Human Excretory System composed of kidney-functional unit of a kidney- nephron) lungs (alveoli) skin (sweat glands) liver.

Human Excretory System

composed ofkidney-functional unit of a kidney- nephron) lungs (alveoli)skin (sweat glands) liver

types of metabolic wastesWaste Produced from

Carbon Dioxide Aerobic Respiration

Water Aerobic Respiration

Salts Metabolic activities

Nitrogenous wastes Breakdown of excess Amino Acids & Proteins

types of nitrogenous wastes toxicity

Ammonia (NH3) Highly Toxic

Urea Moderately Toxic

Uric Acid Crystals Minimally Toxic

human excretory system

waste and what its removed by

– carbon dioxide- lungs – water - skin, kidney, lungs – salts - skin, kidney – ammonia - liver – urea - kidney

primary organs of excretion

blood and urine flow

blood enters the kidneys via renal arteries, and leaves the kidneys via the renal veins

wastes removed from the blood leave the kidneys by the ureter

kidney

Learn the parts

Functions of the kidneys1. excrete toxins and

nitrogenous wastes2. regulate chemical

levels in blood 3. maintain water

balance4. helps regulate blood

pressure (renin)

label the partson a model

label the partson a model1. Renal Vein

2. Renal Artery

3. Renal Calyx

4. Medullary Pyramid

5. Renal Cortex

12. Renal Column

13. Renal Papillae14. Renal Pelvis15. Ureter

cross section of human kidney

structures

formation of urine

occurs by a series of three processes that take place in successive parts of the nephron

•filtration•reabsorption•secretion

formation of urine

wastes - urine

The remaining wastes, now called urine are transported out through the collecting tubule to an area known as the renal pelvis (a collecting area) where the urine then passes into the ureter

urinalysis physical, chemical, microscopic examination of urine

color•pale yellow (straw) •light yellow •yellow •green-yellow (olive) •red-yellow •red •red-brown •brown-black •black •milky

turbidity (cloudiness)

Normally, freshly voided urine is clear and transparent. It may be cloudy due to crystals and cells will centrifuge out; bacteria will not.

urinalysis physical, chemical, microscopic examination of urine

odor

Strong odors of urine need to be identified because many can give clues to the origin of diseases.

specific gravity (density)

The refractometer measures the refractive index of the total soluble solids. When a beam of light passes through one substance into another, the beam is refracted so that it travels in another direction. The extent to which the beam is refracted depends on the concentration of the total soluble solids.

urinalysis - urine odor• Ammoniacal-Occurs especially during decomposition or urine on

standing ("alkaline fermentation") or retention within urinary bladder; may be related to some bacterial infections.

• Effects of drugs and diet-Many ingested substances will give the urine a distinct odor as ingested asparagus giving urine its characteristic odor.

• Fecal-Due to contamination with feces or E. coli; often related to bladder-GI tract fistula.

• Fetid or Putrid-May be caused by diseases of the GU tract. Decomposition of urine containing cystine or pus will have the odor of rotten eggs (H2S).

• Fruity or Sweetish-Usually due to acetone in diabetic acidosis, starvation or dieting.

• Urinoid or Faintly Aromatic; Normal Attributed to volatile organic acids most marked in "concentrated" urine specimens.

control of nephron Nephron control is hormonal, with water

reabsorption controlled by ADH from the posterior pituitary and sodium chloride reabsorption controlled by aldosterone from the adrenal medulla.  Sodium chloride transport is monitored by the juxtaglomerular complex.  The arteriolar cells secrete renin, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret aldosterone. 

Aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium chloride and the excretion of potassium.

a few disorders of the excretory system

Obstructive disorderskidney stones kidney cancer

Renal failure - (kidney failure)UTIs - urinary tract infections, often caused

by gram-negative bacteriacystitis-bladder infectionsurethritis-inflammation of the urethrapyelonephritis- inflammation of the

kidneys

kidney stones • Cause - metabolic disorder involving

calcium, proteins and uric acid the build up of these substances into a large deposit (stone)

• Symptoms - irritation of the urinary tract, bleeding in the urinary tract, in cases with large stones there can be extreme pain as

the stone(s) try to pass through the tract • Treatments - removal by surgical means,

breakdown of stones by either physical (ultrasound) or chemical means, dietary changes to reduce chances of stones

renal (kidney) failure

 • Causes - infections, trauma,

diabetes, tumors • Symptoms - build up of toxins in the

blood stream (urea), jaundice, fatigue

• Treatments - dialysis, drug therapy, transplants

Chronic Renal Failure Treatment

Dialysis

bladder infections

• Causes - infection of the urinary tract • Symptoms - burning sensation in the

flanks that can move down from the middle of the back towards the front of the groin, burning sensation while urinating

• treatments - antibiotics

Lungs and Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2

Respiration

H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2

Photosynthesis

The Respiratory

System

• Pulmonary ventilation– Air moves in and out of lungs– Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)

• External respiration– Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli– O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood– CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air

• Transport of respiratory gases– Between the lungs and the cells of the body– Performed by the cardiovascular system– Blood is the transporting fluid

• Internal respiration– Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells– O2 in blood diffuses into tissues– CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood

Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibersAlveoli interconnect via alveolar pores

Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane

• Breathing = “pulmonary ventilation”– Pulmonary means related to the lungs

• Two phases– Inspiration (inhalation) – air in– Expiration (exhalation) – air out

• Mechanical forces cause the movement of air– Gases always flow from higher pressure to lower– For air to enter the thorax, the pressure of the air in it has to

be lower than atmospheric pressure• Making the volume of the thorax larger means the air inside it is

under less pressure(the air has more space for as many gas particles, therefore it is under less pressure)

• The diaphragm and intercostal muscles accomplish this

Gas Laws

P1 V1 = P2 V2

T1 T2

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Liver Function

• Weighs 3 pounds• filters the blood from

the digestive tract• detoxifies chemicals

and metabolizes drugs.

• makes proteins for blood clotting

cirrhosis of the liver

• Causes - excessive intake of alcohol or other disease such as hepatitis

• Symptoms - elevated temp., weight loss, indigestion

• Treatments - drug therapy, blood transfusion, transplants