Immunization in children

Immunization in children

Prepared by :[email protected]

Pediatric nursing


Immunization

Objective:At the end of this lecture the students will be

able to:1)Define immunization, vaccination, immunity,

antigen, antibody2)List different types of immunization3)Enumerate routine vaccination4)Describe common side effects of different

vaccine5)Identify Storage & transportation of vaccine


Immunization

Introduction:

This lecture will increase the knowledge & skills among student nurse regarding immunization during infant & childhood.


Immunization

Immunization is one of the most important ways parents can protect their children against serious diseases .


Immunization

ImmunizationDefinitionIt is an effort to prevent or modify

natural infection by administration of antigen or an antibody. Its aim to build up resistance in the child against certain infectious disease.


Immunization

Another definition of vaccine:Suspension of live (usually) attenuates

or inactivated microorganism e.g. bacteria-virus or fracture of microorganism administered to induce immunity & to prevent infectious disease.


Immunization

Immunity:The ability to combat/ fight a particular

antigen may be either active


Immunization

Antigen:A variety of foreign substances

including bacteria, viruses, toxins & foreign proteins that stimulate the formation of antibodies


Immunization

Antibody:Protein found mostly in serum that is

formed in response to exposure to a specific antigen.


Immunization

Types of vaccineAttenuate: Reduce the virulence

infectiousness of the pathogenic microorganism by such measures as treating it with heat or chemical or cultivating it on certain medium.


Antitoxin: - solution of antibodies as diphtheria an antitoxins and derived from the serum of animal immunized with specific antigen and used to confer passive immunity and for treatment.


Immunoglobulin (IG): - (or intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) Sterile solution containing antibodies from large pools of human blood plasma indicated for routine maintenance of immunity of certain immunodeficent persons.


Immunization

Types of immunizationActive: -

A-Natural (disease): -Natural disease when child produce

antibodies after natural invasion of the pathogen (e.g.: measles) (naturally acquired active immunity).

*- Active antibodies or child ability to produce antibiotics rapidly should the specific antigen measles invade against (last life time


Types of immunization

B-Artificial (vaccine): -

When pathogen are artificially injected into the child by immunization. The child receives artificially acquired active immunity



Passive: - Natural Passive (mother to child): -

*- Naturally acquired passive immunity Last only months

*-Some antibodies transferred across the placenta may have slightly longer lifetime as measles (anti bodies have been isolated up to age 1 year.


Protection from infections Before we proceed, let us have a look at the following diagram



Passive Artificial (gamma globulin): - (Artificially acquired passive immunity)

*- When children exposed to disease against which they have no antibodies made synthetically or obtained from animal serum may be injected into the child to give rapid immunity this like naturally acquired passive antibodies these last only approximately 6weeks


Passive Artificial

Child who susceptible to tetanus would receive tetanus antibodies after a stab wound (many people has antibody protection against measles –rubella-poliomyelitis-hepatitis B) among other infectious disease it offers among other infectious diseased it offer artificially acquired passive immunity

Example Immune serum: Are available against diphtheria –Tetanus-Pit viper snake-Black widow spider and respiratory virus provide passive immunity.


Vaccine componentsAttenuated pathogen

Killed pathogen

Bacterial Diseases

Typhoid (PO)

BCG (M. bovis)

(Salmonella)

Typhoid fever

Pertussis

Viral DiseasesMeasles

Mumps

Rubella

Chickenpox

Polio (Sabin - PO)

Polio (Salk)

Hep. A

Influenza


BCG Vaccine (Bacillus of camlet Guerin) It is a life attenuated vaccine strain of bovine

type of mycobacterium TBIntradermally at the site the left deltoid musclesSide EffectCold abscessRegional Lymphadenitieds


DPTDiphtheria ,Pertussis, TetanusDiphtheria and tetanus are toxoid while pertussis vaccine

is killed organismSide effect for mild signs pertusses:Local swelling and tendernessSlight feverModerate signs:Shock like syndromeSever symptomsConvulsion, encephalopathy and brain damageNB:If one of sever complication occurs not given

pertusses give DT


DPT vaccine

Contraindication for DPT vaccineAcute febrile illnessNeurological illness as epilepsySever reaction to pertussesVaccine not frozen and not given cold


Polio vaccineTwo

The type of polio vaccineA Sabin Oral Vaccine: Live attenuated vaccine virusMaximum time for storage is 3-6monthRepeat the dose if the child spit out the drops and if the child has diarrhea repeat the dosage after the

child recovery give two dropAdvantage of vaccineEasily administrationGain gastrointestinal immunityDisadvantage short life and need proper refrigerator


Polio vaccine

Salk vaccine inactivated vaccineAdvantageEffective in preventionVaccine have longer life than sabinDisadvantageIt has to be injectedBoth Salk and sabin contain three strain of

polio virus


السعودية في التطعيمات جدولBCG ID on the left upper arm- Oral polio Hepatitis B

الوالدة عند

IPVDPTHepatitis BHIBPCV pneumococcal conjugated vaccine

شهرين عمر

OPVDPTHepatitis BHIBPCV pneumococcal conjugated vaccine

أشهر أربعة عمر

OPVDPTHepatitis BHIBPCV pneumococcal conjugated vaccine

أشهر6عمر


السعودية في التطعيمات جدولMeasles( Mono) شهور 9عند

OPVMMRVaricella(chickenbox)PCV pneumococcal conjugated vaccine

12عمر شهر

OPVDPTHepatitis AHIB

18عمر شهر

Hepatitis Aسنة 2عمر

OPVDPTMMRVaricella

دخول عندالمدرسة--


Table 4: Certain available vaccines and their routes of administration.

Vaccine Type Route

BCGLive BacteriaIntradermal ID

DTPD&T = Toxoids

P = inactivated bacteria

Intramuscular

Hepatitis B(HBV)Inactivated viral antigen Intramuscular

Haemophilus

Influenza b

(Hib)

Polysaccharide Intramuscular

MMRLive attenuated viruses Subcutaneous SC

OPV Live attenuated virusOral

BCG = Bacillus Calmette – Guerin vaccine (tuberculosis).DPT = Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine.MMR = Measles, mumps and rubella viruses in a combined vaccine.OPV = Oral Poliovirus vaccines containing attenuated poliovirus types 1,2 and 3.



COLD CHAINCold Chain is a system of

transporting and storing vaccines at recommended temperature from the point of manufacture to the point of use


Role of the nurse Not put any food or drink in Vaccine storage Don’t put vaccines in the door shelvesDon’t put vaccine in freezer

Case findingEarly detectionEducationMonitoring follow upReferral of casesTraining personnel


)Cold Chain

** Vaccines must be kept constantly cold throughout the chain of

storage and transport which they have to pass through before

reaching the child.

Breaks in this "cold chain",

It can happen as a result of the breakdown of the refrigerating

system.

Live vaccines are also damaged by sunlight, which is especially

likely to happen after they have been prepared (reconstituted)

for injection in the clinic or at the school.


The Cold Chain

Failure of a vaccine to protect a child may be due to a number of reasons.

* The vaccine may no longer be "antigenic" so that it does not stimulate the body to produce antibodies.

* Most live vaccines are killed easily by changes of temperature, such as might occur if they are left out of the refrigerator for a long time.



Immunization in children

Documents

toconfer passive immunity

passive artificialchild

natural passive mother

natural disease

active antibodies

child produceantibodies

child byimmunization

acquiredactive immunity