Chapter 5. 4. What well-known Indo-European language is now extinct? Gothic What group did it belong to? East Germanic.

Chapter 5. 4

What well-known Indo-European language is now extinct?Gothic

What group did it belong to?East Germanic

Catalogue containing stats for almost 7,000 languagesEach year # of languages changes as some

die Extinct language: no longer spoken or

read by anyone516 nearly extinctGothic was last of East Germanic

EBLUL created to preserve 60 minority lanugages of EU

What Afro-Asiatic language was once deemed extinct/dead and is now revived?Hebrew

What year was Israel created?1948

Extinct language that was revivedUsed only for Jewish ceremonies after 300

BCE Really dead, not extinct?

Aramaic replaced by Arabic 1948- estab. of Israel, Hebrew became

official language Had to create new words for modern

items (Eliezer Ben-Yehuda)

A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, 2001. The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

What Indo-European branch has been endangered since the British Isles were first invaded?Celtic

Name 3 Celtic languages Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton,

Cornish How were Celts treated in Irish schools

for speaking Celtic languages?Tally Sticks

Major language prior to Germanic invasion of British IslesSpoken in Northern Europe and Italy as well

Gaelic (Goidelic) Irish vs. Scottish

Brythonic (Britannic, Cymric)Wales (Welsh), Brittany (Breton), Cornwall

(Cornish)

Celts lost battles and rights to other languages

Forced to learn English to get jobs

What has been done in Wales to increase number of Welsh speakers?Welsh Lang. Society, Britain’s Education

Act: taught in schools, BBC channel What has been done in Ireland to

increase number of Gaelic speakers?Rock groups, TV station, road signs

Cornish went extinct in 1777 what about now?Revival began in 1920s, taught in schoolBattle of spellings

Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

What country is almost split evenly between speakers of two language branches? Belgium

What are the names of people and what language do they speak? Flemings Flemish (Dutch, Germanic) Walloons French (Romance)

What country has 4 official languages? Switzerland

What are they? French, German, Italian, Romansh

Romance vs GermanicBelgium: Walloons (French) vs Flemings

(Flemish/Dutch)Estab. 2 official regions (Flanders &

Wallonia)Brussels is bilingual

Switzerland: German, French, Italian, RomanshPeaceful b/c of decentralized govn’t

Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

Isolated Language: unrelated to any other, most often not part of a family Indo-European not only had common ancestor,

but spread thru intense interaxn with conquests

Isolated results from inverse relation to interaxn

Basque- last of isolated in Europe Northern Spain, SW France Which

mountains? Icelandic-

Is related to North Germanic (Norwegian) Norwegian changed, not Icelandic

English- language of international communication

Pidgin language: result of two languages (one lingua franca) and simplifying it Not a native language, just in addition

Main ones: English, Swahili, Hindustani(?), Indonesian,

Russian, Arabic, Spanish

English often mandatory to learn as 2nd language

http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~ronald/230/creoles.htm

Fig. 5-1.1: English is still the largest language on the internet, but there has been rapid growth in many others, especially Chinese.

Fig 5-1.2: English and English-speaking countries still dominate e-commerce, but other languages are growing rapidly.

What group created a dialect in order to communicate in code?African American slaves

Many of these dialectical differences turned into what English dialect?Ebonics

Ebonics= “ebony” + “phonics” She be at home. I’m not going there no more.

Official English dialect, double negatives

Appalachia= Holler, crick, a-sitting

Different pronunciations, double negatives, adding an “a”

Sign of regional pride? Or lack of education?

Franglais French Academy promotes replacing English

words since 1635 1994- banning franglais illegal Where is the preservation of French most

severe? Quebec

Spanglish (Cubonics) Invents new words, modifies spelling, using

both in one phrase Denglish

Institute for German Language protests use of Denglish

Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

What are the two theories of the origin of the Indo-European language family?Kurgan: War, cattle herders from steppes of

Russia/Kazakhstan GimbutasAnatolian: diffusion of agriculture

Renfrew Most spoken language?

Mandarin Largest language families?

Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan

Largest language family in Sub-Saharan Africa?Niger-Congo

Largest language family in North Africa?Afro-Asiatic

Term for division lines between “coke”, “pop”, and “soda” Isogloss

A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago Language branch

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab. Language group

A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history. Language family

A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronunciation. Dialect