Implied Implied – indicated or suggested Stated Stated –declared specifically or definitely.

Implied – indicated or suggestedStated –declared specifically or definitely

CAUSE

Effect

Have key words, signaling words, or guiding words!!!

STATED

As a result of his mother allowing him to watch violence on TV and listen to it in songs, Peter has resulted to a life

of crime!

Signal WordsStated

• Because • The reason for

• On account of

• Bring about • Give rise to• Created by• Contributed by • Led to• Due to• Since

• As a result• Outcome• Finally• Consequently• Therefore• For this reason• Hence• Effect• Then• So

cause effect

Do not have key words, signaling words, or guiding words!!!

Are you implying I look like that

goofball beside me?

Established methods to distinguish between factual claims and opinions

Specific occurrences: Examples or illustrations of events or conditions that show the fact to be true.

Statistics: Numerical expressions reporting data in a factual manner.  Data may be reported in raw numbers, percentages, medians, etc.   It is the responsibility of the communicator to report statistics accurately and objectively.

Exhibits: Includes visual or auditory evidence: recordings, pictures, artifacts

Presumptions: Predictions based on uniform patterns of past experiences so probable as to be accepted without question. ( The sun will rise tomorrow.)

Anecdotes: a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident

FACTS

LOGICAL FALLACIES

SLIPPERY SLOPE

NON SEQUITUR

false authority

LOGICAL FALLACIESfalse authority

using a biased, suspicious, or incredible source to defend a conclusion.

False Authority

I’m a Dr.

LOGICAL FALLACIES

person substitutes abusive remarks for evidence when attacking another person's claim or claims

Fallacy: Personal Attack

LOGICAL FALLACIES

Using scare tactics

Fallacy: Appeal to Fear

No matter what part of the nation you live in, gun control is no control.

LOGICAL FALLACIES

Fallacy: False Dilemma

Black or White Thinking, uninformed reasoning…no gray area

My dad’s a boy , he dresses himself.

I’m a boy, so I should dress myself !

LOGICAL FALLACIESevent must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question

SLIPPERY SLOPE

Fallacy: Slippery Slope

LOGICAL FALLACIES

an elaborate comparison of two things that are too dissimilar

http://www.ask.com/questions-about/False-Analogy

LOGICAL FALLACIES

in formal logic, is an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its premises