Inclusion body hepatitis syndrome ( Litchy disease ) in poultry. by Santosh Dhakal

INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS SYNDROME

Prepared by:Santosh DhakalB.V.Sc. & A. H.

Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences

Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal

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IntroductionInclusion body hepatitis syndrome is an acute disease

of young chicken characterized by anemia, hemorrhagic disorders and hydropericardium.

It is called virulent inclusion body hepatitis in America and Europe, Angara in Pakistan, Hydro pericardium syndrome (HPS) in mid Asian countries and Leechi disease in India and Nepal. This is called Leechi because the heart of affected bird resembles the Leechi fruit

Birds of age group 3-5 weeks are highly susceptible to the syndrome.


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Etiology Previously regarded as nutritional disorder:

excess feeding of salt and blood meal caused hydropericardium. Gorden et al. (1957) a toxic factor in the diet of birds (Allen, 1964)poor quality of feed ingredients Asghar (1989)

An Adenovirus was detected in liver homogenate by Khwaja et al. (1988) and Cheema et al. (1989)


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Then what's the exact etiology of IBHS ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????


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The avian adenovirus of group I are the etiological agents of this condition.

There are 12 serotypes of avian adenovirus. The most common virus isolated from IBHS/HPS belong to serotypes 4 and 8.


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Mode of Transmission

Vertical

Horizontal


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Pathogenesis Entry

Localisation in tonsils and lymph nodes, replication and viremia

Virus has particular tropism for hepatocytes and endothelial cells

Injury to endothelium produces non-specific type of hemorrhage on various muscles and anemia


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There is disturbance in albumin:globulin ratio

Resultant decrease in colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma

Leakage of fluid into the pericardial sac

Hydropericardium condition


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Clinical signsSudden death without deterioration of body

conditionAbout 4-6 hours before death, birds become

debilitated, showing ruffled feathers and are reluctant to move until they die

Appetite is reduced by more than 50%.The mortality rate on first day of outbreak is

less than one percent and subsequently starts increasing (10-80%) and reaches its peak in 5-7 days. The total course of the disease is about 10-20 days.


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Post mortem findingsMajor lesions are located on heart, liver, lungs and kidney.Heart: excessive accumulation of straw colored fluid, on

removing pericardial sac, reddish heart with some white patches glistening at the apex is seen. ( right side of heart is hypertrophied and dilated )

Liver: enlarged and yellowish foci are seen.Lungs: enlarged, congested, edematous with frothy air

passages.Kidney: nephritis and uratesSpleen: mottled due to grayish spotsBursa of fabricius: atrophiedMuscles of breast, thigh and bone marrow pale and

anemic. Hemorrhage on musclesAbdominal fat: yellowish due to jaundice


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Hepatomegaly


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Nephritis with urate deposition


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Intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes


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Diagnosis 1. Clinical signs: acute death of young chicken

with history of reduced appetite2. Post mortem lesion: anemia,

hydropericardium, hemorrhage on muscles, hepatomegaly, nephritis with urates etc.

3. Typical microscopic finding of intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes

4. Serology: Restriction enzyme analysis and PCR are used to classify adenovirus isolated for clinical cases.


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Differential diagnosis1. Sulphonamide intoxication

Nephrosis with the history of sulpha drugs medication

2. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)Watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, vent picking, closes

eyes Swollen hemorrhagic bursa which later on atrophiesNephrosis with uratesHemorrhage of musclesHemorrhage between gizzard and proventriculusNo hydropericardium


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Differential diagnosis (contd…)3. Chicken Infectious Anemia (CIA) - Pale, yellowish bone marrow, amemia

- Atrophy of thymus- Mild atrophy of bursa- Enlarged liver - Petechial hemorrhage of muscles- No hydropericardium- No intranuclear inclusion bodies

4. Fatty Liver Disease- Disease occurs at peak of egg production mainly.- Mortality low and without any signs- history of sudden onset and change of feed- Enlarged, yellowish, friable liver.- lots of abdominal fat- histopathology shows fatty infiltration on hepatocytes.


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Line of treatmentAs other viral diseases there is no specific

treatment for IBHS/HPSLine of treatment includes i. Antibacterial to prevent secondary bacterial

infection but sulpha drugs contra-indicated. ii. Diuretic agent to remove urates from kidney iii. A liver tonic iv. An immunomodulator v. Multivitamin supplementation


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Line of treatment prescribed at Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Chitwan, Nepal1. Pv. Neodox forte ( Vetcare) ( Doxycycline 100mg, Neomycin 100mg/ gm)

sig: 1 gm/5 ltr of drinking water * 4-5 days2. Liq. Hepatocare ( Varsha)

sig: 10-20 ml/ 100 birds* 7 days3. Pv. E care Se ( Vetcare)

( Vit E 2gm, Se 200 ppm/ 200 gm)sig: 5-10 gm/ 100 birds * 7 days

4. Liq. Nephrocare ( Vesper)( nephromodulator, sodium fluoride, butyric acid, amino nitrogen)sig: 1ml/ ltr drinking water * 7 days

5. Liq. Concitone ( Concept)( vit A, D3, E, C, B2, B6, B12, nicotinic acid, elemental sodium, elemental phosphorous, potassium and chloride)sig: 5-10 ml/ 100 birds * 7 days


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Prevention and controlVaccination: IBHS/HPS vaccination at 5-7

days, 0.25ml subcutaneouslyProper biosecurity and farm hygieneUse of water sanitizer reduces high mortalityProper ventilation and management for

ammonia eliminationAvoid overcrowding


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References Chauhan, H.V.S. and S. Roy (2008). Poultry Diseases

Diagnosis and Treatment. Third edition. New Age International (P) limited Publishers, India.

Jordan, F.T.W. and M. Pattison (1998). Poultry Diseases. Fourth edition. W.B.Saunders Company Ltd., London, UK.

Singh,S. (2005). Leechi Disease in Broilers. The Blue Cross Volume 7. Nepal Veterinary Students Association Publication

Giggin T. and Soorej K. (2009/10). Current Indian Veterinary Index. Volume 6. VETads Publications, Kochi, Kerala, India

Case Record Book of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal

Inclusion body hepatitis syndrome ( Litchy disease ) in poultry. by Santosh Dhakal

Documents

santosh dhakal

y heart

y kidney

y appetite

y lungs

proventriculus y

dilated y liver

urates y spleen