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afterlife, First Emperor of China 250–256“Age of Philosophers” 207agriculture
production in state of Wei 魏 188small farmer households 191–192Warring States period 190–192alcohol, Shang 商 Dynasty 83
Allan, SarahSelected Reading 111Shang royal lineage 105Analects 212–213
ancestor worshippre-dynastic Zhou 117Zhou 147
“Ancient texts,” Han Empire 312, 314–315Andersson, Johan Gunnar 15, 17animal bones, divination 92–93“Annual Report,” Warring States
period 196anthropology, meaning of “state” 42Anyang 安陽
twenty-first century discoveries 75area 69bone factory 75–78bronze casting site 75bronzes styles 77–78, 124construction process 71“cradle of Chinese archaeology” 66Creel, Herrlee G. 12cultural network 83–85economic life 75excavations 68–69oracle bones 67–68inscriptions 79, 113and shells 7, 9
palace complex 69–71periodization 78–81sacrificial activities 71Sanxingdui see Sanxingdui 三星堆Shang Dynasty excavations 9spoken language 92start of Chinese archaeology 9
Anyang Work Team of the Institute ofArchaeology, CASS, SelectedReading 74, 89
archaeology“complex society” concept 21–22discovery of Feng 豐, Hao 鎬, and
Qiyi 岐邑 124dating standards 78–79, 116migration of peoples 181North China cultural mixing 181Ordos region finds 265–267start of Chinese 9Zhou regional states 132–134
Bamboo Annals 49Ban Chao 班超 299Ban Gu 班固, History of the Western Han
Dynasty (Hanshu 漢書) 315, 318Ban Zhao 班昭 317Bao Si 褒姒 160–161Baoshan包山 bamboo strips, state of Chu楚
193Being Natural (Ziran 自然), philosophy
concept 219Beixin 北辛 culture in Shandong 27Beizhou 北趙 village burial-ground 133Benevolence (Ren 仁), philosophy concept
213, 214, 215, 218, 222–223, 227Bielenstein, Hans
Han officials’ salary 286Selected Reading 282, 302
Bin 豳 as home to Zhou people 113Bingong xu 公盨 50bipolar paradigm, Neolithic cultures 17birds, mid Western Zhou bronzes 126, 127Blakeley, Barry B., social transformation in
Spring and Autumn period 172Boas, Franz, “Cultural Particularism” 20Bohai Bay 165bone factory, Anyang 75–78Book of Changes (Yijing易經) 157, 158, 211,
221, 312Book of Documents (Shangshu尚書) 49, 157,
158–159, 211, 312destroyed by First Emperor of Qin 311Shang–Zhou transition 143
Book of the Lord of Shang 236Book of Poetry (Shijing 詩經) 49, 157,
159–160, 211, 312destroyed by First Emperor of Qin 311Han Empire versions 312King Wen 文 117Shang–Zhou transition 143“The Birth of People” 144
Xianyun 玁狁 warfare with WesternZhou 160
Book of Rites 311border control, Han Empire 300Bronze Age
bronze cultures contact with Shangculture 86
centers in Erligang 二里崗 period 64–65culture of Lower Ordos 89first culture in China 46, 53
bronze casting sitesAnyang 75Miaopu 苗圃 73
bronze cultureincision 203–204inlaying gold and silver 204lost-wax technology 203mid Western Zhou 126–127piece-mold technology 203preservation of Zhou realm 202–203real world images 204
bronze inscriptions“appointment inscriptions”
149–150Duke of Zhou’s conquest of Yan 奄 and
Bogu 薄古 123early Duke of Qin 229Heaven’s Mandate to Qin 234–235King Cheng’s 成 military campaigns in
east 120, 121King Kang’s康 northern Zhou conquests
135King Zhao 昭, expansion in Shandong
peninsula 136–137legal statutes 176Shang 8, 92Shang military campaigns in Shandong
region 120Western Zhou 8, 92, 140, 144founding of regional states 129legal matters 175lineages 142literacy 156–157warfare 197
Yan 燕 state granted by Zhou king 133Zhou 周contact with Huai 淮 River region 138inspection of regional states 132land disputes 154land grants of king 154regional rulers’ visits 134royal cities 123
bronze technologyErligang period 61late Shang Dynasty 77–78
bronzesAnyang period styles 77–78, 124Dayangzhou 大洋洲 discovery 86lineage sacrifice 146mid Western Zhoubirds 126, 127burial bronzes 126–127geometric patterns 127
Zhou period regional and metropolitan134
Zhou and Shang styles compared124–125, 126
Buddha 209Buddhism, Chinese civilization 5Buku 不窋 113bureaucracy
Han Empire 265, 283–285, 287territorial state management technique 195Zhou Dynasty 112
bureaucratizationmid Western Zhou government 147–152Warring States period 197
burial bronzes, mid Western Zhou 126–127burial remains
Jin 晉 rulers 133Sanxingdui 三星堆 87–88Sidun 寺墩 in Jiangsu 34Taosi 陶寺 32tomb of Lady Hao 好 76–77Yuanjunmiao 元君廟 28–29see also tombs
burial sites, Han Empire 318–322
Cai Yong 蔡邕 313“Canon of Law,” Li Kui 李悝 192, 193“Canonical Laws” (Jingfa 經法) 306Cao Cen 曹參, Huang-Lao follower 306cavalry
Han army 271, 273, 275Zhao 199–200
Censor-in-Chief, Han Empire 284Central Asia
contacts with 5, 136, 279Han Empire 299states visited by Zhang Qian 張騫 271
Central Plain, cultural development 18–20
centralization in Han Empire 260Cernuschi Museum, Paris 78Chancellor, Han Empire 284Chang Chun-shu 299Selected Reading 303
Chang, K. C. 65, 89“Chinese Interaction Sphere” theory 18Selected Reading 40, 111Shang royal government 106Shang royal lineage 105–106state formation 42
Chang’an 長安Han imperial capital 260Nine Temples 277
Confucius 157, 162ancestral family 174Book of Documents 159Book of Poetry 159dates of birth and death 207life and career 210–211parentage 210–211as philosopher 212–213as scholar 211–212Shi 士 status students 174in state of Lu 魯 211“Well Field” system 191
conscription 194–195copper
deposits south of Yangzi River 63mining in Tongling 銅嶺 63
cosmology, Shang Dynasty 99counties
bureaucratic inspections 196Han Empire 285
history and geopolitical context 168–171lineage system erosion 173–174military service 171move from states’ periphery to interior
173non-hereditary 171numbers of in major states 170–171Qin Empire 246, 250Qin’s conquered lands 231, 236, 250role of 168–171taxation 171territorial state’s building blocks 187Xian 縣 derivation and meaning 168see also “County–Commandery” system
“County–Commandery” system 167–171administration 167
dictionary, China’s first 314digitalization, modern sinology 13ding 鼎 cauldron 124Dinggong 丁公 pottery shard, early writing
36–37diplomacy, Warring States period 189–190Dirlik, Arif, Selected Reading 14Disputation (bian 辯), philosophy concept
222–223divination
materials used 92–93non-royal 96–98non-Shang 98–99process of 93–96royal 93Shaanxi region 98Shang Dynasty 92–99
domesticationof animals 27of rice 24
Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒career 309Confucianism 309–310empire and emperorship 310–311“Five Elements” theory 310historical role 311human nature 310instructor for Spring and Autumn
Annals 312philosophy 309–311written works 309
Dong Zhao 董卓 313Dong Zuobing 董作賓, grouping of oracle
bones/shells 79–80, 96Donghai 東海 Commandery 287Dongyi 東夷 see “Eastern Barbarians”dou 豆 high plate 127“Doubting Antiquity” movement 10–11
Erlitou culture and Xia Dynasty 52influence in North America 12–13
Duke Huan 桓 of Zheng 163Duke Jian 簡 of Qin (414–400 BC) 239Duke Mu 穆 of Qin (659–621 BC) 234Duke of Qin (603–577 BC) 234–235Duke of Shao 召 123Duke Wen 文 of Jin (576–537 BC) 234Duke Wu 武 of Zheng 163Duke Xian 憲 of Qin (715–704 BC) 234Duke Xian獻 of Qin (384–362BC) 234, 235Duke Xiao 孝 of Qin (361–338 BC)
235–236Duke of Zhou 121–123
conquest of Yan and Bogu 123
“Five Announcements” 158Heaven’s Mandate 144institutions and ritual rules 323southern states campaigns 138
Dunhuang 敦煌700 bamboo strips with writing 7–8medieval manuscripts inventory 7
Early Chinadates of 6floodplains 2importance of 1, 5–7integral period in Chinese history 5–6mining 63–64paleoclimatology 2–4philosophy 207–228studies in North America 12–14
Early China journal 12early Chinese civilizationAnyang archaeology 9East Asian indigenous 5evolution of 6–7external influences 5
“Eastern Barbarians” 136–137citizens of Qi 165
Eastern Guo 虢, state of 163Eastern Handates of Empire 6eunuchs 301–302mortuary art 321–323succession 300–301tombs of nobles 321–322
ecology, development of humansociety 2
Emaokou 鵝毛口, stone-toolworkshop 22
“emperor,” institution of 249–250Emperor Ai 哀, of Han Dynasty 276Emperor Cheng 成 of Han Dynasty 255Emperor Jing 景 of Han Dynasty
(156–141 BC) 263–264Huang-Lao follower 306
Emperor Ming 明 of Han 301Emperor Ping 平 of Han Dynasty 277Emperor Shun 順 of Han 301Emperor Wen 文 of Han Dynasty
(180–157 BC) 263punishment 289
Emperor Wu 武 of Han Dynasty (140–87BC) 264, 271–276, 288
farmingin 6000–4000 BC North China 24Neolithic communities 22–25see also agriculture; farmers
Feizi 非子, secondary son of Daluo 230Fen 汾 River valley
state of Jin 165Taosi 陶寺 32
Feng 豐archaeology 124pottery assemblage 127Zhou capital 120Zhou royal city network 123–124, 155
Feng 灃 River 120Feng Yu-lan 馮友蘭 216, 217
Selected Reading 228“Fengjian” 封建, Western Zhou state
128–132, 142, 260–261feudalism, inaccuracy reWestern Zhou state
129, 154“Filial and Incorrupt” 287Filial Piety, philosophy concept 218fines as punishment 293First Emperor ofChina seeYing Zheng, First
Emperor of ChinaFiskesjö, Magnus, Selected Reading 40“Five Announcements” 158Five Conducts, text from Guodian 222“Five Elements” theory 227, 305
cardinal directions 305color scheme 305composition of external world 305Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 310five dynasties 305phases in circle of time 305
“Five Emperors” 48“Five Cities,” Zhou administration 123“Five-Family Units,” Qin 236five-generation rule 142, 146“Five Ranks,” Western Zhou 167floodplains in early China 2Florus, Roman historian 279forces see armies; warfarefortified Longshan “towns” 30–32
defeat by Zhou 267gui 簋 tureen 124–125, 127Guo 虢 (Henan), Zhou regional state 132Guo Moruo 郭沫若, refuge in Japan 11Guodian 郭店 221philosophical texts discovery 221–222,
224texts re Confucianism 222guoren 國人, Spring and Autumn period
176
Han 漢 Dynastydynastic transition 276–279founding of Eastern 279founding of Western 257–260
Han 漢 Empireadministration 284–285“Ancient Texts” 312, 314–315army innovations 271border control 300bureaucracy 265, 283–285, 287burial sites 318–322cavalry 271, 273, 275Censor-in-Chief 284Central Asia 299Chancellor 284Chinese intellectual history 304civil and military service 288commanderies 285Confucian university curriculum 312Confucianization 308–311counties 285defense system 299–300discovery of ancient texts 311–312emperors’ in-laws 301–302end of 302eunuchs 301–302“Extending Imperial Favor” 265frontier
record-keeping 300society 298–300
Grand Commandant 284“Great Families”
economic power 298origins 297–298vs. peasantry 295–298
imperial kinsmen 265intellectual trend outline 304law 288–294legal statutes 289–294maternal uncles’ role 276military strategy against Xiongnu 271,
Han 漢 Empire (cont.)number of officials in service 285, 287passports 300“Peace and Affinity” policy 269peasantry 276, 294, 295–297population 283, 295–297punishment 289, 291, 293Qin input 283, 308as rank society 283, 292–293regional kingdoms 262–264regionalism vs. centralization 260Roman Empire 279–282, 285–286salaries of officials 286scribes 318Shanyu 單于 relations 269social problems 295–298society 291–293succession rules 300–301“Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers”
283–285university 312, 313Zhang Qian 張騫 271–273Zhou vs. Qin ruling system 260–261, 265
Han Fei 韓非“Authority” (Shi 勢) 225history 226human nature 225importance of punishment 225–226Legalism 224, 225–226source of legitimacy of political power 225“Statecraft” 225–226
Han 漢 River, Zhou military defeat 138Hangzhou Bay, early rice cultivation 24Hann 韓, state of
army size 199enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268Supervisor of Lawsuit 195
Hao 鎬archaeology 124pottery assemblage 127Zhou capital 155Zhou royal city network 123–124
Hao 好, Lady 75–78Harper, Donald, selected reading 324He Jin 何進 302Heaven and God, Zhou religion 145, 208Heaven (Tian天), a Zhou discovery 143, 208Heaven’s Mandate 143–144, 154, 208,
209, 309Qin 234–235
Hegemon, Duke Huan 桓 of Qi 165hegemon, institution of 166–167hegemony
state of Chu 166state of Jin 晉 165–166
state of Wei 魏 188state of Wu 吳 166state of Yue 越 166
Hemudu culture in Yangzi Delta 27High God
of Shang Dynasty 99–100, 143of Zhou religion 144–145
historiography in China 7, 9, 10–12, 167Han historians re First Emperor 255–256“Well Field” system 190
historydepicted in mortuary art 322–323Han Fei’s view of 226
History of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fan Ye318
History of the Western Han Dynasty (Hanshu漢書)
Ban Gu 班固 315, 318composition 317–318importance of 318motives for 317officials in service 285
“Hundred Schools of Philosophy” 227Hunye 昆邪, King 273Huo Guang 霍光 276Huo Qubing 霍去病 273, 275, 276, 299
imperial university, Han Empire 312, 313incision, bronze culture 203–204Individualism, philosophy concept 217inlaying gold and silver in bronze 204Inner Mongolia, topography of China 2Inter-state conferences, Spring and Autumn
period 165, 166–167, 181iron
introduction to China 168, 169weaponry 197, 199
jade garment, King of Zhongshan 中山 319jade production, Longshan culture 34Japan, a birthplace of modern sinology
11–12Jaspers, Karl 209–210Ji 紀, state of 165jia 斝 wine vessel 124Jiahu 賈湖 24Jiang Yuan 姜嫄 145Jiangzhai 姜寨
compared to Pingliangtai 30–31domestication of animals 27matrilineal society 27–29Yangshao 仰韶 village 27–29
Jin Midi 金日禪, Xiongnu prince 276, 323Jin 晉 rulers, burial remains 133Jin 晉, state of
counties 168, 171end of lineage system 172–173legal codes 192legal statutes 176overview 165–166political struggle 172–173standing army 199as Zhou regional state 132–133, 180
Jinan 濟南, Bronze Age center 64Jing Ke 荊軻 244Jing 涇 River valley 113, 115, 161, 163Jixia 稷下 Academy, Mencius 214jue 爵 wine vessel 124
Jüyan 居延defense system 299–300strips 299–300
Karlgren, Bernhard, Swedish sinologist 8Keightley, David 12divination inscriptions 96late Shang writing 91Selected Reading 111Shang governance 106Shang proto-bureaucracy 147
Kern, Martin, Selected Reading 256King Cheng 成, 121–123eastern military campaigns 120, 121Zhou regional states 135
King Kang 康expansion in Shandong peninsula 136temple 145–146Zhou geographical perimeter 135
KingMu穆, change in Zhou ritual tradition153
King Wen 文Book of Poetry 117break from Shang regime 119–120construction of Feng 123death 120highlights of rule 120recipient of Heaven’s Mandate 143, 144,
154King Wu 武 of Chu 168King Wu 武 (the Marshal King)battle of Muye 120–121, 123construction of Hao 123death 121
King Xuan, 宣 political struggle with KingYou 161
King You 幽factual end of Western Zhou Dynasty 161mythical end of Western Zhou Dynasty
160–161King Zhao 昭expansion in Shandong peninsula 136legacy 138middle Yangzi region warfare 138
King Zhuangxiang 莊襄 of Qin (249–247BC) 242
kingsin Shang Dynasty 104–105in Warring States period 196–197
Kinney, Anne Behnke, Selected Reading303
Kuai 鄶, state of 163Kuiqiu 葵丘, inter-state conference 165,
bronze culture 89contact with Shang culture 89migrations after collapse of 135
Loyalty, philosophy concept 218Lü Buwei 呂不韋 242, 244–245Lu 魯, state of 164, 172
Confucius 211as Zhou regional state 132
Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 67Luoyang 洛陽 163, 165Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn
Annals (Chunqiu fanlu春秋繁露) 309
Ma Heng 馬衡 313magistrates, state of Qin 195“Man-eating Tiger” bronze 78Manchurian Plain, topography of China 2Mandate of Heaven see Heaven’s MandateManner (Li 禮), philosophy concept 214Maodun 冒頓, Shanyu 268Marquis Yi 乙, tomb of 203Marxism 11
andWestern theories, Neolithic China 20maternal uncles, role in Han Empire 276matrilineal society, Jiangzhai 27–29Mawangdui 馬王堆, Han Dynasty tombs
211, 221, 306layout and contents 319–320
May Fourth Movement (1919) 10measurements standardization, Qin 240,
248–249medieval manuscripts inventory,
Dunhuang 7Mencius 214Mencius
good government 215, 216Guodian texts 221human nature 214–215, 216, 222land tax 194
legitimacy of political power 215life of 209, 214as philosopher 214–216, 226Shi 士 175in state of Wei 214“Well Field” system 190
Meng Tian 蒙恬, General 250Merchant Lü 呂 see Lü Buweimeritocracy, Qin 239metallurgyErlitou 46–47Longshan millennium 36sectional mold casting 46–47
Naturalism 227, 228core concepts 305Huang-Lao 307maturity of 305–306relationship between culture and nature
304–306Nature Derives from Mandate 222Neo-evolutionism 21Neolithic China
bipolar paradigm 17cultural development 15–20early farming 22–25marks as early writing 36Marxist and Western theories 20multi-region model of development
17–19products of particular regions 15, 17regions of culture 17social development 20–22three critical inventions 22
New Dynastyfounding of 277reforms 277–279
“nexus ancestors” 146–147Nianzipo 碾子坡, dating of 113–115Nienhauser, William H. 65
Selected Reading 65“Nine Articles” of Han law 288“Nine Ministers,” Han Empire
284–285Nine Temples, Chang’an 277Ningxia, partial occupation by Qin 241Nivison, David Shepherd, Selected
philosophyConfucius 212–213see also Confucianism; ConfuciusDong Zhongshu 309–311early Chinese 209Han Fei 224, see also Han FeiMencius 214–216, see also MenciusMohism 226–227, 320Naturalism 227, 305
see also Huang-Lao philosophy;Naturalism
Sophists 227traditions 209Warring States period 304, 305Zhou Dynasty philosophers 112,
punishmentin Han Empire 289, 291, 293Han Fei 225–226
Qi 契, ancestor of Shang people 54Qi 齊, Duke Huan of 165, 166–167Qi 齊, state of 164, 165, 172
army size 199battles, fourth- and third-century BC 189Changcheng (“Long Wall”) 185conquest by Qin 245enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268Mencius 214as Zhou regional state 132, 153
Qiang Fang 羌方 110Qin 秦
“barbarians” 234capital transferred to Yueyang 櫟陽 235“County” (Xian 縣) reformed by Shang
Yang 商鞅 236–239early culture 231early history 229–235in eastern Gansu 241“Five-Family Units” of peasants 236foundation of Han Empire 283, 308genesis of Qin people 230–231Heaven’s Mandate 234–235land ownership 239long wall construction 241meritocracy 239population ranking system 239private land ownership 239in Shaanxi 231Shang Yang’s reforms 235–241Shuihudi 睡虎地 laws and statutes 237in southern Ningxia 241succession to be approved by Zhou king
234taxation 239–240Xianyang 咸陽 as capital 240Zhou relationship 234
Qin conquestsChu 245Fujian 250Guangdong 250Guangxi 250Ordos region 268Qi 245Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴 241Sichuan Basin 241Wei 245Yan 244–245Yiqu 義渠 241, 268
Qin Empireadministration 246–249civil officials 246–248commanderies 246consolidation of 245–250counties 231, 236, 246, 250creation of 245currency standardization 249dynasty 6extent of at death of First Emperor 246founding of 183Great Wall 246, 250highway system 246measurements standardization 240,
248–249northern demarcation of 246, 250overthrown 257–259writing systems 249, 311
Qin, state of 180army size 199battles, fourth-century BC 188–189border walls 186Commandant, office of 195conscription 194–195counties 168“Horizontal” strategy 189magistrates 195rise to superpower among warring states
188–189small farmer households 191–192as Zhou regional state 132see also Qin; Qin conquests; Qin Empire
Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, topography ofChina 1–2
Qiyi 岐邑archaeology 124pre-dynastic Zhou capital 117Zhou capital 155Zhou royal city network 123–124
rammed earth wall, significance of 30rank society, Han Empire 283, 292–293Rawson, Jessica, Selected Reading 138“Rectification of Names” (Zhengming) 212,
213“Red eyebrows” rebel army 279reforms, New Dynasty 277–279regional
kingdoms of Han Empire 260, 262–264rulers of Western Zhou 154–155states see Zhou regional states
Clerical Script 249Small Seal 249stone classics 313see also writing systems
seafaring in early times 4–5
seashells, Western Zhao currency 136“Second-year Statutes” 289–294sectional mold casting 46–47segmentary lineage system 21, 29Selected ReadingAllan, Sarah 111Anyang Work Team of the Institute of
Archaeology, CASS 74, 89Bagley, Robert 89, 111Bielenstein, Hans 282, 302Blakeley, Barry B. 182Chang, Chun-shu 303Chang, K. C. 40, 65, 89, 111Chen, Xingcan 40, 65Hsu, Cho-yun 139, 161, 182Ch’u, T’ung-tsu 302Crawford, Gray W. 40Creel, Herrlee G. 14, 182Di Cosmo, Nicolas 282Dirlik, Arif 14Durrant, Stephen 324Falkenhausen, Lothar von 40, 182, 206Feng, Yu-lan 228Fiskesjö, Magnus 40Franke, Herbert 14Graham, A. C. 228Harper, Donald 324Honey, David 14Hui, Victoria 206Keightley, David 111Kern, Martin 256Kinney, Anne Behnke 303Lewis, Mark Edward 205, 256, 282Li, Feng 139, 161, 256Linduff, Katheryn 139, 161Liu, Li 40, 65Loewe, Michael 161, 256, 302McNeal, Robin 182Nienhauser, William H. 65Nivison, David Shepherd 228Oriental Archaeology Research Center of
Shandong University 89Peerenboom, R. P. 324Powers, Martin J 324Rawson, Jessica 138Schneider, Lawrence A. 14Shaughnessy, Edward 139, 161Sima Qian 324Thorp, Robert 65, 89Twitchett, Denis 282, 302Underhill, Anne 40Wang Zhongshu 282, 324Weld, Susan Roosevelt 182Wu Hung 324Xu Pingfang 徐 芳 40
Service, Elman 21“Seven Military Classics” 202Shaanxi region, divination 98shamanistic power, Shang Dynasty 106Shandong region
Shang military campaigns 120Zhou expansion in 120, 136–137
Shang 商 Dynasty 6alcohol 83Anyang see Anyangarchitectural alignment 60bronzecasting advancements 77–78production end 127styles compared with Zhou 124–125,
126vessel types 47wine vessels 124–125
cosmology 99cultsroyal ancestors 100–103winds 100
dates of 51deities of Earth, River, andMountain 100divination 92–99Document Maker 147founding of 54government 106–107human sacrifices 102–103kingsmainline and collateral 104names 104–105oracle-bone divination records 67–68shamanistic power 106tombs at Xibeigang 71–73
literacy 90–92oracle bones 51, 54, 56kings’ divination records 67–68mention of Huan River 73mention of Zhou 113
pottery in Western Zhou period 127, 134power retention by king 102primogeniture 103, 104religion 99–103religious offerings 100–103relocation of capital 54–56royalgenealogy 54, 67lineage 103–106sacrifices 99–103succession rules 103–104, 105–106
sacrificial activities 71“sacrificial cycle” = one year 102–103shamanistic power of king 106Shang Jia 上甲 54
Tang 湯 (Da Yi 大乙) 54, 60temperature drop 3Wang Hai 王亥 54Zhong Ding 仲丁 60see also Anyang; Shang state
Shang Jia 上甲, Shang Dynasty 54Shang 商 state
conquests by Zhou 117–123cultural network 83–85, 89, 109Fang enemies 109–110the “Four Lands” 107–109geographic area 109hunting trips 108–109military campaigns 109–110, 120political network 83, 85proto-bureaucracy 147relationship with Zhou 117Shandong region campaigns in bronze
inscriptions 120see also Shang Dynasty
Shang Yang 商鞅, Qin reformer 189, 191Chancellor of Qin reforms 235–240counties reform 236–239death of 240–241early life 235–236land reform in Qin 239Legalism 224reform in Warring States period 224reforms’ importance 240–241, 249
Sichuan Basin, conquered by Qin 241Sidun 寺墩, burial remains 34Silk Road in early times 5silver inlay in bronze 204Sima Qian 司馬遷 49
assassination attempt on Ying Zheng 244genesis of Qin people 230Grand Scribe’s Records 48, 54, 67, 103, 250Grand Scribe’s Records (Shiji) 315his life 315life of Confucius 210Lü Buwei 242motives for writing Grand Scribe’s Records
sinologyChina, Japan, the West 13–14digitalization and electronic publication
13French and Swedish influence 7–8Japanese influence 11–12Marxist influence 11“Sixteen Classics” (Shiliu jing) 306
slaves on Han social scale 291–292Small Seal scripts 249social
groupings in Han Empire 291–293historychanges in social standing of farmers
190–192legislation on size of peasant families
191–192organization in Yangshao village 27–29problems in Han Empire 295–298stratificationin Longshan millennium 34–35in Taosi 32
transformation in Spring and Autumnperiod 172
sociology, meaning of “state” 42Socrates 209, 210solar observatory at Taosi 32, 33soldiers see armies; military service; warfareSong ding 頌鼎, example of “appointment
inscriptions” 150Song 宋, state of 164, 172Sophists 227South Asia, early contacts 5South China, climate in early times 3–4Spring and Autumn Annals 162, 211, 312Spring and Autumn period
balance of power 166concept of Chinese (Huaxia) nation 182creation of guoren 176
decline of lineage system 171–174ethnical relations 180–181farmers 171, 173–174importance of historical development
166–167influence of Zhou periphery states
164–166interstate conferences 165, 166–167, 181legal system 175–177military forces 197–199nature of warfare 197“Oath of Alliance” 177political contracts 177rise of ministerial families 172rise to office of lower society
members 172Shi
as leaders of society 175as lower elites 172, 175as a social group 175
social transformation 172transition from Western Zhou 162–163,
166–167wars and civil strife 171–172
“Square Wall” (Fangcheng) 185stateestablishment of royal state system 49formation questions 42meanings of 41–42“territorial state” concept 184–187
“Statecraft,” Han Fei 225–226statesascendancy over chiefdoms 41, 53see also states by their names; territorial
statesstatutes see legal statutes“Statutes on Household,” Han Empire 293“Statutes on Murder,” Han Empire 291,
293“Statutes on Reduction of Punishments,”
Han Empire 293Stein, Aurel, Dunhuang strips 7steppe region, extent of 265stonechimes 234classics 313tool workshop 22
“Straight Road,” Qin Empire highwaysystem 246
stratigraphy, Dasikong village 78Su Binqi 蘇秉琦 17succession see circulating succession;
Eastern Han Empire, succession;Han Empire, succession rules; ShangDynasty; royal succession rules
Sun Bin 孫臏, Qi commander 189, 200The Art of War 202Sun Wu 孫武
land tax 194The Art of War 201–202
Supervisor of Lawsuit, state ofHann 195
Supervisors see mid Western Zhou,administrative officials; WarringStates period; functional offices
Taiwan, Austronesian people 4Taixi 台西, Hebei 83Tang 湯 (Da Yi 大乙), founder of Shang
Dynasty 54, 60Tang Jigen 唐際根, discovery of Middle
Shang 82Tang Lan 唐蘭 306Taosi 陶寺
burial remains 32copper bell discovery 36social stratification 32solar observatory 32, 33town of Shanxi Longshan culture
31–32waning of power 41tattooing face as punishment 291
taxation, Qin 239–240taxation in counties 171, 173temples
clusters in Zhou Dynasty 145–146five-temple group 145–146Grand Temple 145Kang Temple 145lineage 146–147Lishan complex 252Temple of Zhou 145Zhou 145–146
Ten Heavenly Stems 104–105Teng 滕 (Shandong), Zhou regional
state 132terracotta warriors 254–255“territorial state” concept 184–187territorial states
border walls 185–186bureaucracy 195main objective of 187–188, 197transition to 187warfare 187–188, 197
The Art of WarSun Bin 202Sun Wu 201–202
The Way see philosophy concepts, Dao;philosophy concepts, Daoism
Thorp, Robert, Selected Reading 65, 89
“Three Articles,” Liu Bang’s rules forconduct 288
“Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers”283–285
Three Supervisors, mid Western Zhougovernment 147
“Three-style Stone Classics” 313Tian Guang 田廣 244tombs
Baoshan bamboo strips 193burial of Duke Jing of Qin 233contents in Western Han period
318–320Erlitou 45–46Guodian 220King of Zhongshan 319Li Cang family tomb 320Lishan complex 252lost-wax casting bronzes 203luxury contents decline 320–321Mawangdui 211, 221, 306, 319–320mountain 319nobles of Eastern Han 321–322nobles of Western Han 319–320Qin and Jin territories 181Shang kings at Xibeigang 西北崗 71–73,
106Shuihudi legal texts 192–193steppe culture 267Western Han social elites 318–319,
Underhill, Anne, Selected Reading 40unification of China 244–245Universal Love, philosophy concept 227universal taxation, counties 171university of Han Empire 312, 313
“Vertical Alliance,” Warring Statesperiod 189
Virtue (De), philosophy concept 208, 217
“Wall Builder”on Han social scale 291–292as punishment 291, 293
walls bordering territorial states 185–186Wang Guowei 王國維 8–9, 10, 67Wang Hai 王亥, Shang Dynasty 54Wang Jian 王翦, General 244, 245WangMang王莽, Emperor of NewDynasty
battle-ready male population 199changes during Warring States period
197–202commandership changes 200fighting methods 199–200frequency of wars during Warring States
period 187–188goals of war changes 200lineages 197soldiers’ composition in Warring States
period 198–199Spring and Autumn period 197Western Zhou 197
Warring States periodagriculture 190–192alliances 189“Annual Report” 196bureaucratization 195–197compositionof army 199of soldiers 198–199
diplomacy 189–190farmers 190–192, 194, 198frequency of war 187–188functional offices 195–196“Horizontal Alliance” 189kings’ absolute power 196–197land tax 194
Legalism 224–226military
service 194–195texts 201–202
overview 183philosophy 304, 305Qin’s rise to superpower 188–189small farmer households 190–192state control of farmers 192supremacy of state of Wei 188territorial states see territorial states“Vertical Alliance” 189warfare changes 197–202Zhou states list 131
“Way of Earth” 307“Way of Heaven” 307“Way of Human” 307Wei 魏 Dynasty, founding of 302Wei Liao 尉繚, Commandant of Qin army
243–244Wei Qing 衛青 273, 275Wei 渭 River plainZhou city network 123–124Zhou lineage centers 142
Wei 渭 River valleyelites relocation 163Han army reconquest 279Han Empire heartland 260population transfer from 154pottery 127, 134Qin rebel attacks 258, 259Qin’s original center 231Rong group occupation 180Yimencun tomb 181Zhou people 113–117, 120, 141
Wei 魏, state ofagricultural production 188battles, fourth-century BC 188, 189border walls 185hegemony 188legal codes 192Li Kui see Li Kui, Wei statesmanMencius 214Qin conquest 245supremacy in Warring States period 188Xiongnu forces enlistment 268
“Weighing” (Cheng 稱) 306Weld, Susan Roosevelt, selected reading
182“Well Field” system 190–191Wenxian 溫縣 covenant tablets 177Western Hantombs
of nobles 319–320of social elites 318–319, 320–322
Western Zhoubronzeculture changes 126–127inscribed objects dispersal 156–157inscriptions 129, 140, 144, 175styles compared with Shang 124wine vessels 124–125, 126
cultural development 134end of 160–161“Five Ranks” 167founding of Dynasty 121legal matters 175–176literacy 140, 156–160pottery 127regional rulers 154–155regional states 129, 184social order 147temperature drop 3texts 49threatsfrom Huai River groups 160from Xianyun people 160, 161
transitionto Spring and Autumn period 162–163to Warring States period 186–187
war and warfare 138, 197Western Zhou state 154–156
central Shaanxi royal domain 155–156“Fengjian” 128–132, 260–261geopolitical description 155government and society developments
153–154security 132weakening of 132
Wey 衛, state of 132, 164, 165, 180“White-rice Sorter”
sacrificial activities 71, 103tombs of Shang kings 71–73, 106
Xihan 西漢 River valley 231Xing 邢 (Hebei), Zhou regional state 132
pottery 134Xing 邢, state of 165, 180Xiongnu 匈奴 250
capture of Zhang Qian 271defeats by Han forces 273fighting for five eastern states 268Han military strategy against 271Han war with 271–276king reduced to rank of duke 277origins 265
Yan 燕, state ofattack by Rong people 165border walls 186conquest by Qin 244–245enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268pottery 134state granted by Zhou king 133as Zhou regional state 132, 133
Yan Wenming 嚴文明, Central Plain 19–20Yang Zhu 楊朱, Daoist philosopher
216–217Yangshao 仰韶
discovery of culture 15, 17Jiangzhai 27–29pottery 27social organization of village 27–29society 25–30Xipo 29Zhudingyuan 鑄鼎原 29–30
Yangshao 仰韶 Era 27Yangzi Delta
Hemudu culture 27Liangzhu culture 34topography of China 2Zhou’s relationship with 137–138
Yangzi Rivercanal link to Li River 250copper deposits 63
Yanshi 偃師 56, 57, 60–61architectural alignment 60layout 56–57start of construction 59transition from Erlitou 60–61
Yates, Robin 239, 249slaves 292
Yellow Riverflooding of Daliang 245occupied by Rong groups 180Qin conquests 235sites contemporary to Cishan-Peiligang
23–24Yihou Ze gui 宜侯夨簋, inscription 129Yimencun 益門村 tomb, nomadic culture
181Yin Weizhang 殷瑋璋 17Yin 陰 and Yang 陽 227, 305
Dong Zhongshu 309–310Ying 應, Zhou regional state 132
Ying Zheng 嬴政, First Emperor of China242, 249–250, 323
afterlife 250–256assassination attempt 244death 257–258early life 242personal character 242–243unification of China 244–245
Ying Zheng 嬴政, Huangdi 249Yinqueshan 銀雀山, discovery of military
texts 201–202Yinwan 尹灣 documents 286–287“Annual Report” 287county magistrates’ ranking 286“Curriculum Vitae of Major Officials”
Zhong Ding 仲丁, Shang Dynasty 60Zhongshan 中山, King of
jade garment 319tomb 319
Zhongshan 中山, state of 205Zhou 周
1059 BC 117–120, 143ancestor worship 147battle against Guifang 267bronzeart changes 152culture tradition preserved 202–203styles compared with Shang 124–125,
126bureaucratic administration 112Central Asia contact 136collapse in 771 BC 208conquests of Shang 117–123contact with external world 136expansion in Shandong peninsula
209historical location 113–117Huai River region contact 138India contact 136land grants and disputes 154literary culture 112northern conquests 135oracle bones 118–119overview of dynasty 112people’s mixed origins 116–117periphery states 164–166philosophers 112, 207–228pottery assemblages 134pre-dynastic see pre-dynastic Zhouregional and metropolitan bronzes 134religion 143–147see also Heaven; Heaven and God;Heaven’s Mandate
wars in Huai River region 138Wei River valley people 113–117, 120,
141West Asia contact 136Yangzi delta relationship 137–138see alsomidWestern Zhou;Western Zhou;
western Zhou DynastyZhou, Duke of see Duke of ZhouZhou 周 elite
changes in tomb bronze vessels 152–153clans and clan names 140–141lineages 141–143primary and derivative 142–143segmentation 142
polygamy 141preservation of bronze culture 202–203ritual system 153social organization 140–143
Zhou 周 regional statesarchaeology 132–134contact with Zhou king 132, 134distribution 131establishment 131functioning of 129–132inspection of 132King Cheng 135listed in Warring States period 131periphery states 164–166political control of Zhou king 132Rong and Di relations 180–181rulers’ visits to 134weakening of royal power 153
Zhou 周 state 172border walls 186
Zhuangzi 莊子 218–220activist government 219–220“Being Natural” or “Naturally So” 219Guodian texts 221“The Way” 218–219usefulness and uselessness 220
Zhuangzi莊子, Warring States text 218–220parable of butterfly dream 220Sophists 227
Zhudingyuan鑄鼎原, Yangshao settlements29–30
Zhukaigou 朱開溝 culture 267Zi Chan 子產, “Legal Statutes” 176Zi Si 子思, Guodian texts 222Zou Yan 鄒衍 305Zuo Commentary (Zuozhuan 左傳)