became the executive engineer, nagpur and central provinces.Got a real boost in 1888, after completetion of VICE REGAL LODGE, ShimlaBecame the superintendent engineer, Shimla Imperial Circle of central PWD.Then he moved to Madras, as consulting architect for the Madras Presidency.Last project was Mysore palace 1897-1912, after which he retired and went to

Ooty.He died on 5th August, 1922.

ARCHITECT HENRY IRWIN’S BELIEFS

“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.”

HIS MAJOR STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE-

Jacobethan style – Mixed renaissance and

Elizabethan style. Classical over Gothic.

Gothic revival- gothic + Elizabethan.

Saracenic – Islamic architecture.

Indo- Saracenic- Indo Islamic.Indo Saracenic Revival – Indo Islamic + Gothic.

ARCHITECT HENRY IRWIN’S MAJOR WORKS

• Headquarters of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Chennai–1873- Gothic revival style.

• Christ church, Panchmarhi – 1880 – Gothic revival style.• The American College, Madurai -1881-Saracenic style (red bricks,

blending with surroundings).• Vice Regal lodge-(1880-1888) – Jacobethan Style.• Gaiety Theatre, Shimla - 1888 (Stone)- exclusively for Britishers hence

neo-Gothic style.• Madras High Court, Chennai – 1892 – Indo Saracenic style.• Law College Buildings, Chennai - July 1892- Indo Saracenic style.• Headquarters of the State Bank of Madras -1896 – Indo Saracenic style.• Government Museum, Chennai – 1896- Indo Saracenic style.• The Hindu Higher Secondary School, Chennai- 1897(the L-shaped red

brick building)- Saracenic style.• Mysore palace – (1897-1912) – Indo Saracenic Revival style.

Jacobethan Gothic

Indo- Saracenic

DELHI

Sir Edwin Landseer was a British architect who isknown for imaginatively adapting traditionalarchitectural styles to the requirement of his era.Delhi which would later on serve as the seat of thegovernment of India. In recognition of hiscontribution, New Delhi is also known as “Lutyens”Delhi . In collaboration with Herbert Baker. He wasalso the main architect of several monuments inNew Delhi such as the India gate he also designedthe viceroy’s house.

Sir Herbert baker was a British architect baker wasthe dominant force in South African Architecturefor two decades 1892 – 1912 among the manychurches schools and houses he designed in southAfrica are the St John’s College Johannesburg,Wynberg boys school. Cape town

In 1912 baker went to India to work with Lutyensand went on to design the secretariat buildingsNew Delhi and parliament house in new Delhi andthe bungalows of members of Parliament. Bakerdesigned the two secretariat building ranking thegreat axis

INDO SARACENIC ATTRACTION OF DELHI

PARLIAMENT HOUSE

INDIA GATE

RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN

CENTRAL SECRETARIAT

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

The central hall of the parliament has beendesigned to be circular in shaped the dome is98 ft (29.87 Meters) in diameter and isBelieved that is one of the most Magnificentdomes in the world.

The central hall is a place of historicalimportance in India for two reason. Thetransfer of colonial power to the provisionalgovernment under Nehru in 1957 and theframing of the constitution by the constituentassembly took place in this very hall.

Originally , the central hall was used as thelibrary of the erstwhile central legislativeassembly and the council of states until 1946,

The gate is build as a special memorandum for all the soldiers who belongs to Indian army and to all those who who have gives their lives lighting for the protection of their country. It is considered that approximately 90,000 and more soldiers names have been Encrypted over the walls of India Gates which is a special thing in itself.

The Explicit India Gate architecture explains you that there is a huge Path which is also known by the name of Raj path at the end of which is constructed a 42 meters high India gate that was previously known by the name of all India was memorial. The designing of India gate was done by famous architect sir Edwin lutyen. Standing behind the gate is an empty canopy made out of

The Rashtrapati Bhawan is a large and vast mansion withfloors and have 340 rooms. It is built on a floor area of 200,00square feet (19.000 m2). Vijay chowk in front of RashtrapatiBhawan and ends at India gates on the western end of theroad. The ancillary dome – like structure on top of thebuilding is known as a chattri an Integral part of Indianarchitectural design.

The Secretariat building was designed by the prominent Britisharchitect Herbert baker in Indo – Saracenic revival architecture.Both the identical building have four levels, each with about 1,000rooms in the inner courtyards to make space for future expansions.In continuation with the viceroy house, these building also usedcream and red Dholpur sandstone from Rajasthan with the redSandstone forming the base. To get heir the building the designedto from two squares. They have broad corridors between differentwings and wide stairway to the four floors and each building istopped by a giant dome, while each wings and with colonnadedbalcony.

Much of the building is in Colonial architectural style, yet itincorporation from Mughal and Rajasthani architecture style.Another feature of the building is a dome – like structure known asthe Chatri a design unique to India.

CENTRAL SECRETARIAT

The main block of the supreme court building was builton a square Piot of 22 acres and the building wasdesigned by chief of architect Ganesh BhikajiDeolalikar who was the first Indian to head CPWD anddesigned the supreme court building in an Indo – Britisharchitecture style. He was succeeded by ShridherKrishna joglekar. The building is shaped to project theimage of scales of justice with the central wing of thebuilding correspond. The chief justice’s court is thelargest of the courtroom located in the centre of thecentral wing. It has in the centre of the central wing.

INDO SARACENIC ATTRACTION OF BOMBAY

The gateway of India is a monument built duringthe British raj in Mumbai. It is located on thewater front in the Apollo Bander area in southMumbai and overlook the Arabian sea. Thestructure is a basalt arch, 26 meter (85 feet) high.It lies at the end of Chhatrapati Shivaji Marg atthe water edge in Mumbai Harbour. The gateway of India also been Reffered to as the TajMahal of Mumbai and is the city top touristattraction.

The gate way of India was built to commemorate the visit of king George Vand Dueen marry to Mumbai, prior the Delhi Darbar, in December 1911. they only got to see a cardboard model of the structure since the construction did not began till 1915. the foundation stone was laid on 31 march 1911 by the Governer of Bombay sir George Sydenham Clarre with the final design of George Wittet sanctioned on 31 march 1913.

The Taj Mahal palace hotel is a five star hotel located in theColaba region of Mumbai Maharashtra India next to thegate way of India

Parts of Taj Hotel, resort and palace this hotel isconsidered the flag ship property of the group andcontain 560 rooms and 44 Saits there are some 1500 staffincluding 35 butlers. From a historical and architecturalpoint of view, the two building that makes up the hotelthe Taj Mahal palace and tower are two distinct building.

It is a place where the viceroy and Governer uset toland upon their arrival of India. Through built forBritish India and the British empire today serve as a“monumental memento” of Colonialisation andsubjugation by the British over the people of India.Built right next to Taj Mahal palace & tower hotel.The gate way of India is a symbol of “power andmajesty” of British empire

There are five jetties at the gate way the first jetty isexclusive to the atomic research centre. The secondand third are used for commercial ferry fourth isclosed and fifth to the royal BombayYatch club.

The hotel originally Builded by commissioned of Tataand first opened its door to guest on 16th December1903

It is widely believed that Tamsedji TATA decided tobuild the hotel after he was refused entry to one ofthe Citys’s grand hotel of the time, Watson hotel, as itwas restricted to “whites only. The original Indianarchitect were Sitaram khanderao vaidya and DNMirza. Completed by an English engineer W.Achamber. The builder was khan Saheb Sorabji RuttonJi.

The Muncipal corporation Building was located in southMumbai in Maharashtra, Mumbai, is a grade a heritagebuilding opposite to the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus atthe junction of Padabhai Naoroji road and Mahapalikamarg. It is also known as the Bombay Muncipal corporationbuilding or BMC.

Mumbai corporation of greater Mumbai and which has itsown motto – Yato Dharmastato Jaya. It is said to be thelargest civic Organisation

The BMC was created in 1865 and Arthur crawford was it first Municipal commissioner. TheMunicipality was Initially housed in a modestbuilding at the terminus of Girgam road. In 1870it was shifted to a building on Esplanade.Located between Watson hotel and the Sassoonmechanism institute where the present army &navy building is situated

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) formlyVictoria Terminus (VT) is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site and an historic railway station in

Mumbai, India which serves as the headquartercentral railways. Designed by Fredericr WilliamStevens with influence from Victorian Italianate

gothic revival. The station was built is 1887 inBunder area of Bombay to commemorate thegolden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

Bori bunder was one of the areas along theeastern shores lines of Mumbai , India whichwas used as a storehouse for goodsimported and exported from Mumbai inareas name. Bori means “sack” and Bandarmeans port or haven. Bori bandar literallymeans a place where sack are stored.

The station was eventually rebuilt as theVictoria terminus named after the thenreigning queen.

KOLKATA

WRIGHTER’S BUILDING

PLACE –KOLKATA(1777-1906)

Designed by THOMAS LYON

A R C H I T E C T U R A L C O N T E X T

FIRST PHASE

(1777-1778)

SECOND PHASE(1820-1821)

• Designed as barracks to provide accommodation to the john company's ‘writers’.

• A three storied structure .

• A long veranda being addedon the south front and twosmall pediments on columnsby lord wellesley.

• And a better ornamentedfaçade (by capt. Georgelindsay).

C O N S T R U C T I O N P H A S E S

ROTUNDA GEORGIAN ROOFS

DORIC PEDIMENTED ENTRANCES

MINERVA STATUES

IONIC COLUMNS

ITALIAN GRECIAN FONTAGE

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

THIRD PHASE- complete re-modelling of the front façade by

E.J. Martin(1877-1905)

PLAN AND ELEVATION

NEO CLASSICAL & BAROQUE

RAJ BHAVAN

KEDLESTON HALL

IONIC

COLUMN

Full height portico

Elliptical

fanlight

Symmetrically

placed windows

Front Gable

Roof

Front Façade with

columns and corner

pilasters

Greek Revival

Classical Revival

BROAD

CORNICE

N

E

O

C

L

A

S

S

I

C

A

L

Curved Lines

Curved Arches

DomesB

A

R

O

Q

U

E

Drawing Room

Marble Floor

Plain Walls

Dining HallTuscan Columns

Cloistered Room

Steel Dome installed in1860s by the Viceroy Lord Elgin.

Lord Curzon brought electricity and lift ( Bird Cage Lift ).

Drawing and dining rooms.Yellow Drawing Room: first floor , has wonderful

paintings.Blue Drawing Room: Elegantly furnished room used

by the governor to meet guest.Brown Dining Room: Adjacent to the Blue Dining

room, it is used for small conferences and meetings.Halls and banquet roomsThrone Room: The Throne Room, as the name

suggests, contains the throne of Wellesley. It also Urn used to carry Mahatma Gandhi's ashes.Council Chamber.The Marble Hall : Located on the ground floor of the

Raj Bhavan, this is used for state and private The Banquet Hall : The Banquet Hall with rows

of Doric pillars on each side, flowering chandeliers black Mahogany tables has entertained eminent Queen Elizabeth.

Indian museum1875

by Walter L. B. Granville

Kolkata

• “an Italianate palace ... around a colonnaded courtyard” ~ Jan Morris

Doric columns

fused with arch

opening

Colonnaded corridor

Large arched

openings

SOUTHERN VERANDA VERANDA EASTERN

Cornice on wallsfor decoration

Roof supported by arches

GROUND FLOOR LOBBYTuscan Columns

ARCHEOLOGY GALLERY

ZOOLOGICAL GALLERY

EXTERIOR

Louvered Shutters

Doric Columns

St. pauls Cathedral (1839)

St Paul's Cathedral in the very early twentieth century St Paul's Cathedral as it is today.

• 8 October 1839• William Nairn

Forbes• Gothic revival

style• Stucco

ornamentation

pinnacle

Rose window

Lancet window

tower

finial

Pointed arch

archivolttracery

Gothic revival features:

Interior

• Very low nave

• Hall without any aisles on its flanks

• Plastic art forms and memorabilia

• Barrel vault roof

• Stained glass

General post office(1864)

HISTORY

• Designed in 1864

• Walter B. Grenville (1819-1874)

• located in the site of Fort William

FEATURES

• 220 feet high domed roof

• Ionic-Corinthian pillars

• supported by octagonal base

• Neo classical architecture

• Mannerist columns

VICTORIA MEMORIAL

(1906-1921)WILLIAM EMERSON

PLAN

FEATURES • onion (bulbous) domes

• overhanging eaves

• pointed arches, cusped

arches, or scalloped

arches

• Colonnaded area on

both sides

• Domed kiosks and

many miniature domes

• domed chhatris

• pinnacles

• towers or minarets

• Use of Makrana marble

ITALIAN STATUES BRONZE STATUE OFQUEEN VICTORIA

ANGEL OVERTHE DOME

WINDOW DETAILS

INTERIOR SIDE OF DOMEHAREM WINDOWS

GARDEN

•Total area of 64 acre with the building covering an area of 338sq.Ft by 228 sq.Ft.

•On way to the north gate is a bronze statue of Queen Victoria by Sir George Frampton.The Queen is seated on her throne, wearing the robes of the Star of India.

• Approaching the building from the south, visitors pass the King Edward VII memorial arch with a bronze equestrian statue of the King by Sir Bertram Mackennalsurmounting it and a marble statue of Lord Curzon by F.W. Pomeroy, R.A.

•There are also other statues of various dignitaries like Lord Bentinck, Governor- General of India (1828-1835), Lord Ripon (Governor- General of India from 1880 to 1884; the statue of Sir Rajendranath Mookerjee, the pioneer industrialist of Bengal is on the eastern side.

BIRD’S EYE VIEW

BELFAST CITY HALL

STYLE – BAROQUE REVIVAL

Tower House

The Mysore Palace

PHILOSOPHY : -

• Built in 1900s.

• Working in Madras.

• Mental state on Indo- Saracenic.

• But wanted to do new, as last project, hence developed Indo- Saracenic revival style.

• Lots of inspirations in one structure. Not disorderly mix of design elements.

• Also known as Amba villas palace.

• Currently owned by Wodeyars(royal family of Mysore).

• 1897-1912

• Additions later in 1940—public durbar hall wing

• Fireproof.

• The maharani insisted-

– new palace be built in model and foundations of the old one.

– In the reconstruction, stone, brick and iron should be the chief materials.

ARCHITECTURE:-

• Indo-saracenic revival style – Hindu + Muslim + Rajput and Gothic.

• Surrounded by large garden.

• 72 acres.

• He used European design principles + Our climatic conditions = large courtyards + verandahs.

Materials used:-

• Locally available.

• Wooden doors.

• Pink stone.

• Hard granite - Myosre district.

• Stone - of Turuvekere in Tumkur - easy fine details (discovered)

• Three storey marble domes

• 145 ft. five storeyed tower.

• Tallest tower of the palace

-Tower of a Gothic cathedral.

-Top of it is a large dome -Islamic/Persian style structures.

-Above dome is a domed

Chhatri- Rajput style.

• Two more such domed Chhatris on central arch of the facade.

• Between these two domed Chhatris and Above the central arch is a carving of goddess Gajalakshmi - Hindu Influence

• The Arches are pointed and of Persian in origin. These are supported by massive pillars.

• Fine grey granite + pink domes( indo- saracenic) = cherry.

• Protruding balconies - ‘jharokha’ Rajshani architecture.

• Top of the balcony is with deep pink stone , that forms a semi dome

• Bottom is supported by a structural feature in the form a lotus.

Planning:-

• Enter the palace building through a smaller verandah - south side.

• The main archway - expansive central court.

• The whole court is netted at the top to prevent birds messing the inside and an enclosed verandah runs around this court.

Interiors• The squinch (where the pillar meets the ceiling )

and the domical ceiling above the verandah, plaster work on the ceiling, the capitals carved with hard granite. This too is a present blend of native and gothic styles.

Amba Vilas Palace (1900-1910), Mysore

•Henry Irwin

• fluted pillars from the in Delhi, onion domes Taj Mahal, Mughal tracery European halls.

Durbargadh Waghaji Palace (1882), Morvi

•Indo-Venetian Gothic

•Saracenic domes and arches.

Such palaces were a sophisticated political symbol of the imperial presence- outwardly Indian and built by Indian hands, the overall control stayed with the British.

THE VICE REGAL LODGE - SHIMLA

History --

• Started in 1885

• Got the project because the then Viceroy of India- Lord Dufferin loved

Gothic style.

• Completed in 1888

• 1947– renamed as Rashtrapati niwas.

• 1964– given to Indian institute of advanced study.

• Viceroy visited the site every day

• Result got mixed reactions.

• Shimla conference.

• F. B. Hebbert and L. M. St. Clair- executive engineers.

Philosophy :-

• Built in 1880s ( after 1857)

• He had just started in India.

• Influenced by Scottish castles, English renaissance.

• Used local material

• Jacobethan style.

Materials used:

• Local woods like pine, walnut and cedar.

• Light blue-grey masonary

• Tiled pitch roofing.

• Wrought stone work

• Interior by wood.

A R C H I T E C T U R E : -

• Jacobethan style

• Renovations being done.

• The top of Observatory Hill was leveled out to create a wide plateau.

• Surface of crushed shale - cracked in every direction'. Concrete was liberally used for the foundations.

• Sprawling gardens.

• First govt. building to have electricity, and internal wiring, with elevator.

• Rain water harvesting system, still used today.

• Hexagonal faceted towers.

• Pitched roofs.

• High chimneys.

• Stone trims around windows.

• Carved brick detailing

• Interiors completely of wood.

This contrast is being influenced from Gothic revival style.

• The South entrance leads to reception hall – a fireplace and a grand spiraling staircase.

• Grand staircase which springs from right and spirals upto 3 floors marks the hall.

• These two features show symmetry – Classical English influence

• The building has six stories.

• The teak paneled gallery- leads to the state drawing room, ballroom and the wood-paneled dining room.

CRIT ICS :

•Edward Lutyens had a low opinion of the design. He is reported to have said,

“If one was told that it was built by monkeys all one could say was, ‘What wonderful monkeys!' But they must be shot if they tried to do it again.”

SENATE HOUSE- MADRAS UNIVERSITY

• Constructed by Robert Chisholm between 1874 and 1879

• Inspired by the Byzantine and built in the Indo-Saracenic

style.

Stone columns with sculptured capital

Hindu iconography on the capital

Turrets

Large clerestory circular openings decorated with

coloured glass

Madras southern Railway

Town hall

SOME OF THE MOST KNOWN INDO-GOTHIC WORKS IN MADRAS

Madras high court

Bank of madrasGaiety theatre

THANK YOU

B H A R A T W A D H W A

A R C H A N A M O R A N

M O H D . A F T A B

M A N I S H K .

P R A J A P A T I

R A H U L S H A R M A

V I S H A L K A R M A