Ekonomi dan Keuangan i Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor industri dl indonesia Edison Hulu ABSTRACT The main purpose pf this paper is to isolate the sources of output growth by using an input-output model and quantify their contributions. The contribution of each source is expressed as the number of percentage points it contributes to the growth rate. Dennison (1967) studied the sources of postwar growth in nine Western countries by emphasizing the contribution of changes in inputs (such as labor, capital, and land) to the changes in output per unit input. Ellas (1978) analyzed the sources of economic growth in Latin America? Countries by using an approach as developed by Jorgenson and Griliches. in which he considered the basic relation in national income components^ i.e. the relation between consumption and investment as key-element in tht production function. Similarly, Nishimizu and Hulten (1978) appliei' Hicks-Neutral constant returns production function to analyze the sources of Japanese economic growth from 1955 to 1971. In the case of Indonesia, for the time being, the methods mentioned abovi are not available to apply due to of the lack of capital data. Chenery (1980), Feldman, Mclain and Palmer (1987) analyzed the sources o sectoral output growth by using input-output analysis. Their method suggests that industry output level can change either because of the changi: in the final demands (domestic demands and exports), the change iit technical coefficients, and import substitution industry. The autho decides to use their method because Indonesian input-output published fo the years of 1971, 1975, 1980, and 1985 has already been published. 91
20
Embed
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor industri dl ...
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Ekonomi dan Keuangan i
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor industri dl indonesia
Edison Hulu
A B S T R A C T
The main purpose pf this paper is to isolate the sources of output growth by using an input-output model and quantify their contributions. The contribution of each source is expressed as the number of percentage points it contributes to the growth rate.
Dennison (1967) studied the sources of postwar growth in nine Western countries by emphasizing the contribution of changes in inputs (such as labor, capital, and land) to the changes in output per unit input. Ellas (1978) analyzed the sources of economic growth in Latin America? Countries by using an approach as developed by Jorgenson and Griliches. in which he considered the basic relation in national income components^ i.e. the relation between consumption and investment as key-element in tht production function. Similarly, Nishimizu and Hulten (1978) appliei' Hicks-Neutral constant returns production function to analyze the sources of Japanese economic growth from 1955 to 1971.
In the case of Indonesia, for the time being, the methods mentioned abovi are not available to apply due to of the lack of capital data. Chenery (1980), Feldman, Mclain and Palmer (1987) analyzed the sources o sectoral output growth by using input-output analysis. Their method suggests that industry output level can change either because of the changi: in the final demands (domestic demands and exports), the change iit technical coefficients, and import substitution industry. The autho decides to use their method because Indonesian input-output published fo the years of 1971, 1975, 1980, and 1985 has already been published.
9 1
Hulu
I . P E N D A H U L U A N
S a l a h s a t u s t r a t e g i p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i s e c a r a s e k t o r a l d a l a m s e b u a h n e g a r a i a l a b b e r u s a b a a g a r o u t p u t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n o l e h s e t i a p s e k t o r e k o n o m i d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n . S t r a t e g i s e p e r t i i n i m a s i h b e r l a k u j i k a f a k t o r p e r m i n t a a n t i d a k d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i k e n d a l a p e n i n g k a t a n p r o d u k s i ( k e g i a t a n p r o d u k s i m e n g i k u t i p r i n s i p supply creates its own demand). T e t a p i , d e w a s a i n i , b a i k n e g a r a m a j u m a u p u n n e g a r a y a n g s e d a n g b e r k e m b a n g , p a d a u m u m n y a m e n g h a d a p i k e n d a l a p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m p e n i n g k a t a n p r o d u k s i . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p r i n s i p demand creates its owned supply a d a l a b y a n g s e d a n g b e r k e m b a n g s a a t i n L O l e h k a r e n a i t u , a n a l i s i s s u m b e r p e r t u m b u h a n o u t p u t b a i k s e c a r a a g r e g a t m a u p u n s e c a r a s e k t o r a l m a k i n p e n t i n g p e r a n a n n y a d a l a m p e m b u a t a n s t r a t e g i d a n k e b i j a k a n p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i s e b u a b n e g a r a .
D a l a m m a k a l a h i n i , s e b u a h m o d e l p e n g u k u r a n d a n a n a l i s i s s u m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t a k a n d i p a p a r k a n . M o d e l y a n g d i m a k s u d i a i a t e m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t . M o d e l i n i d a p a t d i t e r a p k a n d i I n d o n e s i a k a r e n a d a t a p e n d u k u n g n y a t e r s e d i a , y a i t u d a t a i n p u t - o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a p m b l i k ^ i B i m P u s a t S t a t i s t i k . P e r l u d i t e k a n k a n b a b w a b a s i l a n a l i s i s d a t a d i a n j a r k a n u n t u k • t i d a k d i i n t e r p r e t a s i s e b a g a i k e b e n a r a n m u l t a k , k a r e n a d a t a i n p u t - o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a t i d a k s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u b d i p e r o t e h d a r i b a s i l p e n e l i t i a n l a p a n g a n . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , b a s i l s t u d i y a n g d r p ^ a f O i i k a f f i d a l a m m a k a l a h i n i a d a l a b l e b i b m e n i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a p e n j i e l a s a n p e n g g u n a a n m o d e l u n t u k k e p e r l u a n p e n g u k u r a n s u m b e r p c c t u m i i b i i i i a n e k o n o m i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p e n y a j i a n b a s i l a n a l i s i s d a t a .
I I . T I N J A U A N B E B E R A P A S T U D I
P a d a b a g i a n i n i a k a n d i p a p a r k a n b e b e r a p a s t u d i y a n g t e l a i i d i l ^ n k x i n o l e b i l m u w a n t e r d a h u l u y a n g e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n i d e n t i i l i k a s i d a m p e n g u k u r a n s u m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t , b a i k s e c a r a a g r e g a l i n f f l a n p m n s e c a r a s e k t o r a l . K a r e n a k e t e r b a t a s a n s t u d i l i t e r a t u r , m a k a l i a n f a b e b e r a p a t i n j a u a n s t u d i y a n g m u n g k i n t e r j a n g k a u , a n t a r a l a i n , I>eaiis«)n ( 1 9 6 7 ) , N i s h i m i z u d a n H u l t e n ( 1 9 7 8 ) , E l i a s ( 1 9 7 8 ) , C h e n e r y ( 1 9 8 0 ) , d a m -F e l d m a n , M c C l a i n d a n P a l m e r ( 1 9 8 7 ) . U l a s a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n tidak d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a r i n c i t e t a p i d i b a t a s i b a n y a s e c a r a r i n g k a s .
D e n i s o n ( 1 9 6 7 ) m e m a k a i m e t o d e p e n g a n a l i s i s a n s n m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n d e n g a n m e m i s a h k a n k o n t r i b u s i p e r u b a b a n b e r b a g a i i n p n t t e r b a d a p p e r u b a b a n o u t p u t . I n p u t d i b a g i d a l a m b e b e r a p a j e n i s , y a i t u t e n a g a k e r j a , m o d a l , d a n t a n a b , s e d a n g k a n y a n g d i j a d i k a n s e b a ^ o u t p u t i a l a b p e n d a p a t a n n a s i o n a l b r u t o . W a l a u p u n a n a l i s i s D e n i s o n d i p a n d a n g s a n g a t a g r e g a t , n a m u n s t u d i t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i s e b u a b l a n d a s a n p e n j e l a s a n t e r b a d a p p e r u b a b a n o u t p u t . S u m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t d i m u n g k i n k a n d i u k u r d a n d i p e r b i t u n g k a n , . d e n g a n a s u m s i b a b w a i n p u t b a r u s d a p a t d i b e l a b - b e l a b a t a u d i p i s a h - p i s a b .
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan v..
s & h i n g g a sumbangan masing-masing input tersebut dapat d i u k u t terhadap output. Metode Denison tersebut telah d i a p l i k a s i k a n d a l a t n : memperhitungkan sumber pertumbuhan output sembilan r t e g a r a m a n i , yaitu J e r m a n B a r a t , I t a l i a , Perancis, B e l a n d a , D e n m a r k , N o r w e d i a , A m e r i k a , B e l g i a , dan I n g g e r i s , dalam periode 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 6 2 . j j
mshimizu dan B u l t e n { 1 9 1 8 ) telah m e l a k u k a n studi terjmkwp sumber pertumbuhan output di Jepang dalam periode 1 9 5 3 - 1 9 1 1 memakai model fungsi produksi Bikes. M e r e k a m e l a k u k a r d studi terhadap 1 1 sektor ekonomi, yaitu ( a ) p e r t a n i a n , ( b ) p e r t a m h a n k ^ n , ( c ) m a n u f a k t u r , ( d ) b a n g u n a n , listrik, gas, dan a i r m i n u m , ( e ) t r a b s p o r t a s i d a n k o m u n i k a s i , ( f ) perdagangan, ( g ) k e u a n g a n d a n a s u c b n s i , ( b ) perumaban, d a n ( i ) jasa. D i samping i t u , mereka membedakarJ tiga jenis input, yaitu input a n t a r a { b a h a n h a k u ) , tenaga k e r j a , d a n modal. T e n a g a k e r j a d i r i n c i m e n u r u t umur, j a m k e r j a , d a n tingkat p e n d i k i k a n . D a t a yang mereka g u n a k a n dibedakan dalam d u a p e r h i t u n g a n , ykm m e n u r u t h a r g a b e r l a k u dan m e n u r u t h a r g a konstan { n i l a i r e a l ) . ! Tokus studi mereka i a l a b penjelasan terhadap perubahan output dibedakan baik akibat perubahan kuantitas maopun akibat p e r u b a h a r j kualitas d a r i masing-masing input yang d i g u n a k a n dalam proses produksi. Jepang sangat kaya a k a n data, sehingga mereka iid^k. m e r i k a i a r a i kesulitan dalam mencari data pendukung. j s f l
E l i a s ( 1 9 7 8 ) telah m e l a k u k a n studi sumber pertumbuhan output
mod^^^^ ' " c f o d e yang hampir tidak j a u h berbeda dOyaadingkan dengan
b r l t o T b ^ ^ ' P ^ ' S i i ^ ^ ^ a n oleh N i s h i m i z u dan H u l t f n . Produk domestik
y ' " S seta?a Z T ' " " ' ' " ' " b ^ r n y a , yaitu m m r u t SCktoral, klasifikasi
/ 4 u i P '^'^'^aan ? ^^^^
90
3 ? M e t o d e y a n g s a m a d i g u n a k a n o l e h F e l d m a n , M c C l a i n d a n P a l m e r ( 1 9 8 7 ) , w a l a u p u n c a k u p a n m o d e l C h e n e r y l e b i h l u a s . F e l d m a n d a n k a w a n - k a w a n n y a b a n y a m e m b e d a k a n d u a f a k t o r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t , y a i t u f a k t o r e k s p a n s i p e r m i n t a a n a k b i r d a n f a k t o r t e k n o l o g i .
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k ( B P S ) t e l a b m e l a k u k a n s t u d i t e n t a n g t r a n s a k s i a n t a r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i b a i k d i l i b a t d a r i s e g i p e n y e d i a a n i n p u t m a u p u n d i l i b a t d a r i s e g i p e r m i n t a a n t e r b a d a p o u t p u t , k e m u d i a n b e r h a s i l d i p u b l i k a s i k a n y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n k e a d a a n t a b u n 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , d a n 1 9 8 5 . D e n g a n a l a s a n t e r s e d i a n y a d a t a , m a k a m o d e l y a n g d i p e g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g u k u r s u m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t m e n u r u t s e k t o r i n d u s t r i d i I n d o n e s i a d i p i l i a h m o d e l y a n g d i g u n a k a n C h e n e r y a t a u m o d e l y a n g d i g u n a k a n o l e b F e l d m a n d a n k a w a n - k a w a n n y a . P r o s e s p e m b e n t u k a n m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t u n t u k t u j u a n p e n g u k u r a n s u m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t b a i k s e c a r a a g r e g a t m a u p u n s e c a r a s e k t o r a l , a k a n d i p a p a r k a n s e c a r a r i n g k a s d a n s e c a r a t e r p i s a b d a l a m s a t u b a g i a n p a d a u r a i a n b e r i k u t i n i .
I I I . M O D E L I N P U T - O U T P U T U N T U K D E K O M P O S I S I PERUBAHAN O U P U T
A n d a i k a n l a h p e r e k o n o m i a n n e g a r a d i b a g i m e n j a d i n s e k t o r ^"'^"^^"^
v e k t o r X d a n v e k l o r / b e r u k u r a n n x l , m a s i n g - m a s i n g s e b a g a i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^ s
p e r m i n i a a h a k h i r . M a l r i k s A b e r u k u r a n n x n " ' ^ " " " ^ ^ " ^ J j ^ ^ n m a t r i k s
^otMtvt l e k n o l o g i a l a u k o e f i s i e n m^^-'^'^'^l'^oeixL «ij ^ '^ '^ '""^
^ ^ ^ S t b h l d i b e r i n o l a s i a ; , , u n t u k i , j = i . ^ '
T h t m a b i rumus, •yailu-. ^^^^
i J - . „ * e k t o ^ . i n p u t 9 l a d a
t \ a k a u
datt ]̂
sebagai
barang dan jasa dalam perekonomian sebuah adalah sebuah \ektor yang berukuran nxl - i a s a dari luar negeri. Kemudian, '^onomian sebuah negara
- ! x l , d a n v e k t o r 1 , 3 , a t a O *o«*'" a d a ^ ^ ^ ' T s a d * ^ ' ^ o t r v i a ^ d a r r
. .„uu . ; m O O ^ i**„vVOt ' - ^ u i O t ^ n e % '
6 s t a * ' d a r v
, a r a yaitu x .. yang menunjukkan impor total permintaan barang dan j c . yaitu Ax+f, d i mana f sebuah vektor
sebut terdiri dari beberapa vektor, yakni x-ansumsS rumabtangga, g menunjukkan menunjukkan permintaan untuk keperluan i n v e k s p o r barang dan jasa ke luar negeri.
Keseimbangan ekonomi terjadi jika total penawaran lol&l permintaan, atau dalam sebuah persamaan dinyatakan s c
X4 k x 4 C 4 g4 e
*a1,*'-
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor industri
A n d a i k a n a d a s e b u a h m a t r i k s H b e r u k u r a n nxn, d a n e l e m e n d i a g o n a l m a t r i k s t e r s e b u t d i b e r i n o t a s i A,- u n t u k / = 1 , K o e f i s i e n hi d i p e r o l e h d e n g a n m e m a k a i r a m u s , y a i t u :
A ; - 1 - m: X : + ffj; - C:
i- 1 . 2 , . . . , n G I I . 3 )
d i m a n a m , - = i m p o r k o m o d i t i / d a r i l u a r n e g e r i , jc,- = o u p u t s e k t o r i d a l a m n e g e r i . J i k a »!,•= 0 , m a k a A , = 1 , a r t i n y a i a l a b s e m u a k e p e r l u a n d a l a m n e g e r i d i p r o d u k s i s e n d i r i o l e b n e g a r a b e r s a n g k u t a n a t a u t i d a k a d a p e l u a n g p e n g e m b a n g a n i n d u s t r i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r . T e t a p i , j i k a A , < 1 , b e r a r t i m a s i b a d a p e l u a n g u n t u k p e n g e m b a n g a n i n d u s t r i k o m o d i t i i s e b a g a i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r .
D a r i p e r s a m a a n ( I I I . 2 ) d i k e t a h u i b a h w a x+m-e=Ax+d, u n t u k / = 1 , 2 , ...,/!, d i m a n a d=c+g+z, s e l a n j u t n y a s u s u n a n p e r s a m a a n ( I I I . 3 ) d a p a t m e n j a d i :
h i - 1 -Ax+ d QUA)
J i k a p e r s a m a a n ( I I I . 4 ) u n t u k i = l , 2 , ...,n d i s u s u n s e c a r a s e r e n t a k m e m a k a i n o t a s i m a t r i k s , m a k a s u s u n a n p e r s a m a a n t e r s e b u t m e n j a d i :
X - H{Ax+ d)+ e ( I I I . 5 )
S e l a n j u t n y a , p e r s a m a a n ( I I I . 5 ) d i s e l e s a i k a n t e r b a d a p x, m a k a d i p e r o l e b :
X ' [I- HA]-^ {Hd+ e) (in.6)
P e r s a m a a n ( I I I . 6 ) a d a l a b m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t y a n g d a p a t d i p e r g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n e r a n g k a n b e r a p a b e s a r s u m b a n g a n p e r u b a b a n t e a k n o l o g i , p e r u b a b a n k e g i a t a n i n d u s t r i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r , p e r u b a b a n p e r m i n t a a n a k b i r d a l a m n e g e r i , d a n p r o m o s i e k s p o r , t e r b a d a p p e r u b a b a n o u t p u t m e n u r u t t i a p - t i a p s e k t o r e k o n o m i .
D a m p a k p e r u b a b a n t e k n o l o g i d a r i p e r i o d e / s a m p a i p e r i o d e t+l t e r b a d a p p e r u b a b a n o u t p u t d a p a t d i p e r k i r a k a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s e b u a b f o r m u l a s i , y a i t u :
- [I- H'^^A'y' ( / / ' + * d ' + e' ) ( I I I . 7 a )
P e r u b a b a n p e n g e m b a n g a n i n d u s t r i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r d a r i p e r i o d e t s a m p a i p e r i o d e r + 1 t e r b a d a p p e r u b a b a n o u t p u t , d a p a t d i p e r k i r a k a n d e n g a n f o r m u l a s i , y a i t u :
9 5
Hulu
A H ' + * - [ / - / / ' * * a ' ; ] - * ( H ' * * d ' + c ' )
- [I-H'*^A']-^ (H'd'* e' ) ( i n - 7 b )
D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i d a r i p e r i o d e t s a m p a i p e r i o d e r + 1 t e r h a d a p p e r u b a h a n o u t p u t d a p a t d i p e r k i r a k a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s e b u a b f o r m u l a s i , y a i t u :
P e r u b a b a n p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o m o s i e k s p o r d a r i p e r i o d e t s a m p a i p e r i o d e r + 1 d a p a t d i p e r b i t u n g k a n d e n g a n f o r m u l a s i , y a i t u :
A e = [ ( e ' + * - c ' ) [ / - i / ' + * A ' * * ] - * ( I I I . 7 c )
S u m b a n g a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g i n d i k a t o r , y a i t u p e r u b a b a n t e k n o l o g i , p e r u b a b a n p e n g e m b a n g a n i n d u s t r i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r , p e r u b a b a n p e n i n g k a t a n p e r m i n t a a n a k b i r d a l a m n e g e r i , d a n p e r u b a b a n p r o m o s i e k s p o r t e r b a d a p p e r u b a b a n o u t p u t d a l a m d u a p e r i o d e y a n g b e r b e d a t e l a b d a p a t d i p e r b i t u n g k a n m e m a k a i f o r m u l a s i y a n g t e l a b d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( I I I . 7 . a ) s / d ( I I I . 7 . d ) . J e l a s b a b w a m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t s t a t i k d a p a t d i m o d i f i k a s i s e d e m i k i a n r u p a u n t u k d i m u n g k i n k a n d i p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i a l a t a n a l i s i s d a l a m m e n e r a n g k a n p e r u b a h a n o u t p u t s e t i a p s e k t o r i n d u s t r i d a l a m p e r e k o n o m i a n s e b u a b n e g a r a .
I V , S U M B E R P E R T U M B U H A N O U T P U T S E K T O R I N D U S T R I D I I N D O N E S I A
S e k t o r e k o n o m i y a n g d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i s a s a r a n p e r b a t i a n d a l a m s t u d i i n i y a i t u s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i , y a i t u s e k t o r - s e k t o r y a n g d i b e r i k o d e 2 7 s / d 5 0 d a l a m t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a k l a s i f i k a s i 6 6 s e k t o r e k o n o m i ( l i b a t L a m p i r a n A ) . M e n g a p a s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i s a s a r a n p e m a n t a u a n u t a m a , a d a l a b k a r e n a s e l a m a i n i a d a a n g g a p a n b a b w a p e r k e m b a n g a n i n d u s t r i d i I n d o n e s i a k e l i b a t a n n y a s e p e r t i " l e s u d a r a b " t e r u t a m a d a l a m s u m b a n g a n n y a t e r b a d a p e k s p o r . J i k a a n g g a p a n i n i b e n a r , m a k a m e l a l u i s t u d i i n i a k a n d i m u n g k i n k a n d i i d e n t i f i k a s i b e b e r a p a i n d i k a t o r y a n g d i a n g g a p r e l e v a n s e b a g a i v a r i a b e l p e n j e l a s a n t e r b a d a p k a s u s t e r s e b u t .
D i s a m p i n g i t u , a n d a i k a n s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n i n d u s t r i p e n g o l a h a n m i n y a k b u m i d a n g a s a l a m m e n g a h a d a p i k e n d a l a p r o m o s i e k s p o r , m e l a l u i s t u d i i n i d a p a t d i i d e n t i f i k a s i b a m b a t a n p r o m o s i e k s p o r s e k t o r n o n m i g a s s e b a g a i s u b s t i t u s i e k s p o r . I n d i k a t o r y a n g d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i v a r i a b e l p e n j e l a s a n t e l a b d i k e m u k a k a n p a d a u r a i a n t e r d a h u l u , y a i t u p r o m o s i e k s p o r , p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , t e k n o l o g i , d a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r .
D a t a s e b a g a i o b j e k s t u d i y a i t u t r a n s a k s i a n t a r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i a t a u
9 6
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor Industri
t r a n s a k s i i n p u t - o u t p u t t a h u n 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , d a n 1 9 8 5 p u b l i k a s i B P S , k l a s i f i k a s i 6 6 s e k t o r . P e r l u d i p a p a r k a n b a b w a p e r h i t u n g a n t r a n s a k s i a n t a r - s e k t o r e k o n o m i i a l a b d i b i t u n g b e r d a s a r k a n b a r g a p r o d u s e n . D i s a m p i n g i t u , t i a p - t i a p t r a n s a k s i a n t a r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i , s e c a r a i m p l i t t e r m a s u k i m p o r , a t a u d i k e n a l d e n g a n i s t i l a b " t r a n s a k s i d e n g a n i m p o r b e r s a i n g " . D e n g a n p e r k a t a a n l a i n , t i a p - t i a p t r a n s a k s i b a i k t r a n s a k s i p e r m i n t a a n a n t a r a m a u p u n p e r m i n t a a n a k b i r d a l a m n e g e r i ( k o n s u m s i r u m a b t a n g g a , k o n s u m s i p e m e r i n t a b , d a n i n v e s t a s i ) m e r u p a k a n t r a n s a k s i g a b u n g a n , t r a n s a k s i y a n g d i p e r o l e b d a r i p r o d u k s i d a l a m n e g e r i d a n y a n g d i i m p o r d a r i l u a r n e g e r i . S e m u a t r a n s a k s i y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a b m e n u r u t b a r g a b e r l a k u .
P e r h i t u n g a n s u m b e r p e n i n g k a t a n o u t p u t m e n u r u t 6 6 s e k t o r e k o n o m i d i b e d a k a n e n a m p e r i o d e , y a i t u p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5 , p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 0 , p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 , p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 0 , p e r i o d e 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 5 , d a n p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 . H a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a L a m p i r a n I s / d L a m p i r a n V I .
C a r a m e m b a c a b a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n p a d a l a m p i r a n , m i s a l k a n d a t a s e k t o r y a n g d i b e r i k o d e 1 p a d a L a m p i r a n I , d i t u n j u k k a n b a b w a s u m b e r p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t s e k t o r y a n g d i b e r i k o d e 1 t e r s e b u t d a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5 a d a l a b 0 , 5 2 p e r s e n a d a l a h k a r e n a d o r o n g a n p r o m o s i e k s p o r , 9 7 , 4 2 p e r s e n a d a l a b k a r e n a d o r o n g a n p e n i n g k a t a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , 1 , 1 9 p e r s e n a d a l a b k a r e n a p e r a n a n t e k n o l o g i , d a n 0 . 8 6 p e r s e n a d a l a b k a r e n a d o r o n g a n k e g i a t a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r , d a n j i k a d i j u m l a h k a n s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n m e n j a d i 1 0 0 p e r s e n . P e n j e l a s a n y a n g s a m a d a p a t d i l a k u k a n p a d a l a m p i r a n - l a m p i r a n l a i n .
K e u n g g u l a n k o m p a r a t i f k o m o d i t i h a s i l i n d u s t r i d i I n d o n e s i a d a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 c e n d e r u n g m a k i n b e r a n e k a r a g a m . H a l i n i d i k e t a h u i d a r i T a b e l 1 .
D a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5 , k o m o d i y a n g d i u n g g u l k a n u n t u k e k s p o r a d a l a b o u t p u t d a r i b e b e r a p a s e k t o r , y a i t u i n d u s t r i m i n y a k d a n l e m a k ( b e r b a g a i j e n i s i n d u s t r i p e n g o l a h a n m i n y a k n a b a t i d a n h e w a n i ) , i n d u s t r i p e n g i l a n g a n m i n y a k b u m i , d a n i n d u s t r i l o g a m d a s a r b u k a n b e s i . K e u n g g u l a n k o m o d i - k o m o d i t i t e r s e b u t a d a l a b d u k u n g a n d a r i f a k t o r s u m b e r d a y a a l a m ( l a b a n d a n b a b a n t a m b a n g ) d a n r e n d a h n y a u p a b t e n a g a k e r j a .
D a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 0 , k o m o d i t i i n d u s t r i y a n g d i u n g g u l k a n u n t u k e k s p o r m a k i n b a n y a k r a g a m n y a , s e l a i n k o m o d i t i y a n g t e l a b d i s e b u t k a n p a d a p e r i o d e s e b e l u m n y a m a s i b b e r t a b a n , d a n a d a b e b e r a p a k o m o d i t i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n s e k t o r l a i n , s e p e r t i i n d u s t r i p e m i n t a l a n , i n d u s t r i t e k s t i l d a n k u l i t , i n d u s t r i k a y u , i n d u s t r i k e r t a s d a n k a r t o n , i n d u s t r i p u p u k d a n p e s t i s i d a , i n d u s t r i k i m i a , d a n i n d u s t r i m e s i n l i s t r i k d a n a l a t p e r l e n g k a p a n l i s t r i k .
97
Hulu
T a b e l 1 S u m b a n g a n P r o m o s i E k s p o r t e r b a d a p P e n i n g k a t a n O u t p u t S e k t o r
I n d u s t r i 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 ( % )
Kode Sektor 1971-75 1971-80 1971-85 1975-80 1975-85 1980-85
I n d u s t r i p e m i n t a l a n , i n d u s t r i t e k s t i l d a n k u l i t , s e r t a i n d u s t r i b a r a n g d a r i k e r t a s d a n k a r t o n , d a s a r p e n g e m b a n g a n n y a a d a l a b u n t u k m e m e n u h i p e r m i n t a a n a k b i r d a l a m n e g e r i s e b a g a i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r ( b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n inward looking policy, k a r e n a p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a b a n y a k j u m l a b n y a ) . T e t a p i , s e t e l a b m e l a l u i p r o s e s learning by doing, a k h i r n y a m e n j a d i d a p a t d i u n g g u l k a n s e b a g a i s a l a b s a t u a n d a l a n k o m o d i t i e k s p o r k e l u a r n e g e r i . W a l a u p u n d e m i k i a n , d i m a s a y a n g a k a n d a t a n g a k a n m u n c u l b e b e r a p a m a s a l a b , t e r u t a m a y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n p e n y e d i a a n i n p u t , d a n p e n e r a p a n t e k n o l o g i t e r p a d u , s e b i n g g a k o m o d i t a s y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d i l i b a t d a r i h a r g a d a p a t m e n j a d i l e b i b d i a n d a l k a n b e r s a i n g d i p a s a r i n t e r n a s i o n a l a k i b a t d a r i b e r b a g a i e f i s i e n s i , s e r t a k u a l i t a s t i d a k k e t i n g g a l a m d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r o d u k s i n e g a r a - n e g a r a m a j u .
D a l a m k o n d i s i s a a t i n i m a s i b d i u n g g u l k a n k o m o d i t i i n d u s t r i p e r k a y u a n , t e t a p i d i m a s a d a t a n g d i m u n g k i n k a n t e r j a d i bottle-neck trend y a n g e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p e n y e d i a a n b a b a n b a k u v e r s u s p e l e s t a r i a n
98.
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor Industri
T a b e l 2 S u m b a n g a n P e r m i n t a a n D a l a m N e g e r i t e r h a d a p P e n i g k a t a n O
b u t a n . D a l a m j a n g k a p a n j a n g s u l i t d i p e r t a b a n k a n . I n d u s t r i p u p u k d a n p e s t i s i d a , d a n i n d u s t r i k i m i a l a i n n y a , s e r t a i n d u s t r i l i s t r i k d a n b e r b a g a i p e r a l a t a n l i s t r i k , d i k e m b a n g k a n b e r d a s a r k a n i m p o r t e k n o l o g i b e r u p a l i s e n s i d a n p a t e n t , j u g a e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p e m e n u h a n k e b u t u b a n d a l a m n e g e r i . d a l a m j a n g k a p e n d e k m a s i b d i m u n g k i n k a n b e h a b a n , t e t a p i j i k a f a k t o r p e n e r a p a n t e k n o l o g i m a s i b b e l u m b e r p e r a n s e c a r a s i g n i f i k a n d a l a m m e n c i p t a k a n e f i s i e n s i d a n p e r b a i k a n k q a l i t a s , t a n t a n g a n p r o m o s i e k s p o r c e n d e r u n g m a k i n b e r a t .
D a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 , s e b a g i a n b e s a r s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g m a s i b d i u n g g u l k a n p a d a p e r i o d e s e b e l u m n y a m a s i b t e t a p b e r t a b a n , k e c u a l i i n d u s t r i p e n g o l a h a n m i n y a k n a b a t i d a n h e w a n i d a n i n d u s t r i m e s i n l i s t r i k , s e r t a a l a t - a l a t p e r l e n g k a p a n l i s t r i k .
M e n g a p a i n d u s t r i p e n g o l a h a n m i n y a k n a b a t i , y a n g u n g g u l u n t u k d i e k s p o r p a d a p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 0 d a n m e n j a d i t i d a k u n g g u l p a d a p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 , a d a l a h k a r e n a p e n g a r u h p e n i n g k a t a n p e r m i n t a a n
99
Hulu
T a b e l 3 S u m b a n g a n T e k n o l o g i t e r b a d a p p e n i n g k a t a n O u t p u t S e k t o r I n d u s t r i
1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 ( % )
Kode Sektor w ^9A^m V ^w9A r\ 99AW
1971-75 1971-80 1071J1S 1975-80 1975-85 iq f lO.AS
d a l a m n e g e r i ( l i b a t T a b e l 2 ) , d a n p e r a n a n t e k n o l o g i m a s i b k u r a n g m e m a d a i ( l i b a t T a b e l 3 ) , s e b i n g g a m a k i n k u r a n g d a y a s a i n g k o m o d i t e r s e b u t d i p a s a r i n t e r n a s i o n a l . D a r i b e r b a g a i s u m b e r d i k e t a h u i b a b w a l a b a n p e r k e b u n a n y a n g m e n g b a s i l k a n i n p u t u n t u k i n d u s t r i c u k u p l u a s , s u d a h t e n t u d i l i b a t d a r i s e g i p e n y e d i a a n i n p u t t i d a k d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i k e n d a l a , m a s a l a b n y a i a l a b t e r l e t a k p a d a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n e r a p a n t e k n o l o g i d a n e f i s i e n s i , s e r t a p e n i n g k a t a n k u a l i t a s .
P e n g e m b a n g a n i n d u s t r i m e s i n l i s t r i k , a l a t - a l a t d a n p e r l e n g k a p a n l i s t r i k d i d a s a r k a n p a d a p r i n s i p s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r . H a l i n i j e l a s d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a T a b e l 4 . T e t a p i , s a t u b a l y a n g d i p e r m a s a l a b k a n y a i t u k e l i b a t a n n y a m a k i n k u r a n g m e m a d a i p e r a n a n t e k n o l o g i . O l e b k a r e n a i t u , k o m o d i t i i n d u s t r i m e s i n l i s t r i k d a n a l a t - a l a t p e r l e n g k a p a n l i s t r i k , y a n g u n g g u l p a d a p e r i o d e s e b e l u m n y a m e n j a d i t i d a k d i u n g g u l k a n p a d a p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 . P a d a g i l i r a n n y a , s a s a r a n p a s a r a d a l a b d a l a m n e g e r i .
P a d a b a k e k a t n y a , p e n i n g k a t a n o u t p u t s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i b u k a n b a n y a u n t u k e k s p o r , t e t a p i k e l i b a t a n n y a l e b i b b a n y a k u n t u k k e p e r l u a n p e m e n u h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i . T e t a p i , m a s a l a b n y a i a l a b p i b a k
1 0 0
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor Industri
T a b e l 4 S u m b a n g a n S u b s t i t u s i I m p o r t e r b a d a p P e n i g k a t a m O u t p u t S e k t o r
I n d u s t r i 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 ( % )
Kode Sektor 1971-75 1971-80 1971-85 1975-80 1975-85 1980-85
27 0,U( 1 IR n on .1 no 1 7R 10 48 28 308 28 -2,58 -0,25 -1,15 0,00 1,09 29 1,18 0,01 0,40 -2,87 • 1 48 8,74 30 n R7 OR
k o n s u m e n d a l a m n e g e r i m a k i n k r i t i s , p i l i b a n u n t u k e k s p o r t e r b u k a s e j a l a n d e n g a n l i b e r a l i s a s i p e r d a g a n g a n l u a r n e g e r i d a n g l o b a l i s a s i p e r e k o n o m i a n d u n i a . W a l a u p u n p a s a r k o m o d i t i i n d u s t r i l e b i b b a n y a k p e l u a n g d a l a m n e g e r i , t e t a p i t i d a k b e r a r t i b a b w a p e m a n f a a t a n t e k n o l o g i d i a b a i k a n . K a p a s i t a s p e r m i n t a a n a k b i r d a l a m n e g e r i c u k u p b e s a r , t e n t u p i b a k p e l a k u k e g i a t a n i n d u s t r i y a n g d i t u n t u t k e b i j a k a n n y a u n t u k p e r b a i k a n k u a l i t a s d a n e f i s i e n s i , s e r t a t a n p a p r o t e k s i d a r i p e m e r i n t a b .
P a d a T a b e l 3 j e l a s k e l i b a t a n b a b w a h a m p i r s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n i n g k a t a n o u t p u t s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i d i I n d o n e s i a b u k a n k a r e n a d u k u n g a n t e k n o l o g i , a r t i n y a i a l a b t e k n o l o g i p a d a t a b u n 1 9 7 1 m a s i b t e r u s d i p a k a i p a d a t a b u n 1 9 8 5 , w a l a u p u n a d a b e b e r a p a m o d i f i k a s i t e t a p i t i d a k b e r p e r a n s e c a r a c u k u p b e r a r t i d a l a m m e n c i p t a k a n e f i s i e n s i , m i s a l n y a .
S t r a t e g i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r d a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 , k e l i b a t a n n y a t i d a k b a n y a k y a n g b e r h a s i l , b a n y a u n t u k b e b e r a p a s e k t o r s e p e r t i i n d u s t r i p e n g o l a h a n d a n p e n g a w e t a n b a b a n m a k a n a n , i n d u s t r i g u l a , p e n g i l a n g a n
1 0 1
H u l u
m i n y a k b u m i , i n d u s t r i l o g a m d a s a r b u k a n b e s i , d a n i n d u s t r i a l a t - a l a t p e n g a n g k u t a n d a n p e r b a i k a n n y a . S e c a r a h i p o t e s i s , p e n y e b a b u t a m a i a l a b k u r a n g c e p a t p e r b a i k a n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a , d a n p e n e r a p a n t e k n i k e f i s i e n s i s a n g a t l a m b a n , s e b i g g a p r o s e s p r o d u k s i m a s i b b e l u m m e n d a p a t p e r b a i k a n g u n a m e n c i p t a k a n e f i s i e n s i y a n g m a k s i m u m , d a n p e r b a i k a n k u a l i t a s .
B e r d a s a r k a n u r a i a n d i a t a s , d a p a t d i b u t i r i b e b e r a p a k e s a n d a r i b a s i l a n a l s i s d a t a , y a i t u ( a ) k o m o d i t i i n d u s t r i I n d o n e s i a y a n g u n g g u l u n t u k e k s p o r b a n y a t e r b a t a s k e p a d a k o m o d i t i y a n g d i u n g g g u l k a n k a r e n a t e r s e d i a n y a s u m b e r d a y a a l a m , d a n r e n d a b n y a u p a b t e n a g a k e r j a , w a l a u p u n p e n e r a p a n t e k n o l o g i m a s i b b e l u m m e m a d a i p e n g g u n a a n n y a , ( b ) b a m p i r s e m u a p r o s e s p r o d u k s i p a d a b e r b a g a i s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a s i b b e l u m m e n g a l a m i p e r b a i k a n , t e r u t a m a d a l a m s t r u k t u r i n p u t d a n b i a y a , b a l i n i m e m p e r l a m b a t p e n i n g k a t a n e f i s i e n s i d a n p e r b a i k a n m u t u , ( c ) k e l i b a t a n n y a s t r a t e g i s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r d i b e r l a k u k a n u n t u k s e m u a s e k t o r i n d u s t r i , b a i k s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g t e r g o l o n g m e n g g u n a k a n t e k n o l o g i s e d e r b a n a m a u p u n t e k n o l o g i c a n g g i b , a k b i r n y a b a r a n g y a n g k u r a n g b e r b a s i l , ( d ) p e r a n a n t e k n o l o g i m a s i b b e l u m m u n c u l s e b a g a i s u m b e r p e n i n g k a t a n o u t p u t y a n g d o m i n a n , k a r e n a i n v e s t a s i m a n u s i a w i m a s i b k u r a n g m e m a d a i , d a n ( e ) p e n i n g k a t a n o u t p u t u n t u k s e m u a s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a s i b m e n g a n d a l k a n p a s a r d a l a m n e g e r i s e b a g a i o b j e k p e m a s a r a n o u t p u t .
V . P E N U T U P
A p a y a n g t e l a b d i p a p a r k a n p e n u l i s d a l a m m a k a l a b i n i , p a d a b a k e k a t n y a l e b i b m e n i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a u r a i a n m e n g e n a i m e t o d o l o g i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n a n a l i s i s f a k t a . M e n g a p a d e m i k i a n , s a l a b s a t u a r g u m e n y a n g d a p a t d i b e r i k a n i a l a b d a t a i n p u t - o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a m a s i b b e l u m l e n g k a p s t r u k t u r i n p u t p a d a b e b e r a p a s e k t o r i d u s t r i t e r t e n t u , t e r m a s u k j u g a s t r u k t u r b i a y a . H a l i n i j e l a s k e l i b a t a n d e n g a n a d a n y a b e b e r a p a s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g m e m i l i k i p e r a n a n s e t i a p f a k t o r t e r b a d a p p e n i n g k a t a n o u t p u t , a d a y a n g l e b i b s e r a t u s p e r s e n d a n a d a p u l a y a n g k u r a n g s e r a t u s p e r s e n . S e b a g a i c o n t o b , s u m b a n g a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r t e r h a d a p p e n i n g k a t a n p r o d u k s i s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g m e m i l i k i k o d e 2 8 , p a d a T a b e l 4 , s e b e s a r 3 0 8 p e r s e n . w a l a u p u n t o t a l k e s e l u r u h a n m e n j a d i 1 0 0 p e r s e n , k a r e n a a d a s a l a b s a t u f a k t o r y a n g p e r a n a n n y a n e g a t i f . O l e b k a r e n a i t u , a n a l i s i s d a t a y a n g t e l a b d i p a p a r k a n d a l a m m a k a l a b i n i m a s i b b a n y a b e r s i f a t h i p o t e s i s , k i t a m e n u n g g u b a s i l p e n e l i t i a n y a n g l e b i b a k u r a t .
A n a l i s i s m e n g e n a i s u m b e r p e r t u m b u h a n o u t p u t y a n g t e l a h d i p a p a r k a n d a l a m m a k a l a b i n i , h a n y a t e r b a t a s k e p a d a f a k t o r p e r m i n t a a n , i t u p u n m a s i h d i a n d a i k a n b a b w a f u n g s i p r o d u k s i a d a l a b l i n i e r . J i k a d a t a d i m u n g k i n k a n t e r s e d i a , s e p e r t i t e n a g a d a l a m b e r b a g a i s t a t u s d a n k u a l i t a s p e k e r j a a n p a d a b e r b a g a i s e k t o r e k o n o m i , d a n p e r s e . i i a a n m o d a l , d a n b a r g a , m a k a a n a l i s i s p e r t u m b u b a n o u t p u t m e n j a d i l e b i b l u a s d a n
1 0 2
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor Industri
l e b i h r i n c i , s e r t a p e n g e m b a n g a n m o d e l j u g a d i m u n g k i n k a n l e b i b k o m p r e h e n s i f , b u k a n b a n y a p a d a a n a l i s i s s t a t i k t e t a p i j u g a a n a l i s i s d i n a m i k .
103
Hulu
L a m p i r a n I I n d o n e s i a : K o m p o s i s i S u m b e r P e r t u m b u b a n O u t p u t M e n u r u t 6 6
S e k t o r d a r i t a b u n 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5 ( d a l a m p e r s e n )
C a t a t a n : A = p e r u b a h a n e k s p o r , B = p e r u b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , D = p e r a b a h a n t e k n o l o g i , d a n D = p e m b a h a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r S u m b e r : D i o l a h d a r i T a b e l I n p u t - O u t p u t I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 5 , p u b l i k a s i B P S .
104
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor Industri
L a m p i r a n 1 1 2 I n d o n e s i a : K o m p o s i s i S u m b e r P e r t u m b u b a n O u t p u t M e n u r u t 6 6
S e k t o r d a r i t a h u n 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 0 ( d a l a m p e r s e n )
C a t a l a n : A = p e r u b a h a n e k s p o r , B - p e r u b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , D = p e n i b a h a n t e k n o l o g i , d a n D = p e r n b a h a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r S u m b e r : D i o l a h d a r i T a b e l I n p u t - O u t p u t I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 5 , p u b l i k a s i B P S .
105
Hulu
L a m p i r a n I I I I n d o n e s i a : K o m p o s i s i S u m b e r P e r t u m b u b a n O u t p u t M e n u r u t 6 6
S e k t o r d a r i t a h u n 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 5 ( d a l a m p e r s e n )
C a t a t a n : A = p e r u b a h a n e k s p o r , B - p e r u b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , D - p e r u b a h a n t e k n o l o g i , d a n D = p e n ] b a h a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r S u m b e r : D i o l a h d a r i T a b e l I n p u t - O u t p u t I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 5 , p u b l i k a s i B P S .
107
Hulu
L a m p i r a n V I n d o n e s i a : K o m p o s i s i S u m b e r P e r t u m b u h a n O u t p u t M e n u r u t 6 6
S e k t o r d a r i t a h u n 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 5 ( d a l a m p e r s e n )
C a t a t a n : A ^ p e r u b a h a n e k s p o r , B = p e r u b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , D = p e m b a h a n t e k n o l o g i , d a n D = = p e r u b a h a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r S n m b e r : D i o l a h d a r i T a b e l I n p u t - O u t p u t I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 5 , p u b l i k a s i B P S .
108
Identifikasi Sumber Peningkatan Output Sektor Industri
L a m p i r a n V I I n d o n e s i a : K o m p o s i s i S u m b e r P e r t u m b u h a n O u t p u t M e n u r u t 6 6
S e k t o r d a r i t a h u n 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 ( d a l a m p e r s e n )
C a t a t a n : A ^ p e r u b a h a n e k s p o r , B - p e r u b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m n e g e r i , D - p e n i b a h a n t e k n o l o g i , d a n D - p e r u b a h a n s u b s t i t u s i i m p o r S u m b e r : D i o l a h d a r i T a b e l I n p u t - O u t p u t I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 5 , p u b l i k a s i B P S .
109
Hulu
K e p u s t a k a a n
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k . Tabel Input-Output Indonesia 1971 Jilid 11, J a k a r t a : B P S , 1 9 7 5 .
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k . Tabel Input-Output Indonesia 1975 Jilid 11, J a k a r t a : B P S , 1 9 8 0 .
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k . Tabel Input-Output Indonesia 1980 Jilid 1, J a k a r t a : B P S , 1 9 8 3 .
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k . Tabel Input-Output Indonesia 1985 Jilid 1 dan 11, J a k a r t a : B P S , 1 9 9 0 .
C h e n e r y , H o l l i s B . " C h a n g e s i n T r a d e a n d E c o n o m i c G r o w t h , I n t e r a c t i o n B e t w e e n I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d E x p o r t s " , American Economic Review, 70, 2 ( 1 9 8 0 ) , 2 8 1 - 2 8 7 .
D e n i s o n , E . F . " S o u r c e s o f P o s t w a r G r o w t h i n N i n e W e s t e r n C o u n t r i e s " , American Economic Review, Sl, 2 ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 3 2 5 - 3 3 2 .
E l i a s , V . J . " S o u r c e s o f E c o n o m i c G r o w t h i n L a t i n A m e r i c a n C o u n t r i e s " , The Review of Economcics and Statistics, 60, 3 ( 1 9 7 8 ) , 3 6 2 - 3 7 0 .
F e l d m a n , S . J . , D a v i d M c C l a i n d a n K a r e n P a l m e r . " S o u r c e s o f S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e i n U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 6 3 - 7 8 : A n I n p u t - O u t p u t P e r s p e c t i v e " , The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69, 3 ( 1 9 8 7 ) , 5 0 3 - 5 1 0 .
N i s h i m i z u , M . d a n C h a r l e s R . H u l t e n . " T h e S o u r c e s o f J a p a n e s e E c o n o m i c G r o w t h : 1 9 5 5 - 7 1 " , The Review of Economics and Statistics, 60, 3 ( 1 9 7 8 ) , 3 5 1 - 3 6 1 .