This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Index
Aaronsohn, A.(1916), 146
Abakiga, 455–6Abdulhamit II, Sultan, 118–19, 125, 130Abu Sayyaf movement, 526abuse, gender, 89, 152, 171. See also
rapeAccounting for Genocide (Fein), 279Aceh, 493–4Acquitainians, 14Act of Settlement (1652), 52Act of Union (1536), 58actorideological, 100in interwar ethnic relations, 68settler, in South West Africa, 102–6in South West Africa, 100
Adana, 127–8Addis Ababa, 309Adler, 63Adzic, General, 394affectual action, 26Africa, 11, 428–9Agaoglu, 122Agayev. See Agaogluage, 56–7agriculture, collectivization of, in Soviet
Union, 323Ahmici, 357, 406, 409, 410, 413–14AK-47. See KalashnikovAkayesu, Mayor Jean Paul, 458, 469Akazu. See “little house”Akcam, J.(1992), 172
419, 420, 422, 462, 480Aleksovski, Zlatko, 406, 414Aleksynas, 285Aleppo, 161Alexander II, Tsar, 64Alexander, King, 294Alexander the Great, 38Ali Muenif Bey, 160, 161“Alia.” See IzetbegovicAlilovic, 409Allen, M.(2002), 215
Allers, Dietrich, 260Alodhya mosque, 481Alp, Tekin, 131Amasasu, 445Amdja, Hassan, 158AmericaIndians, 505. See also specific tribesIndians, perception of, 84Indians, Plan A for, 89–90, 96Indians, Plan B for, 90, 96Indians, Plan C for, 92, 96–7Indians, rationales for extermination of,vii
native population in, 76peoples of, 9Spanish incursions into, 71
Anatolia, 112And Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 324Anderson, B.(1983), 30
500Ashdown, Paddy, 396, 407Asia, 71Asiatic-Bolshevism, 273Assam, 489assimilation, 72in America, 87aristocratic lateral, 72, 78civic definition of, 181coercive, in America, 88coercive, in Ireland, 49, 53coercive, in Ottoman Empire, 131cultural, in Bulgaria, 307forced, in Greater Serbia, 357–8under Hapsburgs, 182institutional, in South West Africa, 100institutional, in Spain, 47lateral, 35, 41lateral aristocratic, 60lateral aristocratic, in Australia, 79lateral aristocratic, in South West Africa,101
partial, in America, 89voluntary, 13–14voluntary, in America, 86
voluntary, in Germany, 181voluntary, partial, 508
Assyrians, 34, 39, 40–1Ataturk, 130, 163atrocities“bottom-up,” 22Bulgarian, 113Croatian, in the Laska Valley, 405–16four types of, in Yugoslavia, 356–7Muslim, 416–18
Augustus, 38Aumeier, Hans, 252Auschwitz, 212, 216, 240Ausrottung, 191Australia, 13, 79–83Aboriginal population in, 76, 79–80, 83peoples of, 9Plan A in, 79Plan B in, 79Plan C in, 80Plan D in, 82Plan E in, 82
Austria, 63–4Austrian Germans, and Slavic threat, 182Austrian Germans, and Jewish threat, 182and Slavic threat, 183
Book of the Courtier, The (Guicciardini), 43border disputes, 355between Armenians and Azeris, 355between Georgians and Ossetians, 355in India, 488between Jammu and Kashmir, 486–8between Tajikhistan and Uzbekhistan, 355
Boris, Czar, 307Bosnia, 368–9, 381Bosniaks in, 10, 369Bosnian Serb Party (SDS), 369Bosnian state, 7cantons of, 406Muslims, 416population in, 366Serb aggression against, 395–6
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 356ethnic self-identification in, 363population in, 366
Bosnian Croat army (HVO), 407, 409Bosnian Croat party (HDZ), 408Bosnian refugees, 116Brack, 210Bradford, William, 85Braeckman, P.(1994), 447
Chechia, 6, 99, 329Chechnya, 329, 355Cheka secret police, 65, 321Cherokee Indians, 86–7, 93, 94, 108Chetniks, 362, 392, 421Cheyenne Indians, 98Chickasaw Indians, 108China, 330–9bureaucracy, 39famine in, 336“five black categories” in, 337“five red categories” in, 337inflation in, 334–5land distribution in, 332Plan A in, 333Plan B in, 333–4Plan C in, 334, 335, 337Plan D in, 337Red Guards in, 337
Chinese Communist Party (CPP), 330–1, 332,333
chistka. See purgeChivington, Colonel, 98Choctaw Indians, 93, 108Christendom, 16th-century Western, 48Christian Greeks, 115Christian Socialists, 63Christianity, 42, 75Christie, Debra, 415Chumash Indians, 18. See also American
cleansingbiological, 15colonial, 70–6, 107–8ethnic, 522. See also power, networksethnic, defined, 11ethnic, five steps of, in Yugoslavia, 361ethnic, in Northern Europe, 506–9ethnic, Plan A for, 7ethnic, Plan B for, 7murderous, 97murderous, alternative scenarios for, 6–7murderous, as Plan C, 7–8murderous, danger zone of, 6murderous, modernity of, 2–3, 502murderous, perpetuation of, 7
Clifton, R.(1999), 50
coercion, institutional, 14in Germany, 181on Iberian Peninsula, 45during Thirty Years War, 49
Cohen, L.(1995), 360
Cohen, Moses. See Alp, TekinCold War, 511“collective conscience” (Durkheim), 121“collective madness,” 403colonyeconomy, types of colonial, 71–2expansion, Russian, 99–100mixed, 71occupation, 71plantation, 71pure settlement, 72settler cases, 22
Commanche Indians, 97Commissar Order, 187“commitment problem,” 24Committee of the Committee of Union and
Progress (CUP), 123, 126–7
common law (English), 43Communistdeaths under regimes, 319perceived enemies of, 318–21
“comprador capitalist,” 342concentration camps, 200–2confederal methodology, 13confederalism, multicultural, under
Hapsburgs, 182Conference of the Undersecretaries, 248Congo, 7Connolly, S.(1992), 53
Connor, W.(1994), 31, 59, 365
consociationalism, 13, 114, 118, 524Constitution of 1850, 90constructivism, 21“contradictions of continuous revolution,”
197conversionforced, 16forced, and Albigensians, 42forced, of Serbs, 296
death camps, 242Death of a Nation (BBC documentary), 370Declaration on the Sovereignity and
Autonomy of the Serbian People, 387Deir Zor, 146, 148Del Boca, A.(1969), 309–10
Delacic, Zejnil, 417Delic, Hazim, 417democracy, 3. See also demosconceptions of, 68–9liberal, 55majoritarian, 22settler, 4, 73, 88, 90
Democratic League of Kosovo, 387democratic peace theory, 21–2, 108demos, i, 3–4, 55, 184, 502. See also
democracyDeng, Xiaoping, 336Department of Jewish Affairs, 307Deportation Order, 158deportations, 87, 90Assyrian, 41coerced, Jewish, 66forcible, in America, 90
forcible, in Spain, 47forcible, in the Ottoman Empire, 141limited, in America, 89–90in the Ottoman Empire, 131, 156policed, 15policed, Assyrian, 41policed, in America, 87, 96policed, in Australia, 79, 83policed, in Cambodia, 341policed, in Hungary, 299policed, in Ottoman Empire, 113, 143policed, in Poland, 281policed, in Romania, 303policed, in Russia, 282policed, in South West Africa, 101policed, in Spain, 47policed, under Stalinism, 321, 323violent, in Ottoman Empire, 144violent, of Jews, 208violent, of Poles, 208wild, 15wild, in Greater Serbia, 359wild, in Hungary, 299wild, in Ottoman Empire, 113wild, in Yugoslavia, 357wild, of Jews, 194wild, of Poles, 182wild, of Serbs, 296wild, of Soviet Slavs, 186
Deronjic, 396Des Forges, A.(1999), 442, 463
Deutsche Volkspartei (German People’sParty), 63
di Tiro, Hasan, 493direct rule, 73“Directive 7,” 395discrimination, 14, 67, 509and the anti-Catholic Penal Laws, 52in Australia, 82under Hapsburgs, 183in Ireland, 53in Macedonia, 368in Romania, 303in Rwanda, 435in South West Africa, 100under Stalinism, 322in Yugoslavia, 355
disease, 74, 75–80, 85, 89dispersal, 81Dittrich, Erich, 249Djemal Bey, 159–60
ethnocracy, 39, 502, 519ethnonationalism, i, 5, 20, 515–18Hindu, 482, 483–4
ethnos, i, 3, 4, 55, 184, 502ethnosymbolism, 19EU, 507Europe, 57–8, 61–2“Euthanasia” project. See T4Evans, A.(1999), 488
Evans, Governor, 98expulsion, forcible, 354of Greeks and Turks from Cyprus, 354of Greeks from Abkhazia, 354of Greeks from Turkey, 354of Turks from Bulgaria, 354
208–11, 240, 305, 499–500Fischbock, Hans, 249Fisher, Harriet, 162–3Five Year Plan (1928), 322Flick, Friedrich, 249Florstedt, Hermann, 235Flossenburg, 200Four Year Plan (1976), 343France, 13minorities in, 59
genocide, 34in America, 85, 91, 94, 98Armenian, 499attempted, of Gypsies, 181in Australia, 83“banality” of, 240–1complicity of non-Nazi institutions in, 247defined, 17escalation of, in South West Africa, 106of Jews, 185, 188in Lithuania, 285in the main Nazi camps, 251–6Nazi, institutionalized, 240–78in the Ottoman Empire, 149partial, 17in Rwanda, 430, 500scale of Nazi, 184–91scenarios required for, 503statist, in the Ottoman Empire, 156Yugoslav, 358, 500–1
Gerlach, C.(1999), 209
German Ideology, The (Marx), 347“German Question, the,” 180Germans“ethnic,” 353–4Sudetan, 353
Germany. See also Iberian peninsula;Deutsche Volkspartei
Germans in, 6, 10Gerstein, Kurt, 250Gestapo, 202Getty, J.A.(1985), 330
Ghalib Bey, General, 164“Ghengizism,” 132Gisenyi, 436, 443, 447, 451, 453, 454Gisovu, 459, 464Gitarama, 436, 457Glavas, 388Glenny, M.(1992), 359, 380(1993), 400
Huber, Irmgard, 258human action, types of (Weber), 25–6“Human Beast, The.” SeeWagnerHungary, 298–302the “Jewish Question” in, 300Plan A in, 298Plan B in, 299
Huntington, S.(1996), 519
Huron, 84Hutu, 5, 7, 10, 17, 18, 430, 431,
443HVO. See Bosnian Croat army
Iberian peninsula, 45–53ICTR. See Rwanda, UN International
Criminal Tribunal forIG Farben, 249Ilias, Hodja, 166“imperial nation,” 133, 431Impuzamugambi, 446Independent Republic of the South
Moluccas, 494Independent State of Croatia, 295India, 474–90Bombay riot of 1992–93, 476Congress Party in, 475, 483East Bengal riots (1950), 486Gujarat pogrom (2002), 476intercaste violence in, 483–4languages of, 474, 486multiethnicity of, 474–5partition of, 485–6religions of, 474–5“seven sisters” of, 489Sikh/Hindu conflict in, 486
Indian Bureau, 90Indians, 108indios, 78indirect rule, 73individualism, 55Indo-Europeans, 35Indonesia, 490–8anti-Chinese riots in, 497difficulties faced by nationalists in, 491–2Dutch in, 490, 496East Timor, 492–3Irian Jaya, 495martial law declared (1959) in, 491massacre of Communists (1965) in, 491the Moluccas, 494–5Sulawesi, 494–5
and the Bolshevik Revolution, 183in Bulgaria, 307–8and conversos, 46–7in Croatia, 297in death camps, 262in Estonia, 282, 283exterminated because of foreign
entanglements, 184genocide of, 8, 263in Germany, 25in the Hapsburg Empire, 182in Hungary, 302in Italy, 308“Jewish Question” and population
transfers, 69“Jewish subhumanity,” 273in the Kaiserreich, 181in Latvia, 282, 283linked to Bolshevik uprisings, 192–3in Lithuania, 282, 283oppression of, by Roman Empire, 19perceptions of, 254, 256, 316–17and perpetrators, 231in Poland, 280and Poles, 208–9as “privileged” victims, 184rationales for extermination, 265, 267in Romania, 302–7in Russia, 64–6, 209–10and salvation religions, 42, 43shooting of, 272in the Soviet Union, 187in Spain, 45, 46–7as targets of resentment, 64–6in the Ukraine, 66, 289, 290as Untermenschen, 272variables in killing of, 279
Jihad, 171, 518JNA, 380–1. See Yugolavia, Yugoslav armyJNR, 434Jokers, 409Jovic, State Council President, 376, 381Judah, T.(2000), 386–7
Judaism, 38, 187. See also JewsJudeo-Bolshevism, 9, 65, 66, 183, 191, 196,
killer. See also perpetratorbigoted, 27, 189bigoted, in Cambodia, 349bigoted, in death camps, 202bigoted, in Germany, 198bureaucratic, 29bureaucratic, in Germany, 189careerist, 28careerist, in death camps, 202careerist, in Germany, 189, 194comradely, 28–33comradely, in death camps, 202comradely, in Germany, 189, 198disciplined, 28disciplined, in death camps, 202disciplined, in Germany, 189, 194elite desk, 242–51fearful, 28fearful, in Germany, 189ideological, 27, 239ideological desk-, 243materialist, 28materialist, in Germany, 189violent, 28violent, in Cambodia, 349violent, in Germany, 198
Laska Valey. See atrocities, CroatianLaskar Jihad, 495Lasuen, Father Fermin, 87Lasva, 409Latin America, 515LatviaPlan B in, 284Plan C in, 284
Latvian Auxiliary Police battalions, 283Law on Croatian Citizenship (1991), 379Lazar, Prince, 361–2Leadership Principle, 194, 199Lechthaler, Major Franz, 266Legion of the Archangel Michael, 302. See
Milgram, Stanley, 26–7militants, Islamic, in India, 487“Military Line, the.” SeeMilosevic,
Slobodan, plan B for Serbia“military Keynesianism,” 206Military Medical College, 122Miliutin, General, 99, 109millet, 114, 135, 136Milosevic, Slobodan, 184, 369–76, 381, 387,
390, 396–7, 424, 425, 426core constitutiences of, 391–2Plan A for Serbia, 370, 371, 373, 390,
424Plan B for Serbia, 371, 372, 373, 390,
424Plan C for Serbia, 390, 424Plan D for Serbia, 391, 424
minorities, 64, 67“Minorities in Danger,” 428Mirkovic, D.(1993), 295, 297
nationalismcivic, 180ethnic, 180German, in the late 19th century, 181leftist version of, 62organic, 180organic, potential vices of, 63–4types of, 180–1
Nationalism and Contemporary Europe(Jasenovac), 377
200paramilitary radicalization, 195–208and Plan A, 191, 193, 210and Plan B, 191, 194and Plan C, 208and Plan D, 210, 211radicalization, 189–1state, 7violence, career in, 234–9
Nazim, Dr., 127, 132, 144Ndagijimana, Mayor,Ndimbati, Mayor, 464Neolithic revolution, 37NEP. See New Economic PolicyNetherlands, 44Neuengamme, 200Neurath, Otto von, 248New Economic Policy (NEP), 322New Liberals (Great Britian), 62Newbury, C.(1988), 434(1998), 467
Ngor, H.(1988), 347
Nikolic, Captain, 405NKVD, 289Nogales, Major Rafael de, 136, 147, 154,
Ognjenovic, Colonel, 395Ohlendorf, Otto von, 30, 263Old Nazis, 235, 237–9Omarska, 397ONU, 288, 289Operation Barbarossa, 209, 210Opium Wars, 73Oric, Naser, 417–18Osijek, 384, 385, 388Ostojici, 386Ottoman Empire, 113–15descent to murderous cleansing, 137–9and the Entente Powers, 173ethnicity in, 177and Germany, 173–5mono-religiousness of, 114–16Plan A in, 127, 134, 177Plan B in, 130, 131, 143, 145, 178Plan C in, 141, 145Plan D in, 144–5, 149
Ottoman Turkish state, 111. See alsoOttoman Empire
Palestinecause, proletarian tone of, 5Palestinians in, 5
Pan-German Party, 63Paraga, 367, 409Paragraph 47, German Army Code, 268paramilitaries, 8–9, 164–7, 391–5, 419–20,
Partisans, 421party-states, 22Pasa, Ahmet Izzet, 147Peace Treaties of 1918, 66Peasants into Frenchmen (Weber, 1976), 59peasants, under Stalinism, 329Peng, Dehuai, 335–6“people, the,” 3, 502and the American Constitution, 55–69liberal version of, 55–61organic, 55stratified, 55
perpetrator, 213–15. See also killer; namedindividual perpetrators
backgrounds, in Ottoman Empire,172–3
core constituencies of, 8–9elite, in the Ottoman Empire, 156–72factionalized official, in the Ottoman
Empire, 158–63factionalized soldier, in the Ottoman
Empire, 163–4levels of, 8–9levels of, in Rwanda, 449ministerial elite, in the Ottoman Empire,
156–63motives, in the Ukraine, 290motives of, 27–9, 504motives of Nazi, 188–95ordinary, in the Ottoman Empire, 167ordinary, in Yugoslavia, 418–23paramilitary, 164–7samples of, 216–39statist view of, 320–21
religious warriors, 518–21Removal Act of 1830, 93Renfrew, C.(1972), 35
Renno, Georg, Dr., 205repressionexemplary, 16, 77, 99, 509exemplary, in America, 94, 96, 98exemplary, in the Caucasus, 113exemplary, in Ethiopia, 309exemplary, in Indonesia, 494exemplary, in Ireland, 50, 51exemplary, in the Ottoman Empire, 113,
147, 148exemplary, in Yugoslavia, 357policed, 15policed, in Rwanda, 435policed, total cultural, 15selective, in the Ottoman Empire, 130, 131selective, of Jews, 185selective policed, 15selective policed, in Cambodia, 341selective policed, in China, 337selective policed, under Stalinism, 323
Rupert, Prince, 52Rusengeri, 443Russians, 273Rutaganda, George, 461–2Ruzindana, Obed, 460Rwanda, 6, 430, 473African Rights (1994) report on, 449army death squads in, 447Belgian colonial rule in, 433casualties in, 430and the “cult of obedience,” 468–9destabilizing pressures in, 438–42French influence in, 449Human Rights Watch (1999) report on,
449international pressures on, 439–42mass media in, 444massacre of 1959, 438Organization of African Union (2000)
report on, 449paramilitaries in, 446Plan A in, 442premeditated genocide in, 442–8refugees from, 430sources documenting genocide in, 449Structural Adjustment Programme for, 439Tutsi invasion of 1990, 439
two economies in, 459UN International Criminal Tribunal for,
Tothill, Colonel, 52trade, 71Trail of Tears, 93Trapp, Major, 267, 270Trawnicki training camp, 291Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 117Treblinka, 259triangle of tension, 81tribute taking. See plunderTrieste, in Italy, 310Trifan, Valerian, 303–4Trigger, B.(1994), 74
Tripura, 489Trotha, General von, 104, 106, 107, 109Trumpener, U.(1968), 158
245Winthrop, John, 85Wirth, Christian, 260, 269Wirths, Eduard, 256Wisliceny, Dieter, 244, 245World War I, 134, 135–6, 138World War I, changes to Germany as a
Young Nazis, 235, 237–9“Young Turks,” 111–20, 124–31, 139Young Turks Congress (1902), 120Yozgat Special Forces, 166Yugoslavia, 6, 353, 356, 423casualties in, 356economic conflict in, 364elections of 1990, 367–9, 384organic nationalism in, 376–81Yugoslav army (JNA), 376, 377, 389, 390,
393–4, 395
Zagreb, 379ZANU, 429ZAPU, 429Zeco, Dr., 411, 412Zeitun, 146Zeki, Salh, 160Zelko, 420zemstvo, 62Zenica, 409“Zero Network,” 447Zimbabwe, language in, 429Zionism, 65Zucotti, S.(1987), 311