e Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan niversity of Management and Technology Pakistan
Jan 31, 2016
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Improved reactive dye fixation in pad-steam dyeing of cotton using a biodegradable organic salt
Awais Khatri CText ATI LSDCBE Textile Engineering (MUET Pakistan)Diploma in Coloration (SDC UK)PhD Textiles (RMIT Australia)
Department of Textile EngineeringMehran University of Engineering and TechnologyJamshoro – 76062 Sindh Pakistan
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
• Natural comfort and performance of cotton fibre
• Covalent bond that is formed between the fibre
polymer and
the dye molecules
- leads to excellent colourfastness to washing
• An exceptionally wide gamut of brilliant colours possible in all hues
• Versatility of the dyes for different application methods
‘Reactive dyes – cotton’ a predominant dye-fibre combination
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Environmental Issues
‘Polluted effluent’
High levels of dissolved solids and oxygen demand in the effluent because of
• unfixed dye- Hydrolysed dye- Unreacted dye
Washing-off to remove unfixed dyeTypical dye fixation efficiency is 50 – 80% • use of nonbiodegradable inorganic chemicals
- Electrolyte- Alkali- Urea (printing and pad dyeings)
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Developments to reduce effluent pollution
• Developments in reactive dye structures
• Development in dyeing processes and machinery
• Chemical modification of cotton fibre prior to dyeing
• Use of organic compounds in place of inorganic chemicals
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Biodegradable alkaline organic saltsUse of tetrasodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate in exhaust dyeing (Ahmed, 2005)
Use of trisodium nitrilo triacetate in continuous pad-steam dyeing(Khatri et al, 2010)
This work…Use of tetrasodium N,N-bis(carboxylatomethyl)-L-glutamate (tetrasodium GLDA) in pad-steam dyeing
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Pad-steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
• Padding (dye, salt and alkali)- salt favours increased dye levelness in the
fibre- alkali activates dye-fibre reaction
• Steaming (saturated) for 60 – 120 sec
• Washing-off
Lower fixation levels because of excessive dye hydrolysis!
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Focus of the paper
Improvements in fixation efficiency of a bis(sulphatoethylsulphone)
dye by using the tetrasodium GLDA
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Material and methodsMaterialMill scoured and bleached cotton woven fabric (282 g/m2) CI Reactive Blue 250, a bis(sulphatoethylsulphone) dyeThe Felosan RGN-S, a non-ionic detergent, for washing-offAnalytical grade sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and tetrasodium GLDA
DyeingPadding: 70% liquor pick-up, 20 g/l dye and the relevant sodium chloride and sodium carbonate or tetrasodium GLDASteaming: wet-temperature of 101 – 102oC, 100% moisture, for 60, 90 and 120 secWashing-off: Rinsing with cold then hot water; soaping with 2 g/l Felosan RGN-S at the boil for 15 min; Rinsing with hot water until bleeding stopped; Rinsing with cold water and oven drying
MeasurementsFinal colour yield (K/S) = Colour strength after washing-offThe percentage of reactive dye fixed on the fabric, %F = [(K/S) / (K/Sbefore washing)] x 100Colourfastness to rubbing (ISO 105 - X12), washing (ISO 105 - C02) and light (BS 1006: 1990 UK-TN)
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Optimum inorganic salt and alkali
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Sodium chloride, g/l
K/S
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
5 10 15 20 25
Sodium carbonate
%F
Effect of sodium chloride concentration on colour yield at constant sodium carbonate
(15 g/l)
Effect of sodium carbonate concentration on dye fixation at constant sodium
chloride (50 g/l)
20 g/l CI Reactive Blue 250 at 60 sec steaming
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Effect of tetrasodium GLDA concentration
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
50 75 100 125
Tetrasodium GLDA, g/l
%F
0
24
6
810
12
1416
18
50 75 100 125
Tetrasodium GLDA, g/l
K/S
Effect of tetrasodium GLDA concentration on colour fixation and yield of 20 g/l CI Reactive Blue 250 at 60 sec steaming
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Tetrasodium GLDA dyeing versus traditional dyeing
0
2
4
68
10
12
14
16
60 90 120Steaming time, sec
K/S
Inorganic chemicals (50 g/l sodium chloride and15 g/l sodium carbonate)Tetrasodium GLDA (100 g/l)
0102030405060708090
100
60 90 120
Steaming time, sec
%F
Effect of steaming time on colour yield and dye fixation of 20 g/l CI Reactive Blue 250 (20 g/l) at constant tetrasodium GLDA and inorganic chemicals concentrations
Comparative effect of steaming time, colour yield and dye fixation
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
Tetrasodium GLDA dyeing versus traditional dyeing Comparative colourfastness
Pad-steam dyeingsColour yield (K/S)
Rubbing fastness
Washing fastness
Light fastness
Dry WetChange in colour
Staining on white*
Blue wool reference
Traditional50 g/l sodium chloride15 g/l sodium carbonate
10.42 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 3-4
Tetrasodium GLDA (40 g/l)
10.82 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 3-4* Secondary cellulose acetate, cotton, polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyamide and wool
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
• The tetrasodium GLDA, a biodegradable organic salt, can effectively be used for pad-steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes to replace inorganic salt and alkali, thus to reduce effluent load.
• A significant increase in dye fixation and colour yield of a bis(sulphatoethylsulphone) dye was obtained using tetrasodium GLDA.
• The improved dye fixation and ultimate colour yield results are worthy of further investigations.
Conclusions
by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
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by The Textile Institute UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists Pakistan and University of Management and Technology Pakistan
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