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Increasing your chance of success:
Instructor: Kathryn Brooks, Associate [email protected]
Phone: 951-222-8212
Office: MTSC, 3rd floor, 325
OFFICE HOURS: Mon 10am-12pm, Tues 10:30am - 1:00pm
Wed 12 – 12:30pm Required Texts:
E.N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th or 9th edition
R.Loomis et.al., Anatomy and Physiology 2B Laboratory Packet Lab Manual to be obtained from instructor via USB drive
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GRADING
TENTATIVE POINTS exact points may change
Lecture Grade: Lecture Exams (4 x 70pts) 195
Cumulative Final (approx. pts) 145
Quizzes 40
Assignments 50
Total Lecture Points (approx. 60%) 500pts
Lab Grade : Lab Exams (4, 50pts) 200
Lab Quizzes (8pts each) 80
Lab Assignments 40
Total Lab Points 340pts
TOTAL CLASS POINTS = 840pts
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LECTURES & STUDY TIME: Note-taking is critical to success in this class.
Must spend 3 hours study per week for every one hour of class. Minimum of 24 hours studying per week.
TEXT READING ASSIGNMENTS
LECTURE & LAB QUIZZES: Fill in the blank 1-2 given every week No Quiz Make-ups
LECTURE TESTS: mostly Multiple-Choice questions. one essay question
LAB TESTS: fill-in–the-blanks
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LATE ASSIGNMENTS: ASSIGNMENTS DUE AT BEGINNING OF CLASS. 50% OFF per Class Day Late
MAKE-UP LECTURE & LAB TESTS: need documented-emergency reason.
Lecture Tests = ESSAY TESTS.
Lab Tests = ORAL
Given on first day student returns to class
CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM
ATTENDANCE
TARDINESS
UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIORS DURING CLASS TIME
Course Objectives– See Syllabus
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Increasing Your Chance of
1. Read Text before Lectures
2. Fix Notes Soon After The Lecture
3. Use All Lab Time For Studying Lab Material
4. Don’t Get Behind - Study New Material Each Week
- Quiz yourself on New Material and restudy
5. Visit Instructor during Office Hours
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Chapter Outline
I Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System
A. Overall Function 1, 2, 3 …
a, b, c …
i), ii), iii) …
B. Basic Processes Used
C. Classification of Nervous System
II Histology of Nervous System
III Membrane Potentials
IV Graded Potentials
V Action Potentials
VI The Synapse
VII Neurotransmitters and their Receptors
VII The Basics of Neural Integration
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I. Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System
Figure 7.1
A. Overall Function
B. Basic Processes Used• Afferent• INTEGRATION• Efferent
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C. Classification of Nervous System1. CNS =
Parts
Functions:
2. PNS = Parts
Functions
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2. PNS Functional Subdivisions: Afferent & Efferent
Figure 7.2
a. Sensory b. Motor
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a. Afferent
Components• Sensory Receptors• Sense Organs
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PNS Efferent/motor Functionally Subdivided into:
b. Motor division Functional Subdivisiions
i) Somatic nervous system = ____________
ii) Autonomic nervous system = ___________
Parasympathetic =
Peace
Sympathetic =
Stress
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II. Histology of Nervous Tissue A. Neuroglia (Glial cells)– 6 types
1. Astrocytes –
2. Microglial
CNS
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II-A
4. Oligodendrocyte –
3. Ependymal –
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PNS
5. Satellite cells--
6. Schwann cells--
Neuroglia …
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Nuerons
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B. Neurons = _______________________
1. Neuron anatomy
a. Cell body Function Nissl Body Nuclei & Ganglion
b. Neuron Processes:
i) Dendrites:
ii) Axons:
Functon
Axolemma
Axon Hillock
Nissl Body
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B-ii
Axon Collaterals =
Terminal Branches (telodendria): _____________
Axon terminals: Synaptic Vessicles Nuerotranmitters
Terminal Branch
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II-B
c. Myelin sheath: (Schwann cells in PNS; oligodendrocytes in CNS)
Which Axons Function: Process: Neurilemma: Nodes of Ranvier:
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Nerve fiber myelination by Schwann cells in PNS.
Myelinsheath
Schwanncellcytoplasm
Neurilemma
(b) Cross-sectional view of a myelinated axon(electron micrograph 24,000X)
Axon
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II-B …
d. Synapse/Synaptic Cleft
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Figure 7.8a
Neurons …
C. Classification of Neurons1. Structural Classification of Neurons
a. Multipolar neurons: ______ extensions
Abundance
Type
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Structural Classification of Neurons …
b. Bipolar neurons: ______________
Figure 7.8b
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Structural Classification of Neurons …
c. Unipolar neurons: _______________
Figure 7.8c
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III. Membrane Potentials
Function:
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III. Membrane Potentials …
A. Basic Principles
1. Electricity
a. Opposite charges
b. Separated charges
c. Voltage (V) =
d. Flow of charge
2. Role of Transmembrane Proteins-REVIEW
a. Carrier Proteins
b. Channels
c. Pumps
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Basic Principles of Electricity …Role of Transmembrane Proteins-REVIEW …
b. CHANNELS: Allow _____________ Two main types:
i) Leakage (ungated) channels: _____________
ii) Gated channels (3 types): Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels: _________ Voltage-gated channels: ____________ Mechanically gated channels: __________
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c. Pumps i) Characteristics
ii) Example: Na+/K+ Pump
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B. Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)
1. Differences in Ionic Compositiona. POLARIZED:
b. INSIDE: K+ most ***
Negative Proteins & Amino Acids
c. OUTSIDE:
Na+
2. Electrical Gradient
3. Chemical Gradient
K+
Na+
A-
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III-B
4. Maintenance
Differences in Plasma Membrane Permeability
Na+/K+ ATPase PUMP
K+
(5 mM )
K+
(140 mM )
Outside cell
Inside cell
Na+
(140 mM )
Na+
(15 mM )
K+
Na+
A-
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Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)
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III …C. Membrane Potentials That Act as Signals
1. Signal sent when:
2. Involves gated channels
=
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GP
GP
GP
GP
AP
3. Two types of signalsa. Graded potentials b. Action potentials (APs)
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Nerve Impulses– within and between neurons
GP
GP
AP
AP
GP
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D. Terms for Graded and Action Potentials
1. Depolarization =
Action versus Graded Potentials
2. Repolarization =
3. Hyperpolarization =
Action versus Graded Potentials
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IV Graded PotentialsA. Overview
localized
Dendrites & cell body
Chemically Gated Channels (or Mechanical)
stimulus strength determines
Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations Naming according to type :
Depolarized regionStimulus
Plasmamembrane
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Graded Potentials …
B. Mechanism (for depolarization)
1. gated-channels
2. ions
3. oppositely charged adjacent areas
4. Voltage
5. Leaky Plasma Membrane
Depolarization
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Graded Potentials …
C. Affect on generation of AP1. Depolarization = _________________ (toward
zero)
a. Chance of AP
b. Ion of Channel:
c. EPSPDepolarizing stimulus
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Graded Potentials …
2. Hyperpolarization =
a. chance of AP
b. Ion of Gated Channel
i) K+
ii) Cl
c. IPSP
Hyper-polarization
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GP GP
GP
AP
Axon Hillock
Graded Potentials– details continued at slide 85 under “Synapse”
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Postsynaptic Potentials
GP
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V. Action Potentials (AP) *** NEXT PPT
A. Basic Conepts
1. Potential Change
2. Initiated by:
2. Threshold
3. All-or-None
4. Start Location
5. Type of Gated Channel
6. Ends
7. Next step after AP
8. Unmyelinated and Myelinated SEE NEXT FIGURE
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Review Questions
The PNS is further divided into _________ (or afferent) nerves and motor (or ________) nerves. The ________ sheath surrounds the _______ of some neurons and is formed by _________________ in the CNS.
sensory
efferentmyelin axons
oligodendrocytes
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Review Questions
_______________ diminishes the magnitude of the membrane potential and increases the chance of an AP while ______________ does the opposite.
What 2 types of leakage channels are always open in a neuron’s membrane?
Which one above is leakier and is most responsible for resting potential?
hyperpolarization
Depolarization
K+
Na+ and K+