Impacts of acid rain and ozone on vegetation in the Greater Mekong Sub region Lisa Emberson [email protected] Patrick Büker, Tim Morrissey, Kevin Hicks, Johan Kuylenstierna, Steve Cinderby, Mike Ashmore, David Simpson, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Mark Zunckel, Miles Sowden, Barabara Badu, Vanessa Walsh
Impacts of acid rain and ozone on vegetation in the Greater Mekong Sub region Lisa Emberson [email protected] Patrick Büker, Tim Morrissey, Kevin Hicks,
Dec 16, 2015
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Impacts of acid rain and ozone on vegetation in the Greater Mekong Sub region
Lisa Emberson
Patrick Büker, Tim Morrissey, Kevin Hicks, Johan Kuylenstierna, Steve Cinderby, Mike Ashmore, David Simpson, Juha-Pekka
Tuovinen, Mark Zunckel, Miles Sowden, Barabara Badu, Vanessa Walsh
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Modelling methods
- Experimental methods - Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Modelling methods
- Experimental methods - Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Stomatal flux/uptake/deposition
Non-stomatal flux/uptake/deposition
External plantsurfaces
Soil
Air pollutantGas, particle, aerosol, solute
Direct
Indirect
Pollutant Impact mode Impact Scale
Ozone (O3) Direct (stomates) Visible injury, growth & yield reductions, chemical quality
Regional
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Direct (stomates & cuticle) Indirect
* Visible injury, growth & yield reductions
Soil acidification (growth & yield reductions)
Local
Regional
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Direct (stomates) Indirect
* Growth & yield reductions
Soil acidification (growth & yield reductions)
Local
Regional
Hydrogen Fluorides (HF)
Direct (stomates & cuticle)
Visible injury, growth & yield reductions.Fluorosis in grazing animals
Local
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Direct **Phytotoxicity, abrasive action, reduced light transmission, occlusion of stomates
Local / Regional
* At low concentrations can stimulate growth via fertilization effect** Dependant upon chemical composition of particles
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Pollutant Impact mode Impact Scale
Ozone (O3) Direct (stomates) Visible injury, growth & yield reductions, chemical quality
Regional
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Direct (stomates & cuticle) Indirect
* Visible injury, growth & yield reductions
Soil acidification (growth & yield reductions)
Local
Regional
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Direct (stomates) Indirect
* Growth & yield reductions
Soil acidification (growth & yield reductions)
Local
Regional
Hydrogen Fluorides (HF)
Direct (stomates & cuticle)
Visible injury, growth & yield reductions.Fluorosis in grazing animals
Local
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Direct **Phytotoxicity, abrasive action, reduced light transmission, occlusion of stomates
Local / Regional
* At low concentrations can stimulate growth via fertilization effect** Dependant upon chemical composition of particles
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Decline of Veitch’s silver fir and maries fir. Japan(courtesy of T. Izuta)
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Annual average pH of P
Rodhe et al. 2002
Soil sensitivity to acidic deposition Kuylenstierna et al. 2001
The decrease in soil pH between 1927 to 1982-83 in a beech and spruce forest in southern Sweden (Hallbäcken and Tamm, 1985)
Change in soil pH 1960 – 1994 at Zhurongfeng in S. ChinaDai et al. 1998
Observational evidence of soil acidification in China similar to Europe
No real evidence in other parts of Asia
O3 injury to rice, Pakistan(courtesy of A. Wahid)
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Dentener et al. (2006)
Current surface ozone in 2000
Europe 36.6 ppb ± 4.2United states 38.7 ppb ± 4.9South East Asia 31.5 ppb ± 4.4
Dentener et al. (2006)
CLE2000 – CLE2030Europe +1.8 ± 1.5United states +1.3 ± 2.4South East Asia +3.8 ± 0.7
Δ in surface ozone between 2000 and 2030 current legislation scenario
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Modelling methods – Acid Deposition
- Experimental methods - Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
What methods exist to estimate risk?
1. Critical Load approach: deposition compared to threshold (CL)
2. Dynamic models – limited application except in China for some sites
Estimated exceedance of acidification CL of S only (Kuylenstierna et al. 2000)
Exceedance of critical loads a static expression of risk but is it real?
time dimension issue: acidification has not occurred for long enough for clear impacts to be seen?
“Serious acidification effects not likely to occur in next few decades in Asia except in China”
Henning Rodhe
Estimates time development of acidification as a function of continued acidic deposition and variation in soil sensitivity over time
Hicks et al. in prep
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Modelling methods
- Experimental methods – surface ozone - Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
Response
Dose
Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
Experimental Methods
• individual pollutants & pollutant combinations• establish dose response relationships• pollutant interactions with other stresses
Controlled exposure
• Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE)• Temporary chambers• Open Top Chambers• Solardomes• Indoor fumigation chambers / glasshouses
Distu
rban
ce
Experimental Methods
• individual pollutants & pollutant combinations• establish dose response relationships• pollutant interactions with other stresses
Controlled exposure
• Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE)• Temporary chambers• Open Top Chambers• Solardomes• Indoor fumigation chambers / glasshouses
Distu
rban
ce
Response
Dose
YieldNutritional qualityVisible injury
ConcentrationFlux
Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
* Annual mean * 7hr annual mean* 7hr growing season mean * AOT40
(53 ppb)
Ozone characterization indices
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Year day
Ozo
ne
co
nc
(pp
b)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
AO
T4
0 (
pp
b.h
rs)
Growing season
7 hr mean dose response relationships for different species including rice
cf. Wang & Mauzerall 2004
AOT40 relationship with wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain yield
• Most robust AOT40 relationship • 17 experiments, 6 countries, 10 growing seasons, 10 cultivars• Critical Level : AOT40 of 3, 000 ppb.h. corresponding to 5% yield loss (99% confidence) calculated over a 3 month growing period
(Fuhrer, 1996)
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Experimental methods
- Modelling methods – surface ozone- Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
How can we estimate air pollution impacts?
Dose-Response Relationships
Modelling methods
3 month AOT40 simulations calculated with the MATCH model
Engardt pers. comm., Emberson et al. in press
BUT
Are these areas identified as being at risk from ground level ozone correct?
How good is the provisional risk assessment modelling?
Modelling methods
How good is the regional ozone concentration data?
What are the receptors most at risk?
How well can AQGs protect local species and varieties?
Modelling methods
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Experimental methods
- Modelling methods- Bio-monitoring methods – surface ozone
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
Bio-monitoring
Bio-monitoring and Chemical Protectant Studies
• Established bio-indicator in Europe and North America
• Sensitive and resistant clones so can assess magnitude of air pollution impacts on visible injury & biomass.
Buse et al. 2002/2003
Bio-monitoring and Chemical Protectant Studies
Structural formula for N-(2-(2-oxo-1-imadazolidinyl)ethyl)-N’-phenylurea
abbreviated as EDU for ethylenediurea
EDU suppresses acute and chronic ozone injury on a variety of plants under ambient O3 conditions (Godzik & Manning, 1998)
Pakistan soybean cv. NARC-1 showing protective effect of EDU at a roadside rural site in Lahore,
Pakistan (photo courtesy of A. Wahid)
Bio-monitoring
Bio-monitoring
All Bio-monitoring sites:• Microloggers for ToC & RH % (30 min)• Ozone passive samplers (2 week)
At select sites:• Solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)• Continuous ozone monitoring (hourly) • Soil water content
• Plant physiological parameterse.g. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf area index, biochemical analysis (e.g. heavy metals, protein content….)
Bio-monitoring
Europe & North America
South AsiaSouthern Africa
Provisional Risk AssessmentClover clone bio-monitoring
EDU chemical protectant study WheatMung bean
e.g. Maizestaple Pulse
6 sites 5 sites
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal
South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique
Zambia, Tanzania
RAPIDC Project funded by Sida“Regional Air Pollution in Developing Countries”
How good is the regional ozone concentration data?Passive samplers, O3 monitors
What are the receptors most at risk?Local agricultural expertise
How well can AQGs protect local species and varieties?Bio-monitoring evaluation of damage occurring within and outside provisionally assessed risk areas
Bio-monitoring
How good is the regional ozone concentration data?Passive samplers, O3 monitors
What are the receptors most at risk?Local agricultural expertise
How well can AQGs protect local species and varieties?Bio-monitoring evaluation of damage occurring within and outside provisionally assessed risk areas
Bio-monitoring
• Species type / cultivar
ClimatePrecipitation patternsSunshine hoursHigher temperaturesAtmospheric humiditySoil Moisture deficit
Vegetation sensitivityCropping patterns (growing season)Pollutant dispersionO3 formation
• Agronomic practicesIrrigationFertilizerBreeding programmes (selecting increased / reduced crop sensitivity)
Flux
Dose modifiers
Modelling methods
Surface Resistance Rsur
AOTx“Concentration”
AFstY“Flux”
Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
The Air Pollution Crop Effect (APCEN) network
1. Advise on methodological development
2. To capacity build in the regions –provide technical support to the bio-monitoring campaigns
3. To help in translation of science to policy
RAPIDCRegional air pollution in developing countries
Bio-monitoring
The APCEN Network
Region Network Members
Countries / regions represented
Africa8
Egypt, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Asia
43India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, P.R. China,
Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand
The Americas, Europe and Australia
16 Australia, Chile, Sweden, UK, USA
The APCEN network
2nd APCEN workshop held in Stellenbosch, South Africa 2006
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Experimental methods
- Modelling methods- Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
Dentener et al. (2006)
Why worry about surface ozone concentrations ?
Δ in surface ozone between 2030clim change and 2030 current legislation scenario and projected 2030 climate
South East Asia CLE2030c – CLE2030-0.2 ± 0.6
Fuhrer et al. 2005
Morgan et al. 2006
• FACE soybean (glycine max) experiment
• Increased O3 concentrations over two growing seasons by 23 % - mimicking projections for 2050
• Resulted in 20% loss in seed yield
• Results suggest even greater losses than those previously predicted by closed chamber studies
O3
O3
Rsto = 1/ (gmax * fphen * flight * max {fmin, (ftemp * fVPD * fSWP)})
Generic glight function
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 500 1000 1500 2000Irradiance (umol m-2 s-1 PAR)
Rel
ativ
e g
glight = 1 - exp (- * PAR)
Generic gage function
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 100 200 300
Year day
Rel
ativ
e g
gage_b gage_c
gage_a
Generic gtemp function
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
10 15 20 25 30 35 40Temperature (oC)
Rel
ativ
e g
T_optT_min T_max
Generic gVPD function
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
VPD (kPa)
Rel
ativ
e g
VPD_max VPD_min
Generic gSWP functions
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
Soil water potential (MPa)
Rel
ativ
e g
SWP_max SWP_min
Gmax mmol O3 m-2 s-1 * Phenology
PAR
SMDVPD
ToC
Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on vegetation ?
Air pollution risk assessment methods for application in GMS : - Experimental methods
- Modelling methods- Bio-monitoring methods
Application incorporating additional stresses ?- Climate change- Hydrological stress
-1000.00 0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00
-5000.00
-4000.00
-3000.00
-2000.00
-1000.00
0.00
1000.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
Zunckel et al 2004
Modelled ozone concentrations across Southern Africa
Future applications ?
Growing season length and risk of drought in southern Africa
Future applications ?
PEt & AEtf(Ra, Rb, Rsto)VPD & Net radiation
P Ei
Soil water
PEt : AEtR
elative yield
Drought related yield losses
O3 related yield losses
Compare ozone and drought stress to maize across region
Conclusions
Acid deposition may be a problem in the future in parts of south east Asia
O3 is likely to be already causing damage to crops and forests in the GMS ?
O3 concentrations are projected to increase relatively rapidly over the next 20 to 50 years in this region
As such, there is an urgent need to develop methods for O3 risk assessment for the GMS region :
These methods can be founded on existing experimental and modelling techniques which would ideally be supported by bio-monitoring evaluation
In addition, methodological selection and development should ensure assessments can incorporate additional stresses such as climate change and hydrological related stresses
This research is supported by Sida and Defra
Acknowledgements
Related projects are also supported by the EU and START PACOM.
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