In plant training

Submitted to

Technical Training Institute

HAL-TAD, Kanpur In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For

BATCHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Training period: 1st july – 20th july 2015

On

Hindustan Aeronautical Limited (Transport Aircraft Division, Kanpur)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. SHUBHAM BHALLA, student of Veltech Dr. RR & Dr. SR Technical University, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil nadu pursuing B.Tech in Aeronautical Engineering, has completed his vocational training successfully in HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICAL LIMITED, Transport Aircraft Division, Kanpur during the period from 1st july to 20th july 2015.

DATE: 20TH JULY 2015

PLACE: KANPUR

Mr. RAM AWTAR Mr. VINOD KUMAR SHARMA

Chief Manager (Training) H.R. officer (Training)

Technical Training Institute Technical Training Institute

HAL-TAD, KANPUR HAL-TAD, KANPUR

Acknowledgement

I take the opportunity to express our gratitude to all concerned people whole have directly or in directly contributed toward completion of this project. I am very thankful to Mr. RAM AWTAR, chief Manager (TRAINING), HAL-TAD Kanpur, for arranging the training in efficient way and give me the opportunity to enhance the knowledge and skills.

I express my gratitude towards Mr. Abhishek Nigam (Dy. Manager-design), Mr. Narandra Singh (manager-design) for his valuable guidance throughout the training period.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

(Mr. NARANDRA SINGH) (Mr. Abhishek Nigam) (MANAGER-DESIGN) (Dy. Manager-DESIGN)

CONTENT

S.No.

Topic Page

1 History of HAL2 HAL IN INDIA 3 HAL PRODUCT4 HAL-TAD, Kanpur5 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE AT HAL-TAD, KANPUR6 Aircraft overhauling at HAL-TAD, Kanpur7 Aircraft Design Process

ConclusionReference

HISTORY OF HAL

HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED (HAL) came into existence on 1st October 1964. The company traces its roots to the pioneering effort of an industrialist with extraordinary vision, the late Sath Walchand Hirachand, who set up Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association with the government

of Mysore in 23 December 1940. The Government of India became one of the shareholder in the company holding 1/3 of its paid-up capital in March 1941 and took over the management in 1942.

In Dec 1945, the company was placed under the administrative control of Min. of Industry & Supply. In January 1951, Hindustan Aircraft Private Limited was placed under the Administrative control of Ministry Of Defence.The Company had built aircraft and engines of foreign design under licence, such as Prentice, Vampire and Gnat aircraft. In August 1951, the HT-2 Trainer aircraft, designed and produced by the company under the able leadership of Dr. V.M.Ghatge flew for the first time. Nearly 200 Trainers were manufactured and supplied to the Indian Air Force and other customers. With the gradual building up of its design capability, the company successfully designed and developed four other aircraft i.e.

Two seater Pushpak suitable for flying clubs Krishak for Air Observatory Post (AOP) role HF-24 Jet Fighter (Marut) and HJT-16 Basic Jet Trainer (Kiran)

Meanwhile, in August 1963, Aeronautics India Limited (AIL) was incorporated as a Company wholly owned by the Government of India to undertake the manufacture of the MiG-21 aircraft under licence. In June 1964, the Aircraft Manufacturing Depot which was set up in 1960 as an Air Force unit to produce the Airframe for the HS-748 transport aircraft was transferred to AIL. Soon thereafter, the Government decided to amalgamate Hindustan Aircraft Limited, with AIL so as to conserve resources in the field of aviation where the technical talent in the country was limited and to enable the activities of all the aircraft manufacturing units to be planned and co-ordinated in the most efficient and economical manner.

Amalgamation of the two companies i.e. Hindustan Aircraft Limited and Aeronautics India Limited was brought about on 1st Oct 1964 by an Amalgamation order issued by the Government of India and the Company after the amalgamation was named as "Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)" with its principal business being design, development, manufacture, repair and overhaul of aircraft, helicopter, engines and related systems like avionics, instruments and accessories.

Today, HAL has 19 production unit and 9 Research and Design center in 7 location of India. The company has an impressive product track record 12 type of aircraft manufactured with in-house R&D and 14 types produced under license. HAL has manufactured over 3550 aircraft 3600 engines and overhauled over 8150 aircraft and 27300 engines. HAL has been successful

in numerous R&D program developed for both Defense and Civil Aviation sector. HAL has made substantial progress in its current project.

- DHRUV, which is advance light helicopter (ALH)- TEJAS, light combat aircraft (LCA)- IJT, Intermediate Jet Trainer

HAL has played a significant role for India’s space program by participating in the manufacture of structures for Satellite Launch Vehicles like

- PSLV - GSLV - IRS - INSAT

HAL has formed the following joint venture (JVs)

- IRAL (Indo-Russian Aviation Limited)- Sneema HAL aerospace Pvt. Ltd.- BAEHAL software limited- SAMTEL HAL Display System Limited - HALBIT Avionics Pvt. Ltd.- INFOTECH HAL Ltd.

Apart from these seven, other major diversification project are Industrial Marine Gas Turbine and airport services. Several Co – production and joint ventures with international participation are under consideration. HAL’s supplies/ services are mainly to Indian Defense Services, Coast Guards and BSF (Border Security Force). Transport Aircraft and Helicopters have also been supplied to airlines as well as State Government of India. The company has also achieved a foothold in export in more than 30 countries, having demonstrated its quality and price competitiveness. HAL has won several International & National Awards for achievement in R&D, technology, managerial performance, Export, Energy conservation, Quality and Fulfillment of Social Responsibilities.

HAL was awarded the “INTERNATIONAL GOLD MEDAL AWARD” for Corporate Achievement in Quality and Efficiency at the International Summit (Global Rating Leaders 2003), London, UK by M/s Global Rating, UK in conjunction with the International Information and Marketing Centre (IIMC).HAL was present the International – “ARCH OF EUROPE” Award in Gold category in recognition for its commitment to quality, leadership, technology and innovation. At the national level, HAL won the “GOLD TROPHY” for the excellence in public sector management, institute by the standing conference of public Enterprises (SCOPE)

The company scaled new height in the financial year 2006-07 with a turnover of Rs 7783.61 crores

Sl. R & D  Centre Activity1 Aircraft R&D Centre, Bangalore Design and Development of Fixed Wing

aircraft (LCA, IJT, MTA, FGFA, UAV)

2 Rotary Wing Aircraft R&D Centre, Bangalore

Design and Development of Rotary Wing aircraft (ALH, LCH, LUH, MLH, NRUAV)

3 Mission & Combat Systems R&D Centre, Bangalore

Mission systems, Aircraft upgrades and technology development

4 Aero Engine R&D Centre, Bangalore Small, Medium Engines & Test Bed design

5 Strategic Electronics R&D Centre, Hyderabad

Avionics Items.

6 Transport Aircraft R&D Centre, Kanpur

Development & Modification/ upgrades of Transport Aircraft

7 Aircraft Upgrades R&D Centre, Nasik Aircraft/  System Upgrade Work on Russian Aircraft

8 Aerospace Systems & Equipment R&D Centre, Lucknow

Development of Mechanical, Hydraulic and Electrical accessories.

9 Gas Turbine R&D Centre, Koraput Design Improvement of Russian Engines

10 Central Materials & Processes Laboratory & NDT Centre, Bangalore

Development of Materials, Castings, Forgings & New Processes

HAL IN INDIAHAL Bangalore is the corporate office. In 1940 it was established name as AMD (Aircraft Maintenance Department / Aircraft Manufacturing Department) by Hirachand Walchand. In 1964, named changed as AIL (Aeronautics Hindustan Limited) and then in 1968 again name changes to HAL (HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED). It has 8 sub division

1. Aircraft division2. Engine division 3. Overhaul division4. Aerospace division5. Helicopter division 6. Aircraft system and testing division7. Industrial and Marine Gas turbine division8. Foundry & Forge division

HAL Nasik is MIG complex

HAL Korwa is Instrument division

HAL Lucknow is accessories division

HAL Koraput is engine overhaul division

HAL Kanpur is Transport Aircraft Division

I. Manufacturing and Maintenance unit HAL Bangalore HAL Nasik HAL Koraput HAL Kanpur HAL Lucknow HAL Hyderabad HAL Korwa

II. Design centers

Bangalore Hyderabad Nasik kanpur

III. Liaison offices Mumbai Delhi Chennai Visakapatnam London Moscow

HAL PRODUCTAIRCRAFT DESIGN AND DEVEOPED BY HAL HT-2 - Piston engine trainer Pushpak - light aircraft for flying clubs Krishak - air observation post Marut (HF-24) - ground attack jet fighter Marut trainer - operational trainer Kiran MK I, MK IA and MK II - basic jet trainer BASANT - agriculture aircraft AJEET - light fighter HPT- 32 - piston engine trainer HTT-34 - turboprop variant

Aircraft produce under license at HAL: Percival Prentice - trainer Vampire - fighter, bomber Gnat - interceptor MIG-21 c FL - interceptor MIG-21 bis - ground attack Jaguar - multi-role fighter

MIG-27 - ground attack AVRO (HS-748) - medium transport DORNIER (DO-228) - light transport CHETAK - utility helicopter CHEETAH - R&O/ light logistic helicopter

HAL-TAD, KANPUR

Transport Aircraft Division (TAD) of HAL was set up in 1960 to manufacture the HS-748, a medium haul turbo-prop passenger transport aircraft. Over the year, it has vastly developed its infrastructure and capability and undertaken the manufacture of variety of aircraft and structural assemblies and component for both domestic and international market. The total number of aircraft delivered are as follows:

S.No.

PRODUCT PERIOD QUANTITY

123456

HS-748 aircraftGliderBasant aircraft (HA-31)HPT-32 aircraft ATP Tail-planeDornier-228 aircraft

1960-831963-861975-781983-981987-951985 onwards

891641914224125

Along with the manufacturing activities TAD has developed extensive facilities for repair, overhaul and modification of these aircraft as well as for about 400 types of retables fitting on these aircraft.

Apart from the above, division is doing Depot Level Maintenance of engines and hydraulic system of unmanned air vehicles (UAV), Searcher-I, Searcher-II and Heron since JAN’2004 under transfer of technology Agreement with Malat division of Israel. Aircraft Industries and Servicing of AN-32 & Canberra aircraft at its detachment workplace at Agra from 200 onward.

Research and Development (R&D) center located in this division carried out product updation, role modification and other R&D activities. Over the year it

has vastly developed its capabilities and is today considered a pioneer in the field of manufacture and overhaul of transport category aircraft in the country. The plant accommodates 73500 sq. meters and the total strength of kanpur division employees are 2200.

In HAL kanpur division, following are the facilities are available:

Machining Facility:

5 axes 3 spindle heavy-duty Gantry type CNC profiler, 3 axes CNC milling machine, vertical machining center, horizontal machining center, Turning, Milling, grinding, Thread Rolling, Honing etc.

Composites/Plastics:

1. Hot air autoclave2. Vacuum forming 3. Deep drawing machine

Sheet metal, welding and surface treatment:

1. Rubber press, break press, pipe bending machine, routers, horizontal stretching machine.

2. Gas, Argon and Spot Welding3. Anodising, Chrome plating, copper plating Electro chemical milling,

control temperature paintings

Assembly and Paint Hangar:

1. Large and spacious hangars for assembly, overhaul, repair and maintenance of transport aircraft

2. Exclusive paint hangar with dust free and controlled environment

Servicing of Rotables

1. Mechanical items like propellers, landing gears, actuators, wheel, brake etc.

2. Instrument items like fight instruments, fuel quantity and fuel flow system, pressurization system

3. Electrical items like alternator, inverters, motors, regulators, control and protection units etc.

4. Avionic items pertaining to communication, navigation and intercom system, weather radar and antenna.

Quality Control Facilities

1. 3-D co-ordinate measuring machine2. Computerized cable loom tester3. Universal testing machine4. Accelerated weathering tester 5. Hot and cold chamber6. Particle counter7. Nikon inverted microscope8. Omnimet image Analyser 9. Cold light rigid Endoscope10. Flexible Boroscope11. Chemical testing facility12. NDT facility

Design and Development

1. Role modification 2. Upgrades3. Repair schemes

Services

Upgradation of aircraft and role equipment integration

The transport aircraft R&D center is involved in carrying out aircraft upgrade, modification and role equipment integration. Our major projects in the past include:

1. Mid-life upgrade of HS-748 Navigation & communication system 2. Integration machine wing fuel tank of HPT-32 aircraft replacing rubber

flexible fuel tank3. Integration of TCAS, MOD’S’, EGPWS on Boeing, HS-748, Do-228 and AN-

32 aircraft4. Integration of maritime radar Elta and Supermarec radar on DO-228

aircraft.5. Integration of search light pod, gun pod and IR/UV scanner on DO-228

aircraft6. Modification on DO-228 aircraft for high altitude operation & para

dropping/ para jumping

Aircraft overhaul, repair and modification

Extensive facilities and expertise are available for the overhaul, repair, maintenance and modification of

i. HS-748 medium capacity aircraft

ii. DO-228 light transport aircraftiii. HPT-32 basic trainer aircraftiv. Servicing of AN-32v. Servicing of Canberra aircraftvi. Depot level maintenance of Un-manned Air Vehicles (UAV-

Searcher-I, Searcher-II and Heron) Services offered include major overhauls, scheduled and unscheduled

maintenance, repairs, embodiment of SB's, cabin refurbishing etc. Runway adjacent hangars Full range of facilities for quality control, inspection and testing Site repair and retrieval of damaged aircraft

Aircraft Painting

Exclusive Paint hangar with dust-free and controlled environment can accommodate aircraft up to 50 seater capacity. Expertise is available for various types of aircraft painting systems like Poly-urethane, Epoxy, Cellulose, etc.

Full range of facilities for testing of paint, paint thickness measurement

Rotables Overhaul And Repair

Extensive facilities for over 400 types of Rotables of different aircraft including HS-748, DO -228, HPT-32 and other medium category aircraft

Rich experience of overhauling more than 50,000 Rotables in the past Competent and qualified workforce to meet the exacting requirement

of the Aviation industry Shops built to clean room specifications and equipped with the

complete range of Test Equipment Range of rotables which can be overhauled and repaired include the following

Mechanical items like propellers, landing gears, actuators, wheel-brake assembly, hydraulics, fuel and de-icing systems and accessories

Instrument items like flight instruments, fuel quantity and fuel flow system, pressurisation system instruments, Autopilot and all types of pressure switches and gauges

Electrical items like alternators, invertors, motors, regulators, control and protection units, booster pumps, actuators, fans, batteries and voltage regulators

Avionic items pertaining to communication, navigation, and intercom systems, weather radar and antenna

Future Plans Series production of 73 Intermediate Jet Trainer aircraft (HJT-36

“SITARA”) for Indian Air Force against agreement signed in March, 2010. Production started. Delivery is scheduled to be commenced from March, 2013. 

Production of Turbo Prop Trainer aircraft (HTT-40) as a replacement plan of HPT-32-Deepak, aircraft supplied to Indian Air Force. Project is presently at Design phase. 

Series production of 100 seater Multi Role Transport aircraft will be taken up by TAD Kanpur. The aircraft is under co-design and development at HAL's Aircraft Research and Design Centre, Bangalore in association with Russian partners. 

Production of 14 seater Saras aircraft.

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE AT HAL-TAD, KANPUR

DORNIER DO-228

The 19 seater HAL - DO - 228 aircraft is a highly versatile multi-purpose light transport aircraft. It has been developed specifically to meet the manifold requirements of utility and commuter transport, third level services and air-taxi operations, coast guard duties and maritime surveillance.

The Dornier Do 228 is a twin-turboprop STOL utility aircraft, manufactured by Dornier GmbH (later DASA Dornier, Fairchild-Dornier) from 1981 until 1998. In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) bought a production licence and manufactured 125 aircraft for the Asian market sphere.

SPECIFICATION

S.No.

Dimension

1 Normal seating capacity 15/19

2 Wing span 16.97 m

3 Overall length 15.04/16.56 m

4 Overall height 4.86 m

5 Propeller diameter 2.69 m

6 Propeller clearance 1.08 m

7 Cabin length 6.30/ 7.08 m

8 Cabin width 1.35 m

9 Cabin height 1.55 m

10 Passenger door 1.34x0.64 m

11 Cargo door 1.34x1.60 m

12 Take-off distance 655 m

13 Accelerated stop distance 762 m

14 Landing distance 536 m

15 Engine model GARRET TPE 331-5-252D

16 Take-off power 2x715 SHP; flat rated to ISA+18°C

17 Fuel capacity 2850 lit (2250 kg)

18 Fuel consumption 213 kg/hr (max range cruse 1000ft)

19 Max landing weight 6100 kg

20 Max zero fuel weight 5590 kg

21 Max payload 1903 kg

22 Rate of climb 97 m/sec

23 Max cruse speed 428 km/hrs

24 Max range 333 km/hr

25 Max take-off weight 6400 kg

Avionic instrument in DO-2281. MSS-500 (maritime surveillance system)2. Maritime situational awareness utilizing SATCOM and AIS

i. AIS INFO contain a number of parameter (a)Ship ID (b)Speed over ground (c) True heading(d)Rate of turn

(e)Destination ETA(f) Position(g)Course over ground(h)Navigation system

ii. IAF DO-228 avionic upgrade(a)RAM indicator(b)EGPWS ASSY(c) GPS ANNUNCIATOR(d)AHRS CCU(e)WXR INDICATOR(f) TCAS VSI (g)FDR LAMP(h)EHSI

3. Glass cockpit4. Four 8x6 inch LCD display5. ISIS (integrated standby instrument system)6. FMS (flight management system) coupled with autopilot7. Engine indication and crew alerting system8. EGPWS9. TCAS-II10. AHRS11. DADC

ROLE Maritime Surveillance Pollution Prevention Troop Transport Aerial Survey Search and Rescue Commuter Transport Calibration of airport NAV-COM Aids Remote Sensing Applications Causality Evacuation Executive Transport Cargo & Logistics Support

IJT i. HJT-36 “SITARA”)

The Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT) christened as HJT-36 is indigenously designed and developed by HAL to replace ageing fleet of KIRAN Jet Trainer aircraft in service with Indian Air Force for Stage II training of its pilots. IJT will be fitted with AL-55i Jet engines produced in house at Engine Division Koraput. IJT incorporates the simplicity necessary for ease of conversion from Basic Piston Trainer and the sophistication required for quick conversion to the complexities of an Advanced Jet Trainer.

Specification of HPT-36

S.No. Dimension 1. Crew 22. Wing span 10.0 m3. Length 11 m4. Height 4.40 m5. Empty weight 4250 kg6. Max. take-off weight 5400 kg7. Max. usable fuel(without drop tank) 900 kg8. Max. usable fuel (with drop tank) 1370 kg9. Fuselage length 11.00 m

10. Max. width (without intake) 1.00 m11. Max. height 1.82 m12. Turbo fan with thrust >17 kN at SLS,ISA13. Bypass ratio ~0.55

14. SFC <0.72 kg/hr15. Max rate of climb >1500 m/min16. Max permitted load factors +7.0/-2.5 g17. Stall speed <185 km/h18. Take-off distance <500 m19. Landing roll <500 m20. Max speed/ Mach no. 750 kmph / 0.75

Roles

Pilot Training General flying Navigation formation flying Instrument & cloud flying Basic air to ground & air to air weapon aiming Tactical flying Night flying

ii. HPT-32 “Deepak”

HPT-32 is fully aerobatic piston engine basic trainer with side by side seats for instructor and pupil. It can be used for a wide range of training including instrument navigation, night flying and formation flying or weapon training.

The first prototype made its initial flight on Jan 6th 1977. The third flown on July 31st 1981 represent the production refinement. HAL-TAD kanpur has manufactured 142 aircraft’s.

Specification of HPT-32

S.No.

dimension

1. Crew 22. Wing span 9.50 m3. Length 7.72 m4. Height 2.88 m5. Wheel track 3.45 m6. Propeller diameter 2.03 m7. Propeller ground 0.24 m8. Aspect ratio 69. Operating empty weight 906 kg10. Crew weight(including parachutes) 174 kg11. Fuel (max. useable with integral function) 172 kg12. Fuel (max. useable with flexible) 151 kg13. Max. take-off weight 1270 kg14. Max landing weight 1270 kg15. Max speed at S.L. 264 km/h16. Stall speed (clean) 115 km/h18. Stall speed (with flap) 110 km/h19. Take-off distance 450 m20. Landing distance 512 m

Role: Offering a wide range of operational flexibility, at the minimum cost, the aircraft caters to variety type of role including:

1. Ab-intio training 2. Instrument flying3. Night flying 4. Formation flying5. Observation6. Liaison 7. Sport flying

Aircraft overhauling at HAL-TAD, KanpurHS-748 (AVRO)

Transport aircraft division of HAL was set up in 1960 for manufacture and overhaul of HS-748. This aircraft was manufacture under the license of UK company named “HAWER SIDDELEY”. The common named of aircraft is AVRO on the name of A.V. REO and company. HAL TAD kanpur has manufacture 86 HS-748 during the period 1960-1983 for Indian Air Force, Indian Airline and Civil customer.

S.No.

Dimension

1. Crew 32. Capacity 40–58 passengers3. Payload 5,136 kg4. Length 20.42 m5. Wingspan 31.23 m6. Empty weight 12,327 kg7. Max. takeoff weight 21,092 kg8. Power plant 2 × Rolls-Royce Dart RDa.7 Mk 536-2

turboprop, 2,280 ehp (1,700 kW) each

9. Cruise speed 244 kn, 452 km/h10. Range 926 nm, 1,715 km) (with max

payload)11. Service ceiling 7,620 m12. Wing loading 274 kg/m²13. Power/mass 0.161 kW/kg14. Height 7.57 m15. Wing area 77 m²16. Incidence angle 3o

17 Dihedral angle 7o

18 Wheel base 20’1”19. Main wheel tyre pressure 65/85 psi20. Nose wheel tyre pressure 55 psi21. Jet thrust 485 lbs22. Water methanol capacity 2*30 imp. Gal23. Fuel capacity 2*570 imp. Gal

Work task In HS-748

Basically three task take place for HS-748

(A)OVERHAULING

In this process the firstly overview of snags sent by customer is taken into account and afterward new list is prepared by HAL’s investigators

(B)SERVICING

In HAL-TAD Kanpur, 3rd level of servicing of AVRO is carried out. 3rd level service refer to the completion of 1500 hrs/ 4 year (which ever first).

(C)GROUND RUN

In this checking engine power, electrical and avionic system are checked under ground running condition.

(D) Test flight

The C.T.P. (Chief test pilot) of the division checks the aircraft in air as a flying trail.

Aircraft Design Process

The aircraft design process is an engineering design process by which aircraft are designed. These depend on many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand, safety protocols, physical and economic constraints etc. For some types of aircraft the design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities.

Aircraft design is a compromise between many competing factors and constraints and accounts for existing designs and market requirements to produce the best aircraft.

Design constraints: (a) Purpose: The design process starts with the aircraft's intended purpose. Commercial airliners are designed for carrying a passenger or cargo payload,

long range and greater fuel efficiency whereas fighter jets are designed to perform high speed maneuvers and provide close support to ground troops. Some aircraft have specific missions, for instance, amphibious airplanes have a unique design that allows them to operate from both land and water, some fighters, like the Harrier Jump Jet, have VTOL (Vertical Take-off and Landing) ability, helicopters have the ability to hover over an area for a period of time. The purpose may be to fit a specific requirement, e.g. as in the historical case of a British Air Ministry specification, or fill a perceived "gap in the market"; that is, a class or design of aircraft which does not yet exist, but for which there would be significant demand.

(b) Aircraft regulations: Another important factor that influences the design of the aircraft are the regulations put forth by national aviation airworthiness authorities. Airports may also impose limits on aircraft, for instance, the maximum wingspan allowed for a conventional aircraft is 80 m to prevent collisions between aircraft while taxiing.

(c) Environmental factors: An increase in the number of aircraft also means greater carbon emissions. Environmental scientists have voiced concern over the main kinds of pollution associated with aircraft, mainly noise and emissions. Aircraft engines have been historically notorious for creating noise pollution and the expansion of airways over already congested and polluted cities have drawn heavy criticism, making it necessary to have environmental policies for aircraft noise. Environmental limitations also affect airfield compatibility. Airports around the world have been built to suit the topography of the particular region. Space limitations, pavement design, runway end safety areas and the unique location of airport are some of the airport factors that influence aircraft design.

Design aspects:

The main aspects of aircraft design are:

1. Aerodynamics2. Propulsion3. Controls4. Mass5. Structure

All aircraft designs involve compromises of these factors to achieve the design mission.

Wing design:

Fuselage:

Propulsion: The main parameters of engine design are:

Maximum engine thrust available Fuel consumption Engine mass Engine geometry

The thrust provided by the engine must balance the drag at cruise speed and be greater than the drag to allow acceleration. The engine requirement varies with the type of aircraft. For instance, commercial airliners spend more time in cruise speed and need more engine efficiency. High-performance fighter jets need very high acceleration and therefore have very high thrust requirements.

Weight:

Structure:

Design process and simulation

1. Conceptual Design

The first design step, involves sketching a variety of possible aircraft configurations that meet the required design specifications. By drawing a set of configurations, designers seek to reach the design configuration that satisfactorily meets all requirements as well as go hand in hand with factors such as aerodynamics, propulsion, flight performance, structural and control systems. This is called design optimization. Fundamental aspects such as fuselage shape, wing configuration and location, engine size and type are all determined at this stage. Constraints to design like those mentioned above are all taken into account at this stage as well. The final product is a

conceptual layout of the aircraft configuration on paper or computer screen, to be reviewed by engineers and other designers.

2. Preliminary design phase

The design configuration arrived at in the conceptual design phase is then tweaked and remodeled to fit into the design parameters. In this phase, wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamic calculations of the flow field around the aircraft are done. Major structural and control analysis is also carried out in this phase. Aerodynamic flaws and structural instabilities if any are corrected and the final design is drawn and finalized. Then after the finalization of the design lies the key decision with the manufacturer or individual designing it whether to actually go ahead with the production of the aircraft. At this point several designs, though perfectly capable of flight and performance, might have been opted out of production due to their being economically nonviable.

3. Detail design phase

This phase simply deals with the fabrication aspect of the aircraft to be manufactured. It determines the number, design and location of ribs, spars, sections and other structural elements. All aerodynamic, structural, propulsion, control and performance aspects have already been covered in the preliminary design phase and only the manufacturing remains. Flight simulators for aircraft are also developed at this stage.

ConclusionHindustan Aeronautical Limited is a leading aerospace company of India engaged in design, manufacture & overhaul of a variety of aviation products

from basic air trainer aircraft to highly sophisticated fighter, bomber, helicopters, transport A/C, power plant.

Since its inception in 1940, the company has grown into a giant aviation complex spread all over India and employing a versatile work force of trained, highly skilled & experienced persons. It enjoy a monopoly in India.

Recently a light combat aircraft (LCA) has been developed in the country with the cooperation of various agencies. It is double that of MIG-21. With the advancement of new technology & highly skilled scientists. A time will come when India too will have stood in the world market of aircraft.

I hope it will show it’s ability for new technology in world level. It’s contribution in defense is incredible.

Reference

www.hal-india.com

www.wikipedia.org