I I I I ·1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I i (J) 0) N L!) L!) CrilTIe in Delavvare 1993 An Analysis of Delaware Crime May 1995 Prepared by the Statistical Analysis Center in Conjunction with the State Bureau of Identification STATE OF DELAWARE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Statistical Analysis Center 60 The Plaza Dover, DE 19901 I If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov.
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I I I I
·1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I i
(J) 0)
N L!) L!)
CrilTIe in Delavvare 1993
An Analysis of Delaware Crime
May 1995
Prepared by the
Statistical Analysis Center
in Conjunction with the
State Bureau of Identification
STATE OF DELAWARE
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Statistical Analysis Center
60 The Plaza
Dover, DE 19901
I
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov.
Crime in Delaware 1993
An Analysis of Delaware Crime
Prepared by: Eric Zoeckler, Research .Analyst
Charles Huenke, Research Analyst John P. 0' Connel1~ Director
u.s. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice
155299
This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating". POints of view or opinions stated In
this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official pOSition or poliCies of the Natlo~allnstltute of Justice.
PermisSion to reproduce this 1IlW£& " material has been granted by Public JJol1B.inmJS/BJA~~~ __ _ u. s. _ Deparbnent of Justice
to the NatIOnal Criminal JJsltce Reference Service (NCJRS).
Further reproductIOn outside of the NCJRS system reqUlies permission of the I!iIII!I!IIIIII owner
This report is supported in prut by SAC Clearinghouse grant # 92-BJ-CX-K021 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and in part by grants # 94~DB-CX-00I0 and # 92-MU-CX-0014 from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice.
The points of view expressed in this document do not necessarily represent the official po~ition of the US Department of Justice.
0\ C rime in Delaware may 1992 which had a Part IT offense rate I , have peaked in 1991, with of 191.3.
0\ the crime rate falling in both 1992 and 1993. At a I rate of235.9 crimes per 1,000 pop-
f ~ ulation, the 1993 crime rate in Violent Crime Delaware has fallen to levels below I (J) that of 1990, which saw a rate of The number of violent crimes in 1993
244.9 crimes reached a record level, however, the
~ per 1,000 pop- rate of violent crime per 1,000 popu- I ulation. Both lation has remained constant since Part I and Part 1992. The 1993 violent crime rate
I IT crime rates was 7.4 , the same rate as 1992. The
~ fell in 1993 to violent crime rate in Delaware for levels below 1992 and 1993, although constant,
I the 1990 rates. represents the highest rate in the his-This, despite tory of reported crime statistics. the fact that
I ,. ~ the number of Homicides and rapes decreased from
(J) violent crimes 1992 while robberies and assaults in-Crime in increased creased. In 1993, 26 homicides oc- I Q Delaware may statewide to curred, down from 36 in 1992. Re-
record levels. ported rapes fell from 605 in 1992 to have peaked Offenses re- 581 in 1993. The number of robberies I in 1991. ported to po- increased from 1,313 in 1992 to 1,426
0 lice for both in 1993. Assaults rose to 3,105 in
I Part I and Part II crimes peaked in 1993, up from 3,050 in 1992.
• ,.-..( 1991.
Part I offenses in 1993 fell to a rate Geographically, New Castle County
I (j) experienced increased levels in the of 53.7 offenses reported to police numbers of reported violent crimes per 1,000 population, the lowest while Kent and Sussex counties had
I S level since 1989. The 1993 rate decreases. New Castle County had shows a 7.3% decrease in reported 3,455 reported violent crimes in 1993,
. Part I crimes from the 1992 level of up from 3,151 in 1992. Kent County I .~ 57.9 per 1,000 population. reported 773 violent crimes in 1993, a
~ decrease from 905 in 1992. Sussex Part IT offenses reported to police in County had 910 violent crimes re- I U 1993 occurred at a rate of 182.2 per ported, a decrease from 948 in 1992. 1,000 population, the lowest rate since 1989, which had at rate of I 190. The 1993 Part IT rate represents a 4.8% decrease from
I
Drug Crime Decreases
tatewide reported drug
S offenses decreased for a second consecutive year, from 6,235 in 1992 to
5 999 in 1993. The 3.8% statewide , decrease was attributed to a 10.3% decline in New Castle County. Reported drug offenses increased by 9.8% in Kent County and 8.9% in Sussex County.
In 1993 there were 439 assaults on law enforcement officers in Delaware, down
from 567 in 1992. Tllis represents a decrease of29.2%. Of the 439 assaults on law enforcement officers, 155 occurred during the course of responding to disturbance, 97 occurred during attempted arrests, 67 occurred after traffic pursuits and stops, 41 occurred handeling or transporting prisoners. Hands, fists or feet were used as weapons in 329 of the assaults on law enforcement officers, 16 firearms, 8 knives and 86 other weapon types were used during other assaults.
Crime in Delaware 1993
Part I Crime
P art I Crime includes serious, commonly occurring crimes which are divided into the
categories of violent crime and property crime. Violent crime consists of homicide, (including non-negligent manslaughter), forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault. The property crimes are larceny, burglary, motor vehicle theft and arson. In this section, violent crime is discussed in detail followed by a discussion of property crimes.
In 1993, there were 37,190 Part I category crimes reported in Delaware. This reflects a decrease from 1992, which had 39,561 Part I crimes reported. The 1993 Part I crime rate per 1000 population was 53.7 statewide, a decrease from the 1992 rate of58.2.
New Castle r.i1J Kent counties reported a decr~ase in the number of Part I crimes while Sussex County reported an increase. New Castle County reported 25,041 Part I crimes in 1993, a decrease from 26,823 in 1992. Kent County reported 5,649 Part I crimes in 1993, a decrease from 1992, which had 6,417 crimes. Sussex County reported an increase from 6,321 in 1992 to 6,500 in 1993.
Violent crime rate unchanged in 1993.
~~~-~---~-----------------
Crime in Delaware 1993
Violent Crime in 1993
v iolent crime in Delaware continues to increase statewide, rising steadily
since 1987 to a record high in 1993 of 5,138 crimes. During the mid 1980s violent crime remained relatively stable, however, in 1987 Delaware began to experience a sustained increase in the number of violent crimes each year since. Increasing from 5,004 in 1992 to 5,138 in 1993, Delaware has experienced another 2.6% increase over the 1992 level, however, the rate of increase in violent crime each year has slowed since 1991.
Among Delaware's counties, only New Castle reported an increase in the number of violent crimes in 1993. New Castle County had 3,455 violent crimes in 1993, up from 3,151 in 1992. This represents a 8.8% increase over the 1992 level. Kent and Sussex counties both had decreases in violent crime, Kent County reported 773 violent crimes in 1993, a decrease from 905 in 1992, and Sussex County reported 910 violent crimes in 1993, a decrease from 948 in 1992.
Homidd~
Statewide, 26 homicides occurred in Delaware in 1993. This is a 38.5% decrease from the 36 homicides which occurred in 1992. Of the 26 homicides in 1993, 15 were perpetrated by persons known by the victim, 11 were committed by unknown assailants. 6 homicides were attributed to domestic violence in 1993. 14 homicides were committed through the use of
firearms, of which 10 were handguns. Handguns therefore were involved in 38.5% of homicides in Delaware in 1993. New Castle County had 17 homicides, Kent County had 3 homicides and Sussex County reported 6 homicides.
Forcible Rape
Statewide, 581 forcible rapes occurred in Delaware in 1993. This represents a decrease from 1992 in which 605 forcible rapes occurred. Among the counties, only Kent County reported an increase from 112 in 1992 to 129 in 1993. New Castle County had a decrease from 342 in 1992 to 312 in 1993. Sussex County reported 140 forcible rapes in 1993, down from 151 in 1992. Until this year Delaware had experienced a significant rise in the number of forcible rapes reported to police since 1982 (in which only 188 rapes were reported). Over the course of the 1980s, the number of rapes known to police rose steadily, reaching a high of605 in 1992.
Robbery
Robbery in Delaware increased in 1993 to 1,426 offenses, an increase of 7.9% over 1992, which had 1,313 robberies. Although robbery was up in 1993, the number of offenses is still down from the peak in 1991, which had 1,452 robberies. Robbery in New Castle County was up 12% in 1993, from 1,039 in 1992, to 1,181 in 1993. Following the state trend, although up over the 1992 number, robbery in New Castle County is still down from the record set in 1991, of 1,195. Kent county reported a decrease in robbery
Page 3
Violent crime in Delaware continues to increase statewide, rising steadily since 1987 to a record high in 1993
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Delaware has experienced a steady increase in the number of aggravated assaults since the low in 1986
in 1993, with 140 offenses reported, down from 158 in 1992. Sussex County experienced a decrease with 105 robberies in 1993, down from 116 in 1992.
~ggravated Assault
Aggravated assault statewide in 1993 was up 1.8% from 1992 to 3,105 reported offenses. This represents an all time high for aggravated assaults statewide, up from the previous record set in 1992 of3,050. Delaware has experienced a steady increase in the number of aggravated assaults since the low in 1986, which had 1,556 offenses. Since 1986, aggravated assault has been increasing after passing a plateau from 1990 and 1991 to record highs in 1992 and 1993. New Castle County experienced a 9.9% increase in aggravated assaults,
Crime in Delaware 1993
up from 1,752 in 1992 to 1,945 in 1993. Kent County reported a 24.6% decrease in aggravated assaults from 1992 with 501 assaults in 1993, down from 624 in 1992. Sussex County also reported a decrea$e of a 2.3% with 659 assaults in 1993, down from 674 in 1992.
POPUlATION 633,603 641,222 649,180 657,499 666,168 674,456 683,413 693,067
PART 1 Number of Offenses 31,207 32,436 32,234 33,069 36,615 40,276 39,561 37,190 Crime Rate per 1,000 49.3 50.6 49.7 50.3 55.0 59.7 57.9 53.7
PART II Number of Offenses 72,102 77,434 80,750 91,925 126,553 129,950 130,757 126,285 Crime Rate per 1,000 113.8 120.8 124.4 139.8 190.0 192.7 191.3 182.2
TOTAL
Number of Offenses 103,309 109,870 112,984 124,994 163,168 170,226 170,318 163,475 Crime Rate per 1,000 163.1 171.3 174.0 190,1 244.9 252.4 249.2 235.9
!Notes: I . The Hispanic category is an ethnic group and it is mutually exclusive of the other racial categories. 2. The nOthern category includes American Indians, Asiatic peoples, and cases where only sex is known. 3. "Unknown" applies to an unidentified offender, presumed adult, as of the end of the reporting year. 4. Offenders committing mUltiple murders are counted once. Some victims are killed by more than one offender.
i n which case the victim is counted once and each offender is counted once.
Source: SBI Supplemental Homicide Roport.
l
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I I
II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
----~~-----.-------~---------------------------,
Page 10 Crime in Delaware 1993
Victim to Offender Relationships for Homicides: 1985 - 1993.
THE VICTIM WAS Total I 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
1. KNOWN TO OFFENDER 156 19 23 25 22 26 20 21 21 15
1993 Violent Crime: Victim to Offender Relationships
Stranger
Other known 2R ""01 ~v.~ 10
17.3%
Undetermined 41.5%
Partner 9.2%
Relative 5.7%
1993 1945
501 659
3105
Property Crime in 1993 o roperty crime in Delaware r' decreased in 1993. In
1993, there were 32052 , total property crimes statewide, a 7.8% decrease from 1992, which had 34,557 property crimes. In historical perspective, property crimes in Delaware had been declining since 1982, reaching a low in 1986 of
The 1993 property crime rate per 1000
population was 46.2
28,469 reported offenses, followed by a gradual rise in the number of offenses, peaking in 1991. Since 1992,
property crime has declined to levels roughly equal to the level in 1990.
The 1993 property crime rate per 1,000 population was 46.2, dovm from the 1992 rate of50.6 per 1,000 population.
Among Delaware's counties, New Castle and Kent counties reported decreases in property crimes for 1993, with New Castle County re-
. porting 21,586 offenses, a 9.7% decrease, and Kent County reporting 4,876 offenses, a 13.0% decrease. Sussex County experienced an increase in property crimes, rising from 5,373 in 1992, to 5,590 in 1993. This increase indicates a 3.9% rise in the number of offenses in Sussex County.
the individual crime categories within property crime all decreased with the exception of motor vehicle theft which rose from 2,537 in 1992, to 2,740 in 1993, a 7.4% increase. Burglary fell from 7,249 in 1992, to 6,733 in 1993 a 7.7% decrease. LarcenY'decreased' from 24,470 in 1992, to 22,307 in 1993, a 9.7% decrease. Reported arsons fell from 301 in 1992, to 272 in 1993, a 10.7% decrease.
In 1993, $30,252,669 worth of property was stolen, $11,444,440 worth of that stolen property was recovered. Of the total amount of stolen property, locally stolen motor vehicles accounted for $12,371,850 or 41% of the total dollar value of property stolen. Robberies accounted for $935,069, or 3% of the total dollar value of property stolen. Burglary accounted for $6,741,501, or 22% of the total dollar value of property stolen. Larceny and theft, excluding motor vehicle theft accounted for $10,201, 789, or 34% of the total dollar value of property stolen. During the commission of homicides, only $45 were stolen. During the commission of rapes, $2,415 were reported stolen.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
---------------------------------------------------------------------I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Pat I Qirre Rae 00-93 55.3 Pat II Qirre Rae 84-93 148.1 Pat I Qirre Rae& II 84-93 :;m.B
'f ~
Regional Crime
VV hen comparing regional crime rates, it is important to note that Delaware's
reported rate is based on State Bu-reau ofIdentification reports and, therefore, includes 100% year end total data in all crime categories. All other data in the regional compari
Delaware reported a rate
of Violent crime below the
national rate.
son is based on the FBI's 1993 Crime in the United States report which requires early submission of crime data. Accordingly, the reporting states may use estimated data in the regional comparison which can reflect undercounts of actual crime activity.
Delaware's 1993 crime rate for Total Part I crime was 53.3 per 1,000 population, above the regional rate of 44.3. Among the states in the region, only Maryland and Washington D.C. reported higher rates of Total Part I crime with Maryland reporting a rate of61.1 and Washing-
. ton D.C. reporting a rate of 117.6. The national rate for Total Part I crime was 54.8 per 1,000 in 1993, placing Delaware below the nation in Total Part I crime.
Delaware, in 1993, reported a rate of Violent crime below the national rate of7.5 per 1,000 population
Violent and Property Crime Rates
with a rate of7.4. Regionally, Maryland and Washington D.C. reported higher rates with Maryland reporting 10.0 violent crimes per 1,000 population and Washington D.C. 'reporting 29.2. The regional Violent crime rate for 1993 was 6.0, placing Delaware above the regional rate.
The Part I Property crime rate in Delaware for 1993 was 45.9, below the national rate of 47.4, but above the regional rate of38.3 crimes per 1,000 population. Maryland and Washington D.C. each reported rates above Delaware's with Maryland reporting 51.1 and Washington D.C. reporting 88.4 Part I Property crimes in 1993.
Delaware's Violent crime rate below national rate in
!Notes : 1. 1XIav.are data reflect full repating fran the State:B.lreau ofId::ntificatim 2 Naliooal and Regiooal data, e<cl00ing D:Jav.are, are fran the FH's Crime in the Thitfd State>, 1993. 3. Arson data are aniltfd due to insufficient J<'BI Wta. (Total Part I and Part I PrqJerty ca:lud! arscn.) 4. Wav.are pqlUlaticn is 1993 ruav.are PqxJlaticn Coo'Dtimn csfumte. 5. CXher ~cns are B:Ireau of the Cmsus rrovisiooal estiJmtes as of July 1, 1993.
I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I
1993 UCR Part 1 Complaints Rate Per 1000 Population Delaware Police Departments
New Castle County portion includes State Police Troops
#1, #6, and #9 plus the New Castle County Police Department
reported UCR Part 1 crimes for 1993.
UCR Part 1 crimes include homicide, rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, larceny, burglary, motor vehicle
theft and arson.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 24
Camd
Troop 3
FeWon
arrington Cb
III Greenwood
,.
Bridg'€ville
Troop 5 _seaford G
Blades
ethelGl ..It ~Laurel
Delmar
Crime in Delaware 1993
1993 Violent Crime Complaints Per 1000 Population
Delaware Police Departments
New Castle County portion includes State Police Troops #1, #6 and #9 plus the New Castle County Police Department
reported violent crimes for 1993.
Violent crime complaints include homicide, k forcibile rape, robbery and assault.
Complaints Per 1000 Population
.00 to 2.45
2.45 to 6.41 Milton~
D
D 6.41 to 9.69
Millsboro 9.69 to 12.28
• 12.28 to 40.14
I I I I I :1
I I I II I I I I I I I I I
---Page 26 Crime in Delaware 1993
Delaware's Homicide Rate, the lowest in the Region, is Among the
Lowest in the Nation for 1993.
~ ____ r_. ___ ---'
~ Juvenile Crime
0\ Juvenile arrests for Part I crimes decreased slightly
0\ from 1992 to 1993, after increasing sharply from late 1980's
r ~ levels. There were 2,684 juvenile Part I arrests in 1993, compared to 2,844 in 1992 (down 5.6 percent).
Q.) The small decline in 1993, which followed several years of increases,
Ea leaves juvenile Part I arrests 39.3 percent higher than in 1988.
~ Juvenile arrests for There were:
Part I violent 525 juve-crimes have more niles ar-
than doubled in the rested for last fIVe years Part I vio-
f ~ lent crimes,
Q.) down 2.2 percent from 537 in 1992. Declines
Q in robbery and aggravated assault arrests were offset by a 22.8 percent increase in rape arrests. Juvenile ar-rests for Part I violent crimes have
~ more than doubled in the last five years,
.~
A 6.4 percent decline in 1993 arrests
(1) of juveniles for Part I property crimes also follows several years of
S increases. At 2,159, juvenile Part I property arrests in 1993 were 24.4
. percent higher than in 1988. .~
~
U
L
Juvenile Drug Offenses and Other Part II Crimes In 1993 there were 316 juveniles ar-rested for drug offenses, up from 295 in 1992. While lower than the 1991 peak of374 juvenile drug arrests, the 1993 figure was nearly double that of 1988. Juvenile arrests for drug sales remained down from their 1991 peak, but possession arrests rose 10 percent from 1992 to 1993. A 100 percent m-crease in marijuana possession arrests of juveniles more than offset declines in arrests for possession of other drugs.
Juvenile arrests for other Part n crimes increased 5.4 percent in 1993. Significant increases occurred in three categories: Part n assaults; buying, re-ceiving, or possessing stolen property; and vandalism. 1993 juvenile arrests in those three categories were 20.9 percent higher than in 1992 and 78.7
A 100 percent • • Increase In
•• marijUana possession arrests of juveniles more than
offset declines in arrests for
possession of other drugs. I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I" I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
II I II
Page 28
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
o
Property
Violent
Total Part!
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
o
Drug
Pt II Assault
Other
Total Part II
Juvenile Arrests for Part I Crimes Arrests
I_Violent DProperty
1985 1511
167 1678
Arrests
1986 1612
208 1820
1987 1595
187 1782
1988 1736
191 1927
1989 1642
214 1856
1990 1961
374 2335
Juvenile Arrests for Part II Crimes
I E:iElTotaI Part II -r Pt n Assault ... Drug]
1985 226 407
1658
2291
1986 137
465 2288 2890
1987 135 424
1974
2533
1988 163 592
2465 3220
1989 296 971
2845 4112
1990 277 791
2887 3955
Crime in Delaware 1993
1991 1992 1993 1964 2307 2159
394 537 525 2358 2844 2684
1991 1992 1993 374 295 316 802 918 1095
2842 2582 2594 4018 3795 4005
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
Page 30 Crime in Delaware 1993
Juvenile Arrests for Part I Property Crimes by County Arrests
2500 1_ Sussex I2JKent _New Castle
2000
1500
1000
500
o 1985
New Castle 923
Kent 325
Sussex 263
State~de 1511
1986 1065
310
237
1612
1987 938
351
306
1595
1988 1053
432
251
1736
1989 1057
386
199
1642
1990 1231
440
290
1961
1991 1233
452
279
1964
Juvenile Arrest Rates for Part i Property Crimes by County
50.0 Arrests per 1000 "At-Risk" Juveniles (Ages 10-17)
[_New Castle o Kent _ Sussex
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0 1985
New Castle 17.9
Kemt 23.8
Sussex 21.3
Statewide 19.5
1986 21.1
23.0
19.5
21.2
1987 18.9
26.4
25.6
21.3
1988
21.7
32.9
21.3
23.6
1989 22.2
29.8
17.1
22.7
199G 26.3
34.4
25.3
27.6
1991 26.4
35.2
23.6
27.5
1992 1443
528
336
2307
1992 30.8
40.8
27.5
32.1
1993 1372
374
413
2159
1993
29.2
28.7
32.8
29.8
Crime in Delaware 1993
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
New Castle
Kent
Sussex
Statewide
Juvenile Arrests for Part II Crimes by County Arrests
There were 41,467 total arrests in Delaware in 1993. Of the total arrests,
34778 or 83.9% were adult ar-, , restees. Juveniles accounted for 6689 or 16.1% oftotal arrests. , , Arrests for Part I crime numbered 9267 or 22.3% of total arrests. . , Part II arrests accounted for 32,200, or 77.7% of total arrests.
Clearances
A clearance occurs when a crime has been "solved. II Most crimes are cleared by arrest. One crime may result in more than one arrest; conversely, one arrest may clear several crimes. In addition, a crime may be "cleared" by exceptional circumstance. Exceptional circumstances apply when police know the identity and whereabouts of the offender but cannot arrest him due to circumstances beyond their control (i.e., offender was killed or cannot be located, extradition was refused, etc.).
Delaware Crime Rates Parts I, II and Total Reported Crimes
0 ,.... co m 0 .... N t") 'lit it) <t: I"- co m 0 .... N ,.... ,.... ,.... co co co co co co '..0 CIO co 00 m m en m m CD m m m m m m (I) m m m m m m .... .... .... ..... ..... ~ .... .... .,.... .... .... .... .... ..- ... .,....
D elaware's reported illicit drug offenses decreased to 5,999 in 1993, down
3.8 percent from the 1992 level of 6,235. The statewide decline was due to a 10.3 percent decrease in New Castle County's reported of
Delaware's reported illicit drug offenses decreased to 5,999 in 1993
fenses; from 4,169 in 1992 to 3,740 in 1993. Reported drug offenses increased in the other two counties. Kent County reported a 9.8 percent increase; from 993 in 1992 to 1,090 in 1993. Sussex County re-ported an 8.9
percent increase; from 1,073 in 1992 to 1,196 in 1993.
Drug Offense Rates
When comparing the drug offense rate, a statewide decrease in 1993, 8.7 versus 9.1 per 1,000 population
" in 1992 is seen. The 1993 New Castle County rate decreased from 9.3 to 8.2, while Kent and Sussex County rates increased from 8.7 to 9.3 in Kent, and 9.1 to 9.7 in Sussex.
Drug Arrests
There were 2,496 statewide arrests for drug offenses in 1993, an 11.3 percent decline from 2,814 drug arrests in 1992. New Castle CountY" drug arrests fell 15.7 percent, 1,711 in 1993 versus 2,029 in 1992. Kent County had 5.4 percent fewer drug arrests, 389 in 1993 versus 411 in 1992. In Sussex County, however, drug arrests increased 5.9 percent in 1993, to 396 from 374 in 1992. Of 1993's 2,496 statewide drug arrests, 2,168 were adults and 328 were juveniles.
Admissions to the Department of Correction
Drug offender detained admissions to DOC decreased to 964 in 1993, down 22.1 percent from 1,237 in 1992. However, sentenced admissions for drug offenses continued a decade-long increase. Jail (1 year or less) admis~ sions increased 22.9 percent, from 327 in 1992 to 402 in 1993. Prison (more than 1 year) admissions increased from 318 in 1992 to 327 in 1993.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 46
In 1993, marijuana was seized
in forty percent of all drug
investigati OUS
Types of Drugs Most frequently Seized in
Delaware
S ubstances seized in drug investigations are submitted to the State Medical
Examiner's Office for analyses. The types of substances subsequently analyzed offer some insight into illicit drug activity.
In the late 1980's cocaine replaced marijuana as the drug most frequently encountered by Delaware law enforcement authorities. Having peaked in 1991, cocaine ca<;e·s have declined for the last two years, but continue to be the highest proportion of all seizures. Since first appearing in Delaware in 1987, cmck cocaine prevalence surged rapidly, surpassing that of cocaine powder hI 1991. Since 1991, crack seizures have subsided considerably while powder
Crime In Delaware 1993
seizures maintained fairly stable proportions. Fifty-six percent of all statewide drug seizures in 1993 involved cocaine in either powder or crack form.
Marijuana's prevalence, after declining to a low in 1991, has surged in the last two years. In 1993, marijuana was seized in forty percent of all drug investigations statewide, up from about thirty percent in 1991. Heroin and PCP follow cocaine and marijuana in prevalence of illicit drug seizures. Though not nearly as common as cocaine or marijuana, heroin and PCP seizures have increased considerably in recent years. Heroin seizures, as a proportion of total cases, have almost tripled since 1989. PCP seizures dropped in half from 1989 to 1991, but bounced back to more than double in the two years since. In 1993, heroin was seized in 5.8 percent of all cases; PCP was seized in 2.7 percent of all r..ases.
Medical Examiner Drug Cases: Most Frequently Analyzed Substances
Juvenile Arrests for Illicit Drug Crime by County, 1985 to 1993 Juvenile Arrests
500 1_ Sussex o Kent ElNew Castle
400
300
200
100
o 1985
New Castle 186 Kent 14
Sussex 26 Total 226
1986 109
12 16
137
1987 92 13 30
135
1988 125
18 20
163
1989 239
34 23
296
1990 213
41
41
295
1991 299
57 36
392
Adult Arrests for Illicit Drug Crimes by County, 1985 to 1993 Adult Arrests
3000 1-Sussex o Kent DNew Castle
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
o 1985
New Castle 932
Kent 66
Sussex 104 Total 1102
1986 907
80
90
1077
1987 671
98
113 882
1988 1038
177
129 1344
1989 1488
235 211
1934
1990 1750
322
285 2357
1991 1975
406
318 2699
1992 201
51 53
305
1992 1828
360
321 2509
1993 219
61 48
328
1993 1492
328
348
2168
Police Activity by Juridiction
The following section pro~des a detailed accountmg of police activity by ju-
risdiction. This includes the Delaware State Police as well as all police departments and law enforcement agencies statewide. Detailed infonnation on the number of complaints and clearances by crime type is included from 1988 to 1993.
In 1993, Delaware employed 1,415 law enforr.:ement officers, down
from the Many of the larger 1992 number
law enforcement of 1447. Of agencies in
Delaware reported employing fewer officers in 1993
those law enforcement officers, 489 were employed by the Delaware
State Police, the largest single law enforcement agency in Delaware. New Castle County Police
Department, the second largest law enforcement agency in Delaware employed 274 officers, down from 288 in 1992. Wilmington employed 265 officers in 1993, down from 277 in 1992. Many of the larger law enforcement agencies in Delaware reported employing fewer officers in 1993 with the exception of the City of Dover Police Department which employed 75 officers in 1992, and 80 in 1993.
In the report of crimes and clearances by jurisdiction, Part I crimes are divided into violent and property crimes; then the specific crimes are enumerated by type, such as homicide rape , , robbery, aggravated assault, etc. After the totals for the state and each county, the state police troops (DSP) are listed, followed by an alphabetical listing of city and county agencies. A..fter the Wilmington Dept. of Police begins a listing of other special agencies in the state.
Delaware Law Enforcement Officers Per 1000 Population 1980 - 1993
'-' Indicates no data available. • Includes sworn officers and civilians. Number of sworn officers, only, is not available for these jurisdictions prior to 1982.
For Newark, Wilmington and Delaware State Police, the number of sworn officers is reported for all years shown. Data source: N:U Umform Cnme 1<eports.
Crime in Delaware 1993
GRAND TOTAL TOTAL Total Violent AGENCY
or PARTS I&IT PART I CRIME Part I Crime REGION Comp Clear Comp Clear Comp Clear
Unifolml Crime Report (UCR) and Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)
Data
Reporting of crime data in Delaware is based on Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data.
While UCR data is detailed and accurate, there is often up to a year lag in UCR data availability. Accordingly, the last year end UCR data for Delaware currently available is for 1993. In addition, Delaware's UCR year end data for 1994 may not be available until late 1995 or early 1996. As this time
lag promotes SigD nificant delays in the measurement and analysis of crime activity in Delaware and ac~ companying criminal justice policies, the Statistical Analysis Center, in conjunction with the City of Wilming~ ton Police De
CAD data can be partment, has be-
used as an early indicator of crime trends
gun to compare UCR data with the Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) data collected by the
Wilmington Police Department. The CAD data represents the number of calls received by the Wilmington Police Department for police assistance and the corresponding type of crime under which the calls were dispatched from headquarters to officers. For example, a call tlle Wilmington Police Department receives from a citizen for p0-
lice assistance for an assault ,,¥ill be . counted in the CAD data as one assault.
The CAD data, therefore, reflects the number of crime types for which officers were dispatched, whereas the UCR data, which is based on the officers written report, may report a different type of offense or possibly no offense at all after the officer completes an investigation of the call.
CAD Data as Early Indicator of Crime Trends
Although UCR and CAD data differ in scope and definition, CAD data, which is collected daily, cor-
responds well to UCR from 1991 to 1993, the last year for which year end UCR data is available. Accordingly, CAD data can be used as an early indicator of crime trends in recent time periods wit,l} a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Wilmington CAD data for year end 1994 indicates that Part I & n assaults increased over 1993 from 3997 in 1993, to 4312 in 1994. CAD burglary complaints also has increased slightly over 1993 from 2103 to 2151. Rape, robbery and homicide all increased in 1994's Wilmington CAD reports. Homicide rose from 11 in 1993, to 14 in 1994 while rape rose from 73 to 78 complaints in 1994. Robbery also increased in 1994 to 756, up from 730 in 1993. In Wilmington, the most signif~ icant increase in CAD data occurred in the number of drug complaints received by police.from 2,674 in 1993, to 3,663 in 1994.
In analyzing the Wilmington CAD data holistically, a general increase in violent and drug crime complaints is evident for 1994. Given the fact that the CAD and UCR trends historically correspond in direction, meaning that if CAD complaints increase or decrease UCR reported crimes will increase or decrease in proportion as well, it is probable that 1994 UCR reports will reveal increases in these crime categories for Wilmington.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I· I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 72 Crime in Delaware 1993
25
20
15
10
5
o
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
City of Wilmington UCR Complaints vs. CAD Calls
Homicide
IEIJUCR !m]CAD 21
1991 1992 1993
City of Wilmington UCR Complaints vs. CAD Calls
Rape
127 IGElUCR lWCAD
1991 1992 1993
1994
1994
Crime in Delaware 1993
1000
800
600
400
200
o
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
o
City of Wilmington UCR Complaints VS. CAD Calls Robbery
I Eilli UCR a CAD
1991 1992 1993
City of Wilmington UCR Complaints VS. CAD Calls
Burglary
267.2 I Bill UCR mil CAD
1991 1992 1993
Page 73
1994
2151
1994
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
:1 -
Page 74 Crime in Delaware 1993
City of Wilmington UCR Complaints VS. CAD Calls
Part I & II Assault
6000 II2JUCR ~CAD
5000
4312
4000
3000
2000
1000
o 1991 1992 1993 1994
City of Wilmington UCR Complaints VS. CAD Calls
Drugs
5000 I EJUCR lEilCAD
4000 3663
3000
2000
1000
o 1991 1992 1993 1994
Glossary of Terms
Adult A person 18 years of age or older.
Arrest Rate The number of arrests per 1000 population
A complaint reported to police is considered cleared or solved once the police have identified the offender. One arrest may clear several crimes, therefore, the clearance rate is often higher than the arrest rate.
A criminal offence reported to police.
Crime Rate The number of crimes per 1000 population.
Exceptional Circumstances When police have enough infonnation to clear an offence but cannot locate the offender to make an arrest.
Juvenile
Part I Crimes
Part II Crimes
Population Data
·Property Crime
Reported Offense
Violent Crime
A person under age 18 years of age.
Homicide, robbery, rape, aggravated assault, burglar, larceny, motor vehicle theft and arson.
All crimes not included in Part I Crime definition.
All population data is taken from the Delaware Population Consortium.
A subsection of Part I Crime including: burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft and arson.
Crimes reported to or otherwise known to police.
A subsection of Part I Crime including: homicide, rape, robbery and aggravated assault.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
,I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 76 Crime in Delaware 1993
Part I Crime: Violent Crime
These crimes are against persons and are counted per victim rather than per complaint.
1. CRIMINAL HOMICIDE: This includes Murder, the willful (non-flf~gligent) killing of one human by
TItle Section Class NCIC Offense
11 631 FE 09 Criminally negligent homicide 11 632 FC 09 Manslaughter
11 635 FB 09 Murder in the second degree
11 636 FA 09 Murder in the first degree
2. RAPE: The carnal knowledge ofa male or female forcibly and against his or her will, comprised of the most serious sexual crimes, including:
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 770 FE 11 Unlawful sexual penetration 3rd degree
11 771 FD 11 Unlawful sexual penetration 2nd degree
11 772 FC 11 Unlawful sexual penetration 1 st degree
11 774 FB 11 Unlawful sexual intercourse 2nd degree
11 775 FA 11 Unlawful sexual intercourse 1 st degree
3. ROBBERY: Feloniously taking, or attempting to take, anything of value from someone by force, threat of force, violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 831 FE 12 Robbery in the second degree
11 832 FB 12 Robbery in the first degree
4. AGGRAVATED ASSAULT: An assault classified. as aggravated is determined by criteria rather than statute. The criteria pertain to the severity of the attack, unless a weapon is used. Attempted Murder is an aggravated assault. Simple assault is a Part IT Crime.
TItle Section Class NCIC Offense
11 604 FE 13 Reckless endangering in the first degree
11 612 FD 13 Assault in the second degree
11 613 FC 13 Assault in the first degree
11 1254 FB. FD 13 Assault in a detention facility
11 3532 FE 13 Intimidating acts
11 3533 FD 13 Aggravated intimidating acts
Crime in Delaware 1993 Page 77
Part I Crime: Property Crime
These crimes are all against property and are counted per complaint (as per a hierarchical rule) irrespective of the number of victims, except for arson.
5. BURGLARY: The unlawful (attempted) entry into a building or structure to commit a crime.
Title
11
11
11
Section
824
825
826
Class
FF
FD
FC
NCIC Offense
22 Burglary in the third degree
22 Burglary in the second degree
22 Burglary in the first degree
I I I I I I'
6. LARCENY: The (attempted) theft of someone IS property, excluding motor vehicles. Examples of larceny I include pick-pocketing, shoplifting, purse-snatc:ung, theft of bicycle, livestock, farm equipment, airplane, construction equipment, motorboat, theft of items from within a motor vehicle (groceries)~ etc.
Title
11
11
Section
841
841
Class
MA
FG
NCIC Offense
23 Theft under $500
23 Theft over $500
7. MOTOR VEmCLE THEFT: The (attempted) theft ofa motor vehicle by person(s) without lawful access to the vehicle.
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 853 MA 24 Unauthorized use of a vehicle
8. ARSON: The willful and malicious burning ofa dwelling, motor vehicle, or other personal property, with or without the intent to defraud.
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 801 FG 20 Arson in the third degree
11 802 FD 20 Arson in the second degree
11 803 FC 20 Arson in the first degree
Part II Crimes
These crimes include an assortment of offenses not classified as Part I, except for traffic offenses. Common Part II crimes are listed below:
SIMPLE ASSAULT: Any of following assaults could be aggravated, depending on circumstances.
Title Section Class NCIC Offense 11 601 M 13 Offensive touching 11 602 M 13 Menacing 11 603 MA 13 Reckless endangering 2nd 11 611 MA 13 Assault in the third degree
I I I I I I I I I I I I
------
I Page 78 Crime in Delaware 1993
I FORGERY
I Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 861 FF,FG,MA 25 Forgery in the 1 st, 2nd, or 3rd degrees
11 862 FG 25 Possession of forgery devices
I FRAUD
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
I 11 841 FG,MA 26 Theft by false pretense or promise
11 900 FG,MA 26 Worthless check
I 11 903 FG,MA 26 Unlawful use of credit card 11 907 MA 26 Criminal impersonation
STOLEN PROPERTY
I Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 851 FG,MA 28 Receiving stolen property
I VANDALISM
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
I 11 811 FG,M 29 Criminal mischief
I WEAPON OFFENSES
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 1442 FG 52 Carrying a concealed deadly weapon
I 11 1443 MA 52 Carrying a concealed deadly instrument
11 1446 M 52 Unlawfully dealing with a switchblade
I 11 1447 FB 52 Possession of a deadly weapon during felony
11 1448 FE 52 Possession deadly weapon by person prohibited
I PROSTITUTION
Title Section Class NCiC Offense
11 1342 MB 40 Prostitution
I 11 1355 MB 40 Permitting prostitution
SEXUAL OFFENSES
I Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 763 M 36 Sexual harassment 11 765 MA 36 Indecent exposure in the first degree
I 11 1108 FB 36 Sexual exploitation of a child
11 1109 FD 36 Dealing in child pomography
I DRUG OFFENSES
Title Section Class NCIC Offense
I 16 4751 FC 35 Possession with intent to deliver narcotics
16 4752 FE 35 Same, non-narcotics
16 4753 M 35 Possession or use of narcotics
I
I Crime in Delaware 1993 Page 79
DRUG OFFENSES, Continued I TItle Section Class NCIC Offense I 16 4753A FB 35 Drug trafficking
16 4754 MB 35 Possession or use of non-narcotics
16 4754A FE 35 Delivery of non-controlled prescriptions I 16 4755 FF. MA 35 Maintaining a dwelling/Vehicle for drug trade
~6 4756 FF 35 Obtain illegal substance
I 16 4757 M 35 Illegal possession of hypodermic needle
16 4771 MA 35 Possession of drug paraphemalia
GAMBLING I TItle Section Class NCIC Offense I 11 1403 MA 39 Advancing gambling in the first degree
OFFENSES AGAINST FAMILY I Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 1102 MA 38 Endangering the welfare of a child I 1i 1105 MA 38 Endangering welfare of incompetent person 11 1106 MB 38 Unlawfully dealing with a child
LIQUOR LAWS I Title Section Class NCIC Offense I 4 904 M 41 Possession/consumption of alcohol by minor
DISORDERLY CONDUCT
I TItle Section Class NCIC Offense
11 1301 M 53 Disorderly conduct I 11 1311 M 53 Harassment
11 1312 MB 53 Aggravated harassment
11 1312A FF 53 Stalking I ALL OTHER OFFENSES
I Title Section Class NCIC Offense
11 781 MA 10 Unlawful imprisonment second degree I 11 782 FG 10 Unlawful imprisonment first degree 11 783 FC 10 Kidnapping in the second degree
;'
11 783A FB 10 Kidnapping in the first degree I 11 511 MA 73 Conspiracy in the third degree 11 512 FG 73 Conspiracy in the second degreee
I 11 513 FE 73 Conspiracy in the first degreee 16 1132 M 73 Failure to report abuse
AGE, SEX AND RACE OF PERSONS ARRESTED 17 YEARS AND UNDER --------------------- AGE --------------------- -------- _ACE --------- ---- E-D ----
9 AND U.S. NON-CLASSIFICATION
Of OFFENSES SEX UNDER 10-12 13-14 15 16 17
TOTAL UNDER
18 WHITE BLACK INO ASIAN HISP HISP
HURDER AND NOHNEGlIGEHi It HANS lAUGHTER alA F
HAHSLAUGHTER BY H NEGLIGENCE 018 F
H FORCIBLE RAPE 02 F
Ii ROBBERY 05 F
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT " CRETURN A-4A-40 14 F
~URGLARY--8REAKIHG OR ENTERING
LARCENV--THEFT (EXCEPT "HOTDR VEHICLE THEFT)
"OTOR VEHICLE THEFT
OTHER ASSAULTS (RETURN A-4E)
ARSON
" 05 F
It 06 F
" 07 F
It 08 F
H 09 F
It FORGERV I COUNTERFEITING 10 F
It FRAlJl) 11 F
It EHBEZZLEHENT 12 F
STOLEN PROPERTY; BUYING It RECEIVING, POSSESSING 13 F
It VANOALISH 14 F
WEAPONS; CARRYING. r~SSESSING, ETC.
It 15 F
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Y45F19D6 01/14/95 01:47:33.7 ANNUAL 1993 AGENCY GO STATEWIDE TOTALS
STATE OF DELAWARE PAGEl 255 COUNTY
AGE., SEX AND RACE OF PERSONS ARRESTED 17 YEARS AND UNDER
--------------------- AGE --------------------- -------- RACE ---------
9 AND u.S.
---- E-O ----
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES SEX UNDER 10-12 13-14 15 16 17
TOTAL UNDER
18 WHITE BLACK IHD ASIAN HON
HISP HISP
PROSTXTUTION AND COHHERCIALIZED VICE " 16 F
SEX OfFENSES(EXCEPT FORCIBLE " RArE AND PROSTITUTION 17 F
OPIUM OR COCAINE AND H THEIR DERIVATIVES UIORPHINE, F HEROIN, CODEINE (1) 18A
MARIJUANA " (lJ 18B F
SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS-HANU- H FACTURED NARCOTICS WHICH CAN f CAUSE TRUE DRUG ADDICTION CDEKEROl, HETHODONES"lJ lac
OTHER - DANGEROUS NON- H NARCOTIC DRUGS (1) ISO F (BARBITURATES, BENZEDRINE)
OPIUM OR COCAINE AND H THEIR DERIVATIVES (HORPHINE, F HEROIN. CODEINE (2' 18E
MARIJUANA H (2) laF F
SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS-HANU- H FACTURED NARCOTICS WHICH CAN F CAUSE TRUE DRUG ADDICTION tDEHEROL, HETHODONES'(2' 18G
OTHER - DANGEROUS HOH- H NARCOTIC DRUGS (2) 188 F (BARBITURATES, BENZEDRINE)
SALE/MANUFACTURING (I) " SUBTOTAL 180 F
POSSESSION (2) It SUBTOTAL 185 F
DRUG ABUSE H VIOLATIoNs -- TOTAL 18 F
- - - - -
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----- .. ---------~---Y45F1706 01/14/95 01145115.8 STATE OF DELAWARE i'AGEI 476 ANNUAL 1993 coomv AGENCY 00 STATEWIDE TOTALS
AGE, SEX AND RAtE OF PERSONS ARRESTED 18 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER
------------------------------------ AGE ------------~------------------------ ------ RACE ------- -- E-O --~--------------------------------------------------~-----------------_________________ a __________________ _
25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- ~o- 65 I U.S. NON-CLASSI~ICATIDH SEX 18 19 2~ 21 22 23 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 '4 OVER TOT WHITE BLACK IHD ASH HISP HISP OF OFFENSES
SYN HARC HANUFACT HUG aGO 0 NARC THAT CAUSE F 0 • 0 a 9 1 DRUG j\DDICTION IDEM, ~iI)(2) 111-
OTHER DANG NOH-NRC H 3 1 0 0 0 0 DRUGS (2) 18H F 0 0 0 0 0 0 (BRBS, BENZEDRINE)
SALE/HANUFACT 11) H 47 33 37 39 45 30 S~BTOTAl 180 F 7 6 4 5 8 7
POSSES£ION 12) H 115 94 74 74 80 60 SUBTOTAL 185 F 15 9 S 4 9 10
1 II
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62 241 179 127 6 3~ 44 34
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3 562 160 401 0 1 43 519 o 109 38 69 i 2 8 101
1 1189 523 664 0 2 71 1118 a 193 93 99 I 1 4 189
DRUG ABUSE H 162 127 III 113 125 90 81 365 275 177 70 27 18 5 1 4 1151 683 1065 0 3 114 1637 VIOL - TOTAL 18 F 22 15 9 9 17 17 15 64 &1 42 22 5 2 2 0 D 302 131 168 0 3 12 290
~ ~ 00 ~
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Y45F1706 01/14/95 OlI451~5.9 STATE OF DELAWARE PAGEl 478 ANNUAL 1993 COUHiY AGENCV 00 STATENIDE TOTALS
AGE, SEX AND RACE Of PERSONS ARRESTED 18 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER -----------------------------~------ AGE ------------------------~------------ ------ RACE ------- -- E-O ----------------------------------~--------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------
25- 30" 35- 40- loS,· SO- 55- 60- 65 I U.S. HOH-CLASSIfICATION SEK 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 29 34 39 44 ~9 54 59 64 OVER TOT WHITE BLACK INn ASH HISP HISP OF OFFENSES
Y45F1906 01/14/95 01:47~S3.a STATE OF DELAWARE PAGEl 256 ANNUAL 1993 COUNTY AGEMCY .1 STATEWIDE TOTALS
AGE, SEX AND RACE OF PERSONS ARREST~D 17 YEARS AND UNDER --------------------- AGE --------------------- -------- RACE --------- ---- E-O ----
9 AND CLASSIFICATION
Of OFFENSES SEX UNDER 10-12 13-14 15 1& 17
TOTAL UNDER
18
BOOKHAKI"G (HORSE AND H SPORT BOOK) 19A F
H NUHBERS AND LOTTE~Y 198 F
~ ALL OTHER GAMBLING 19C F
H GAHBLING 19 F
OFFENSES AGAINST FAHILY H AND CHILDREN 211 F
DRIVING UNDER THE H INFLUENCE 21 F
H LIQUOR LAWS 22 F
H PUBLIC INTOXICATION 23 F
DISORDERLY CONDUCT
VAGRANCY
ALL OTHER OFFENSES iEXCEfT TRAFFIC)
SUSPICION
CURFEW AND LOITERING LAW VIOLA TIOt~
RUN-AWAYS
SUHHARY TOTAL SUHltARY TOTAL
H 24 F
H 25 F
H 26 F
" 27 F
H 28 F
H 29 f
[1 F
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63 366 1270 1028 1200 1311 14 121 446 302 264 304
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5233 1451
PREPARED BY DIRECTOR, STATE BUREAU Of IDENTIFICATION
----------------------- ------------- . u.s. NON-
WHITE BLACK IND ASIAN HISP HISP
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8 ., 129
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2693 2538 758 692
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01/14/95 01145105.1 1993
Y45F170o ANNUAL AGENCV '0 STATEWIDE TOTALS
STATE Of DELAWARE COiJt..'iY
PAGEl 474
AGE, SEX AND ~ACE Of PERSONS ARRESTED 18 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER ----------------------------------$- AGE ----------------------------------~ __ ------ RACe ------- -- ~-o -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------
25- ,'\)- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65 I u.S. NON-CLASSIFICATION SEX 1& 19 20 21 22 23 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 OVER TOT WHITE BLACK 1MB ASH HISP HISP OF OFfENSEi.