YOUR BODY: FORM & FUNCTION
YOUR BODY: FORM & FUNCTION
Key Terms
• Anatomy: body’s structure
• Physiology: function- how things
work
• Homeostasis: maintenance of stable internal environment
Calcium: highest mineral in body
99% in bone & teeth (structure)
Calcium important:
1. Structure- bones/teeth
2. Function: muscle contraction,
blood clotting
Bone Blood Muscles
Calcium
What happens when your blood calcium level starts to fall?
Blood calcium stimulus parathyroid glands (neck) Parathyroid hormone bones Blood (normal level) calcium
Return to normal blood calcium
Stop releasing parathyroid
hormone
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
What happens if bones continue to release calcium & not replaced in diet?
Not enough calcium in diet?
Bones calcium blood
Bone thinning: osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
• Peak bone mass: ages 16-30 • After 35-45 bone breakdown > bone formed • Bone density: African Americans > Caucasians Men > Women Smoking alcohol Weight bearing exercises, calcium
intake
Vitamin D
Some people don’t
get enough from:
1) Diet
2) Made in skin
(sunlight)
Vitamin D:
Important for
Calcium absorption
Low Vitamin D, bones
Lose calcium
Vitamin D
May also protect you against
• Cancer
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Type 2 Diabetes
Vitamin D & sunlight- most of US:
November-February- Vitamin D: skin
Human Anatomy
• Dorsal (back) cavity: cranial (brain) & spinal cavities
• Ventral (front) cavity:
1. Thoracic : lungs and heart
2. Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestines
Partition: muscle sheet= diaphragm
Organ system
Body
Parts Organ
Tissue
Cells
Molecules Atoms
• Atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Molecule: H2O
• Organelle: mitochondria
• Cell: basic unit of life - heart muscle cell
• Tissues: cells together- common function (ex: heart muscle beating)
• Organ: different tissue types: special body function (heart): nervous + muscle tissue
• Organ system: several organs + tissues working together Example: cardiovascular system (heart + blood vessels + nervous tissue)
4 Tissue Types
1. Epithelium: covers surfaces
Examples: skin, inner lining blood vessels
2. Connective Tissue: support
Cells surrounded by “ground substance”: extracellular material
Example: bone & cartilage
Cells + ground substance (hard)
Example: blood cells + plasma (fluid)
3. Muscle Tissue: ability to contract (shorten)
Three types:
A) Skeletal
B) Cardiac
C) Smooth
Skeletal: striped (striated)- biceps
Cardiac (heart) muscle (striated): dies during heart attack
Smooth muscle: no striations Ex. Stomach, blood vessels, uterus, lung tubes
4. Nervous Tissue
Neurons Glial Cells
(impulses) Wrap around neurons: speed
nerve impulse
Also: “sense organs”: eyes, ears
Organs: Several different tissues
Animals in Research & Safety Testing
Saving Animals: tissue engineering
• In vitro testing: use cells from human donors
• Cells grown into tissue
• Example: “reconstructed human epidermis”
• Used for drug testing: pharmaceutical companies
Human Skin growing “in vitro”
Cosmetics Industry & Animal Testing
In 2009: “Only companies that don’t use animal testing can sell makeup in Europe” NY Times 11/20/07
Cosmetic companies: human skin harvested from cosmetic operations
Cosmetic Industry: L’Oreal- test safety cosmetics
• Alternative to skin
testing/sacrificing
thousands of
mice, dogs,
rabbits
Tissue Engineering
Cells + Matrix Materials
Grow together in vitro
Replacement
Trachea (wind pipe) Arteries
“Blood Vessels Grown from Patient’s Skin”
NY Times 10/9/07
Cytograft Tissue Engineering, California
Replace damaged blood vessels without rejection
Building a new heart from old tissue
• Adult rat heart- soak in chemicals
• Leave behind
structural
tissue
“skeleton”
• Add heart cells
from baby rat
• Produce new
beating/pumping heart
Cancer Cells Live Forever In Vitro
1951 Henrietta Lacks died
aggressive cervical cancer
at Johns Hopkins Baltimore
• Doc snip- cervical tissue:
gave to researcher
• Family not notified
• Her cells “Multiplied like
crazy and never died”
in vitro (NY Times 2/2/10)
• Her cells: “immortal”
• Named HeLa cell line
• HeLa cells research:
1. 1st Polio vaccine
2. Went into outer space:
study: zero gravity
3. Drug development:
Parkinson’s, leukemia,
influenza
11 organ systems: organs + tissues working together
#1 Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands (oil, sweat)
Function: protection, stable body temperature
#2 Skeletal: Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Function:
Support
&
Protection
#3 Muscular & # 4 Nervous systems
#3 Muscular system
Function: movement, posture, support
Produces heat: keeps us warm
#4 Nervous system: sends signals (impulses): brain, spinal cord, nerves
Sense organs (eyes & ears)
#5 Endocrine & # 6 Lymphatic Systems
#5 Endocrine System
Hormones: chemical messengers
Produced: endocrine glands
Example: Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
Speeds up metabolism
#6 Lymphatic system:
Lymphatic vessels: collect extracellular fluid blood
Immune cells: lymph nodes
protect against cancers, infections (bacteria)
#7 Cardiovascular &
#8 Respiratory Systems
#7 Cardiovascular System
• Heart, blood, blood vessels, bone marrow (makes red blood cells)
• Carries:
nutrients,
gases,
hormones,
wastes
#8 Respiratory System
• Lungs and air passageways
• Exchange
O2 & CO2
#9 Digestive & #10 Urinary Systems
#9 Digestive System
• 30 foot tube: mouth anus
• Digestion of food
• Absorption:
Nutrients & H2O
• Includes: pancreas,
Liver
#10 Urinary System
• Removes wastes
• Conserves H2O
#11 Male & Female Reproductive System
What are your vital signs?
• Temperature: 98.6 F
• Blood Pressure: 120/80
• Pulse: 72 beats/minute
• Respiration: 15-20 breaths/minute