Human Body Systems. Integumenary system Function: the function of the integumentary system is to cover and protect the insides of the body from diseases,

Human Body Systems

Integumenary system• Function: the function of the

integumentary system is to cover and protect the insides of the body from diseases, temperature changes, and the environment

• Location: the outer surface of the body

• Major parts– Skin: covers the body

• Contains nerves, glands, hairs and blood vessels• Layers- epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

– Hair: conserves body heat– Nails: protect the tips of fingers and toes– Melanin: pigment to protect against UV rays

• Found in the epidermis

– Sweat glands: helps cool you down– Oil glands: Keeps skin from cracking

Skin damage can cause severe infections to uncovered tissues!!

Integumentary system

Give and take

• Skin gives …– CO2 into blood

– Waste products into blood

– Signals from the environment to the nervous system

• Skin takes…– O2 out of blood

– Proteins and sugars out of blood

Skeletal system

• Function: provides shape and form for our bodies, protects internal organs, produces blood, stores minerals

• Location: Limbs, head, trunk• Major parts:

– Bones -Ligaments– Tendons -Joints– Marrow

Skeletal system

Joints

Ball and Socket

PivotHinge

Gliding

Give and take

• Bones give…– New blood cells to the

blood– Support to muscles

• Bones take…– O2, sugar, proteins

and other nutrients out of the blood (use them to make more cells)

Human bone strength video

Muscular system

• Function: – Movement of bones– Movement of blood– Movement of food

• Locations: surrounding bones, the heart, the digestive tract

• Major parts:– Smooth muscle: around the digestive organs– Cardiac muscle: the heart– Skeletal muscle: attached to bones; move the

body

Muscular system

Give and take

• Muscles give…– CO2 back to blood

• Muscles take…– O2 out of blood

– Sugar and protein out of blood

Muscles video

Digestive/excretory system

• Function: break down food into small parts so the body can absorb nutrients and sugar to create and nourish cells

• Major parts: (from top to “bottom”!)– Mouth: starts to break down food (chewing

and saliva)

– Esophagus: tube from mouth to stomach

– Stomach: more breakdown with enzymes

– Small intestines: more breakdown of the food and where most of the food is absorbed

– Large intestines: where solid waste products are formed. Also, water is absorbed back into the body here.

– Anus: the exit

– Accessory Glands: parts that don’t directly touch food but help with digestion

• Liver: makes bile (a chemical mixture that breaks down fats)

• Pancreas: secretes enzymes into the small intestines

• Gal bladder: stores bile• Salivary glands: make and secrete saliva

Digestive/excretory system

Digestion video 1Digestion video 2

Endocrine system

• Function: secrete (produce) hormones that control and coordinate activities in the body

• Location: glands are in head, neck, gonads, pancreas. Hormones travel through the blood

Endocrine system

Endocrine system videoABC news video

• Major parts:– Hormones: chemical signals that tell different

parts of your body what to do– Gland: an organ that makes hormones

• Pituitary• Hypothalamus• Thyroid gland: controls metabolism, growth and

develpoment• Ovaries/testes

– Secretion: the process of sending the hormone from the gland into the blood stream

– Target Tissue: the cells of the body that will change what they are doing in response to the hormone.

Nervous system

• Function: receive signals from the environment, interpret signals, and send response instructions to glands or muscles

• Location: throughout body, especially the head and spine

• Major parts:– CNS (central nervous system): the processing

center• Brain• Spinal cord

– PNS (peripheral nervous system): nerves connected to organs, glands, and muscles that send and receive signals

• 5 senses: (taste, touch, smell, hearing, sight)– Receive signals from the environment

– Nerve/Neuron: a cell that sends and receives electrical signals

• Impulse- a signal sent by a nerve• Sensory nerves receive signals from the

environment• Motor nerves send signals to muscles and glands

– Reflex arc: the path that an impulse travels• Usually from a sensory signal to the CNS and then

to a motor neuron

– Stimulus/response: the environment and the body interactions

Nervous system

Nervous system videoSchoolhouse rock video

Neuron

Respiratory system• Function: supply oxygen to the body and

to remove carbon dioxide from the body– oxygen is used in cellular respiration when it

is combined with sugar to make energy for cells

• Major parts:– Nasal cavity: air goes in

– Trachea (“wind pipe”): tube from nose/mouth to lungs

– Bronchus: branches off the trachea to each lung

– Bronchiole: smaller branches off each brochus

– Lungs: where gas exchange occurs with blood vessels

– Alveoli: tiny air sacs that are covered in tiny blood vessels

• Simple diffusion moves oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillaries to the alveoli

– Diaphragm: the muscle that pulls air into the lungs and pushes air out

• The diaphragm flattens and goes lower when you inhale

• The diaphragm expands and goes higher when you exhale

Respiratory system

Respiratory videoSmoking video clipThe Doctors clip

Circulatory system• Function: transports

materials including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, nitrogen-based wastes, and hormones

• Major parts:– Heart: the muscle that pumps blood to the

lungs or to the rest of the body• The right side pumps blood to the lungs to get

oxygen and remove carbon dioxide• The blood then returns to the heart where the left

side pumps it to the rest of the body

– Blood (RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets, Plasma)• Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and

wastes to various parts of the body

• Blood video

– Arteries: blood vessels that move blood away from the heart

• Most contain large amounts of oxygen

– Veins: blood vessels that move blood towards the heart

• Most contain large amounts of carbon dioxide

– Capillaries: the tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins where gas exchange occurs

• video

Circulatory system

Urinary system

• Function: removes wastes from blood

• Major parts:– Kidneys: filter nitrogen-based wastes out of

the blood– Ureters: send liquid wastes from the kidneys

to the bladder– Urinary bladder: the holding tank for urine– Urethra: the tube that sends urine from the

bladder to the outside of the body

Urinary system

Kidney stones

Reproductive system

• Function: reproduction (duh)

• Major parts:– Male -- Female

• Testes • Ovaries• Penis • Vagina• Vas deferens • Uterus• Sperm • Eggs

Reproductive system- male

Reproductive system- female

Immune/Lymphatic• Functions: to

protect body from infections and illnesses. (multiple systems working together)

Immunity

• Skin – barrier against foreign diseases• Secretions – (mucus, oil, sweat, tears,

saliva) – mucus traps bacteria, all others contain enzymes to break down bacteria

• Inflammation – when blood vessels to dilate and extra fluids help destroy bacteria or viruses

• White blood cells – destroy bacteria by eating them

Acquired immunity

• Definition- defending against specific pathogens by gradually building up a resistance to them

• Lymphatic system – – Lymph- tissue fluid that bathes body cells– Lymph nodes- clumps of tissue that filter

pathogens out of the lymph– Important organs – tonsils, spleen, thymus

gland

Antibody immunity

• Antigens – foreign substances that stimulate an immune response

• Antibodies – proteins in the blood plasma produced in response to antigens that will react with and disable the foreign organisms

• T cells and B cells – white blood cells that produce antibodies

Passive and active immunity

• Two ways of acquiring immunity

• Passive immunity – antibodies are transferred from mother to child through placenta and milk

• Active immunity – when a person gets an infection and recovers, the person will usually be immune if exposed again– Vaccines artificially induce an infection