Impacts of carbohydrate-restricted diets on micronutrient intakes and status: a systematic review Chaitong Churuangsuk 1 (0000-0003-4373-6395) Daniel Griffiths 1 Michael E J Lean 1 (0000-0003-2216-0083) Emilie Combet 1 * (0000-0002-9302-8971) 1 Human Nutrition, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow. Key words: low-carbohydrate diets, micronutrient, vitamins, minerals Running title: low-carbohydrate diets and micronutrients * Corresponding author: Dr Emilie Combet, Room 2.22, Level 2, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 141 201 8527
Impacts of carbohydrate restricted diets on micronutrient intakes and status: a systematic review
Nov 16, 2022
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
status: a systematic review
Chaitong Churuangsuk 1 (0000-0003-4373-6395)
Emilie Combet 1 * (0000-0002-9302-8971)
1 Human Nutrition, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and
Life Sciences, University of Glasgow.
Key words: low-carbohydrate diets, micronutrient, vitamins, minerals
Running title: low-carbohydrate diets and micronutrients
* Corresponding author: Dr Emilie Combet, Room 2.22, Level 2, New Lister Building, Glasgow
Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK.
E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 141 201 8527
Table S1 Search strategy for MEDLINE (OVID)
Search terms Date searched 1. atkins diet.mp. 2. zone diet.mp. 3. paleolithic diet.mp. or Diet, Paleolithic/ 4. low carbohydrate diet.mp. or Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted/ 5. reduced carbohydrate diet.mp. 6. carbohydrate restricted diet.mp. 7. very low carbohydrate diet.mp. 8. ketogenic diet.mp. or Ketogenic Diet/ 9. pioppi diet.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 10. harcombe diet.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 11. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 12. micronutrient.mp. or Micronutrients/ 13. Energy Intake/ 14. energy.mp. 15. vitamin*.mp. 16. Vitamins/ 17. mineral*.mp. 18. Minerals/ 19. thiamin*.mp. or Thiamine/ or Thiamine Deficiency/ 20. Riboflavin Deficiency/ or Riboflavin/ 21. Niacin/ 22. folate.mp. or Folic Acid/ 23. cobalamin.mp. or Vitamin B 12/ 24. Zinc/ 25. Magnesium/ or Magnesium Deficiency/ 26. Selenium/ 27. Iron/ or Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/ or Iron, Dietary/ 28. 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 29. deficien*.mp. 30. qualit*.mp. 31. adequa*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 32. inadequa*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 33. sufficien*.mp. 34. insufficien*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 35. intake.mp. 36. consumption.mp. 37. 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36
October 2017 Updated 02 October 2018
38. nutri*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 39. diet*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 40. 38 or 39 41. Cross-Sectional Studies/ 42. case-control studies/ or cohort studies/ or follow-up studies/ or longitudinal studies/ or prospective studies/ 43. randomised controlled trial.mp. 44. randomized controlled trial/ 45. 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 46. Adult/ 47. 11 and 28 and 37 and 40 and 45 and 46 48. limit 47 to (english language and humans) 49. (animal or cell*).m_titl. 50. 48 not 49 51. limit 50 to ed=20171010-20181002
Table S2 Full-texts excluded from analysis and reasons for exclusion
Title Authors Year Reason
1 A low-iron-available, polyphenol-enriched, carbohydrate-restricted diet to slow progression of diabetic nephropathy
Facchini, F. S. and Saylor, K. L. 2003 no outcome of interests
2 A Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet increases plasma carotenoids and decreases LDL oxidation in women with metabolic syndrome
Barona, J., Jones, J. J., et al 2012 co-intervention
3 A Very Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves Symptoms and Quality of Life in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Austin, G. L., Dalton, C. B., et al 2009 no outcome of interests
4 Acid-base analysis of individuals following two weight loss diets Yancy, W. S., Jr., Olsen, et al 2007 no outcome of interests
5 Acute effects of dietary glycemic index on antioxidant capacity in a nutrient- controlled feeding study
Botero, D., Ebbeling, C. B., et al 2009 not relate to low carb diet
6 Adding cognitive behavioural treatment to either low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets: differential short-term effects
Rodriguez-Hernandez, H., Morales-Amaya, U. A., et al
2009 no outcome of interests
7 Adherence and success in long-term weight loss diets: the dietary intervention randomized controlled trial (DIRECT)
Greenberg, I., Stampfer, M. J., et al
2009 no outcome of interests
8 Bone mineral density and diet of teachers of College of Home Economics at Lahore
Javed, Z., Imam, S. F., et al 2015 not relate to low carb diet
9 Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., et al 2000 not relate to low carb diet
10 Case study: Man with type 2 diabetes and stage 1 kidney disease on atkins- like diet
Thomas-Dobersen, D. and Casey, L.
2005 no outcome of interests
11 Characteristics of diet patterns in metabolically obese, normal weight adults (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 2005)
Choi, J., Se-Young, O., et al 2012 not relate to low carb diet
12 Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function
Meirelles, C. M. and Gomes, P. S. C.
2016 no outcome of interests
13 Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: The A to Z weight loss study: A randomized trial
Gardner, C. D., Kiazand, A., et al
2007 duplicated study
14 Competition and food restriction effects on oxidative stress in judo Finaud, J., Degoutte, F., et al 2006 not relate to low carb diet
15 Contribution of specific dietary factors to CHD in US females Tran, N. and Barraj, L. 2010 not relate to low carb diet
16 Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality<sup>1,2</sup>
Goletzke, J, Buyken, AE, et al 2015 not relate to low carb diet
17 Dietary patterns and cognitive dysfunction in a 12-year follow-up study of 70 year old men
Olsson, E., Karlstrom, B., et al 2015 not relate to low carb diet
18 Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk Ax, E. H., Cederholm, T., et al 2011 no outcome of interests
19 Effect of changes in the intake of weight of specific food groups on successful body weight loss during a multi-dietary strategy intervention trial
Canfi, A., Gepner, Y., et al 2011 no outcome of interests
20 Effect of low-carbohydrate-ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal responses to graded exercise in men
Langfort, J., Pilis, W., et al 1996 no outcome of interests
21 Effects of a Low-intensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants
Iqbal, N., Vetter, M. L., et al 2010 no outcome of interests
22 Effects of two energy-restricted diets differing in the carbohydrate/protein ratio on weight loss and oxidative changes of obese men
Abete, I., Parra, D., et al 2009 no outcome of interests
23 Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic- Hunter-Gatherer-type diets
Frassetto, L. A., Shi, L., et al 2013 not relate to low carb diet
24 High-fibre, low-fat diet predicts long-term weight loss and decreased type 2 diabetes risk: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Lindstrom, J., Peltonen, M., et al
2006 not relate to low carb diet
25 Is the proportion of carbohydrate intake associated with the incidence of diabetes complications?—an analysis of the Japan diabetes complications study
Horikawa, C., Yoshimura, Y., et al
2017 not relate to low carb diet
26 Low carbohydrate diet is associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults
Mirmiran, P., Asghari, G., et al 2017 not relate to low carb diet
27 Low-carbohydrate diet effective for adults Carter, D. F. 2003 comment
28 Low-carbohydrate-diet score and metabolic syndrome: An epidemiologic study among Iranian women
Shirani, F., Esmaillzadeh, A., et al
2015 no outcome of interests
29 Micronutrient intake in overweight subjects is not deficient on an ad libitum fat-reduced, high-simple carbohydrate diet
Vasilaras, Th, Astrup, A, et al 2004 not relate to low carb diet
30 Neither Insulin Secretion nor Genotype Pattern Modify 12-Month Weight Loss Effects of Healthy Low-Fat vs. Healthy Low-Carbohydrate Diets Among Adults with Obesity
Gardner, C. D., Hauser, M., et al
2017 no outcome of interests
31 Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Guldbrand, H., Lindstrom, T., et al
2014 no outcome of interests
32 Renal function following long-term weight loss in individuals with abdominal obesity on a very-low-carbohydrate diet vs high-carbohydrate diet
Brinkworth, G. D., Buckley, et al 2010 no outcome of interests
33 Serum potassium changes with initiating low-carbohydrate compared to a low-fat weight loss diet in type 2 diabetes
Davis, N. J., Cohen, H. W., et al 2008 no outcome of interests
34 Suboptimal iron status and associated dietary patterns and practices in premenopausal women living in Auckland, New Zealand
Beck, K. L., Kruger, R., et al 2013 not relate to low carb diet
35 The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial
Larsen, R. N., Mann, N. J., et al 2011 no outcome of interests
36 Three-year weight change in successful weight losers who lost weight on a low-carbohydrate diet
Phelan, S., Wyatt, H., et al 2007 no outcome of interests
37 Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., et al 2010 no outcome of interests
38 Weight-reducing diets: role of carbohydrates on sympathetic nervous activity and hypotensive response
Fagerberg, B., Andersson, O., et al
1984 no outcome of interests
39 Effect of changes in food groups intake on magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium serum levels during 2 years of dietary intervention
Paz-Tal, O., Canfi, A., et al 2015 no sufficient information on outcomes
40 Effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on emerging plasma markers for cardiovascular disease
Wood, R. J., Volek, J. S., et al 2006 no outcome of interests
41 Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet Clifton, P. M., Keogh, J. B. et al 2008 not relate to low carb diet
42 Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults
Brinkworth, G. D., Wycherley, T. P., et al
2016 no outcome of interests
Table S3 Assessment of risk of bias of the studies with micronutrient intake outcomes
Selection bias
Selection bias
Performance bias
Detection bias
Attrition bias
Reporting bias
Blinding of outcome assessment
Truby 2008
Gardner 2010
Johnston 2011
Bazzano 2014
Genoni 2016
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Table S4 Assessment of risk of bias of the studies with micronutrient status outcomes
Selection bias
Selection bias
Performance bias
Detection bias
Attrition bias
Reporting bias
Blinding of outcome assessment
Genoni 2016
Manousou 2018
Low Low Low Low High Low Low
Table S5 Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group
NR, not reported; NA, not applicable
Criteria Miller 2003 Mardinoglu 2018
1. Was the study question or objective clearly stated? Yes Yes
2. Were eligibility/selection criteria for the study population prespecified and clearly described?
Yes Yes
3. Were the participants in the study representative of those who would be eligible for the test/service/intervention in the general or clinical population of interest?
Yes Yes
4. Were all eligible participants that met the prespecified entry criteria enrolled?
Yes Yes
5. Was the sample size sufficiently large to provide confidence in the findings?
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
7. Were the outcome measures prespecified, clearly defined, valid, reliable, and assessed consistently across all study participants?
Yes Yes
8. Were the people assessing the outcomes blinded to the participants' exposures/interventions?
NR NR
9. Was the loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? Were those lost to follow-up accounted for in the analysis?
Yes Yes
10. Did the statistical methods examine changes in outcome measures from before to after the intervention? Were statistical tests done that provided p values for the pre-to-post changes?
Yes Yes
11. Were outcome measures of interest taken multiple times before the intervention and multiple times after the intervention (i.e., did they use an interrupted time-series design)?
NA NA
12. If the intervention was conducted at a group level (e.g., a whole hospital, a community, etc.) did the statistical analysis take into account the use of individual-level data to determine effects at the group level?
NA NA
Table S6 Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies
Criteria Elidottir 2016
1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? Yes
2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined? Yes
3. Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? NR
4. Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants?
Yes
5. Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided?
Yes
6. For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured?
NA
7. Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed?
NA
8. For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)?
NA
9. Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?
Yes
10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? NA
11. Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?
Yes
12. Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? NR
13. Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? NA
14. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)?
NA
Chaitong Churuangsuk 1 (0000-0003-4373-6395)
Emilie Combet 1 * (0000-0002-9302-8971)
1 Human Nutrition, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and
Life Sciences, University of Glasgow.
Key words: low-carbohydrate diets, micronutrient, vitamins, minerals
Running title: low-carbohydrate diets and micronutrients
* Corresponding author: Dr Emilie Combet, Room 2.22, Level 2, New Lister Building, Glasgow
Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK.
E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 141 201 8527
Table S1 Search strategy for MEDLINE (OVID)
Search terms Date searched 1. atkins diet.mp. 2. zone diet.mp. 3. paleolithic diet.mp. or Diet, Paleolithic/ 4. low carbohydrate diet.mp. or Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted/ 5. reduced carbohydrate diet.mp. 6. carbohydrate restricted diet.mp. 7. very low carbohydrate diet.mp. 8. ketogenic diet.mp. or Ketogenic Diet/ 9. pioppi diet.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 10. harcombe diet.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 11. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 12. micronutrient.mp. or Micronutrients/ 13. Energy Intake/ 14. energy.mp. 15. vitamin*.mp. 16. Vitamins/ 17. mineral*.mp. 18. Minerals/ 19. thiamin*.mp. or Thiamine/ or Thiamine Deficiency/ 20. Riboflavin Deficiency/ or Riboflavin/ 21. Niacin/ 22. folate.mp. or Folic Acid/ 23. cobalamin.mp. or Vitamin B 12/ 24. Zinc/ 25. Magnesium/ or Magnesium Deficiency/ 26. Selenium/ 27. Iron/ or Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/ or Iron, Dietary/ 28. 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 29. deficien*.mp. 30. qualit*.mp. 31. adequa*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 32. inadequa*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 33. sufficien*.mp. 34. insufficien*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 35. intake.mp. 36. consumption.mp. 37. 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36
October 2017 Updated 02 October 2018
38. nutri*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 39. diet*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] 40. 38 or 39 41. Cross-Sectional Studies/ 42. case-control studies/ or cohort studies/ or follow-up studies/ or longitudinal studies/ or prospective studies/ 43. randomised controlled trial.mp. 44. randomized controlled trial/ 45. 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 46. Adult/ 47. 11 and 28 and 37 and 40 and 45 and 46 48. limit 47 to (english language and humans) 49. (animal or cell*).m_titl. 50. 48 not 49 51. limit 50 to ed=20171010-20181002
Table S2 Full-texts excluded from analysis and reasons for exclusion
Title Authors Year Reason
1 A low-iron-available, polyphenol-enriched, carbohydrate-restricted diet to slow progression of diabetic nephropathy
Facchini, F. S. and Saylor, K. L. 2003 no outcome of interests
2 A Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet increases plasma carotenoids and decreases LDL oxidation in women with metabolic syndrome
Barona, J., Jones, J. J., et al 2012 co-intervention
3 A Very Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves Symptoms and Quality of Life in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Austin, G. L., Dalton, C. B., et al 2009 no outcome of interests
4 Acid-base analysis of individuals following two weight loss diets Yancy, W. S., Jr., Olsen, et al 2007 no outcome of interests
5 Acute effects of dietary glycemic index on antioxidant capacity in a nutrient- controlled feeding study
Botero, D., Ebbeling, C. B., et al 2009 not relate to low carb diet
6 Adding cognitive behavioural treatment to either low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets: differential short-term effects
Rodriguez-Hernandez, H., Morales-Amaya, U. A., et al
2009 no outcome of interests
7 Adherence and success in long-term weight loss diets: the dietary intervention randomized controlled trial (DIRECT)
Greenberg, I., Stampfer, M. J., et al
2009 no outcome of interests
8 Bone mineral density and diet of teachers of College of Home Economics at Lahore
Javed, Z., Imam, S. F., et al 2015 not relate to low carb diet
9 Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., et al 2000 not relate to low carb diet
10 Case study: Man with type 2 diabetes and stage 1 kidney disease on atkins- like diet
Thomas-Dobersen, D. and Casey, L.
2005 no outcome of interests
11 Characteristics of diet patterns in metabolically obese, normal weight adults (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 2005)
Choi, J., Se-Young, O., et al 2012 not relate to low carb diet
12 Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function
Meirelles, C. M. and Gomes, P. S. C.
2016 no outcome of interests
13 Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: The A to Z weight loss study: A randomized trial
Gardner, C. D., Kiazand, A., et al
2007 duplicated study
14 Competition and food restriction effects on oxidative stress in judo Finaud, J., Degoutte, F., et al 2006 not relate to low carb diet
15 Contribution of specific dietary factors to CHD in US females Tran, N. and Barraj, L. 2010 not relate to low carb diet
16 Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality<sup>1,2</sup>
Goletzke, J, Buyken, AE, et al 2015 not relate to low carb diet
17 Dietary patterns and cognitive dysfunction in a 12-year follow-up study of 70 year old men
Olsson, E., Karlstrom, B., et al 2015 not relate to low carb diet
18 Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk Ax, E. H., Cederholm, T., et al 2011 no outcome of interests
19 Effect of changes in the intake of weight of specific food groups on successful body weight loss during a multi-dietary strategy intervention trial
Canfi, A., Gepner, Y., et al 2011 no outcome of interests
20 Effect of low-carbohydrate-ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal responses to graded exercise in men
Langfort, J., Pilis, W., et al 1996 no outcome of interests
21 Effects of a Low-intensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants
Iqbal, N., Vetter, M. L., et al 2010 no outcome of interests
22 Effects of two energy-restricted diets differing in the carbohydrate/protein ratio on weight loss and oxidative changes of obese men
Abete, I., Parra, D., et al 2009 no outcome of interests
23 Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic- Hunter-Gatherer-type diets
Frassetto, L. A., Shi, L., et al 2013 not relate to low carb diet
24 High-fibre, low-fat diet predicts long-term weight loss and decreased type 2 diabetes risk: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Lindstrom, J., Peltonen, M., et al
2006 not relate to low carb diet
25 Is the proportion of carbohydrate intake associated with the incidence of diabetes complications?—an analysis of the Japan diabetes complications study
Horikawa, C., Yoshimura, Y., et al
2017 not relate to low carb diet
26 Low carbohydrate diet is associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults
Mirmiran, P., Asghari, G., et al 2017 not relate to low carb diet
27 Low-carbohydrate diet effective for adults Carter, D. F. 2003 comment
28 Low-carbohydrate-diet score and metabolic syndrome: An epidemiologic study among Iranian women
Shirani, F., Esmaillzadeh, A., et al
2015 no outcome of interests
29 Micronutrient intake in overweight subjects is not deficient on an ad libitum fat-reduced, high-simple carbohydrate diet
Vasilaras, Th, Astrup, A, et al 2004 not relate to low carb diet
30 Neither Insulin Secretion nor Genotype Pattern Modify 12-Month Weight Loss Effects of Healthy Low-Fat vs. Healthy Low-Carbohydrate Diets Among Adults with Obesity
Gardner, C. D., Hauser, M., et al
2017 no outcome of interests
31 Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Guldbrand, H., Lindstrom, T., et al
2014 no outcome of interests
32 Renal function following long-term weight loss in individuals with abdominal obesity on a very-low-carbohydrate diet vs high-carbohydrate diet
Brinkworth, G. D., Buckley, et al 2010 no outcome of interests
33 Serum potassium changes with initiating low-carbohydrate compared to a low-fat weight loss diet in type 2 diabetes
Davis, N. J., Cohen, H. W., et al 2008 no outcome of interests
34 Suboptimal iron status and associated dietary patterns and practices in premenopausal women living in Auckland, New Zealand
Beck, K. L., Kruger, R., et al 2013 not relate to low carb diet
35 The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial
Larsen, R. N., Mann, N. J., et al 2011 no outcome of interests
36 Three-year weight change in successful weight losers who lost weight on a low-carbohydrate diet
Phelan, S., Wyatt, H., et al 2007 no outcome of interests
37 Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., et al 2010 no outcome of interests
38 Weight-reducing diets: role of carbohydrates on sympathetic nervous activity and hypotensive response
Fagerberg, B., Andersson, O., et al
1984 no outcome of interests
39 Effect of changes in food groups intake on magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium serum levels during 2 years of dietary intervention
Paz-Tal, O., Canfi, A., et al 2015 no sufficient information on outcomes
40 Effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on emerging plasma markers for cardiovascular disease
Wood, R. J., Volek, J. S., et al 2006 no outcome of interests
41 Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet Clifton, P. M., Keogh, J. B. et al 2008 not relate to low carb diet
42 Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults
Brinkworth, G. D., Wycherley, T. P., et al
2016 no outcome of interests
Table S3 Assessment of risk of bias of the studies with micronutrient intake outcomes
Selection bias
Selection bias
Performance bias
Detection bias
Attrition bias
Reporting bias
Blinding of outcome assessment
Truby 2008
Gardner 2010
Johnston 2011
Bazzano 2014
Genoni 2016
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Table S4 Assessment of risk of bias of the studies with micronutrient status outcomes
Selection bias
Selection bias
Performance bias
Detection bias
Attrition bias
Reporting bias
Blinding of outcome assessment
Genoni 2016
Manousou 2018
Low Low Low Low High Low Low
Table S5 Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group
NR, not reported; NA, not applicable
Criteria Miller 2003 Mardinoglu 2018
1. Was the study question or objective clearly stated? Yes Yes
2. Were eligibility/selection criteria for the study population prespecified and clearly described?
Yes Yes
3. Were the participants in the study representative of those who would be eligible for the test/service/intervention in the general or clinical population of interest?
Yes Yes
4. Were all eligible participants that met the prespecified entry criteria enrolled?
Yes Yes
5. Was the sample size sufficiently large to provide confidence in the findings?
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
7. Were the outcome measures prespecified, clearly defined, valid, reliable, and assessed consistently across all study participants?
Yes Yes
8. Were the people assessing the outcomes blinded to the participants' exposures/interventions?
NR NR
9. Was the loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? Were those lost to follow-up accounted for in the analysis?
Yes Yes
10. Did the statistical methods examine changes in outcome measures from before to after the intervention? Were statistical tests done that provided p values for the pre-to-post changes?
Yes Yes
11. Were outcome measures of interest taken multiple times before the intervention and multiple times after the intervention (i.e., did they use an interrupted time-series design)?
NA NA
12. If the intervention was conducted at a group level (e.g., a whole hospital, a community, etc.) did the statistical analysis take into account the use of individual-level data to determine effects at the group level?
NA NA
Table S6 Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies
Criteria Elidottir 2016
1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? Yes
2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined? Yes
3. Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? NR
4. Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants?
Yes
5. Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided?
Yes
6. For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured?
NA
7. Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed?
NA
8. For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)?
NA
9. Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?
Yes
10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? NA
11. Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?
Yes
12. Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? NR
13. Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? NA
14. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)?
NA
Related Documents
