http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mgPEP8HAs s
Dec 27, 2015
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mgPEP8HAss
In geography it refers to:
Demographic changeEconomic growthIncreased use of resourcesModernizationHigher levels of technologyPolitical freedom
Provide statistical “evidence” of level of development
Population growthLife expectancyHealthEducationUrbanizationIncome distributionIndustrializationEnergy consumption
Based mainly on political and economic criteria:
First World Capitalist countries Free market economies Varying degree of government intervention.
Second World Socialist and communist countries Government economic control .
Third World Relatively poor and under-developed countries Located mainly in Asia, Africa and South America. Many have recently achieved political independence
from colonial powers Being drawn into the global economy.
LLEDC’s Least Economically Developed Countries
Lagging behind main LEDC clusterPoorest countries in the world
LEDC’sLess Economically Developed Countries
Mainly agricultural employment
FCC’sFormer Communist Countries
Struggling to convert their economies to capitalist lines
RIC’sRecently Industrialized Countries
Manufacturing BasedStarted industrialization 80-90’s
OPEC’sOil & Petroleum Exporting Companies
NIC’sNewly Industrialized Countries
Manufacturing basedStarted modern industrialization in
60’s
MEDC’sMore Economically Developed
CountriesFurthest along development pathway
Highest standards of living
ELDC’s
Large proportion of workforce engaged in primary activities
Large rural sectorRapid population
growthHigh rate of
urbanizationLow standards of
living
NIC’s
Increasing proportion of workforce in manufacturing industries
Significant average annual growth in manufacturing
Significant increase in GDP provided by manufacturing
Increasing share of the world’s manufacturing output
3 main groups of NIC’sAsian ‘tigers’ (Hong Kong, Singapore, S Korea,
Taiwan)Latin American (Brazil and Mexico)European (Portugal, Greece)
Most common measureGDP= total value of
goods and services produced in a country in a single year
15% of world’s population live in countries with high GDP/capita
56% of world’s pop live in areas with a low GDP/C
Some countries have a GDP/C lower then US$200 (Rwanda, Ethiopia)
Short-comings:Hides regional
variationsFails to take into
account local cost of living
Does not take into account the informal economy
Ignores the social and environmental cost of economic growth
Used by World Bank Level of GNP
adjusted to local cost of living
Takes into account: Food Transport Clothing Housing
Raises the position of many ELDC’s where cost of living is lower
Depresses the wealth of EMDC’s where cost of living is higher
The Big Mac Index is an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity (PPP) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries.
More reliable or accurate measureUse a number of indices of
well-being/quality of life (qualitative measures)Literacy:
crude indicator of access to educationLiteracy is part of Prim Ed therefore accessibleEducation plays a role in productivity
Life Expectancy:Having life is most NB aspect of quality of lifeReflects access to medical care, adequate nutrition
Infant Mortality Rate
IndicatorAve. of 3 measures
Longevity Knowledge Standard of living
PQLI (ODA) Life expectancy Literacy Infant mortality
HDI (UN) Life expectancy at birth 1. Adult literacy rate2. Combined school
enrolment ratio
Adjusted per capita income in PPP$
GDI Female and male life expectancy at birth
1. Female and male literacy rates
2. Female and male combined school enrolment ratios
Adjusted per capita income in PPP$, based on female and male earned income shares
HPI-1Developing countries
Percentage of people not expected to survive to age 40
Adult literacy rate 1. % of people without access to safe water
2. % of people without access to health services
3. % of underweight children under 5
HPI-2Industrialized countries
Percentage of people not expected to survive to age 60
Adult functional literacy rate
% of people living below the income poverty line (50% of median personal disposable income)
Can hide widespread inequalities
Regional and racial HDI’s can be developed to show patterns
1. Under free market conditions2. Countries exploit their resources3. Countries base their growth on
their advantages4. Most EMDC’s
1. Governments control all resources2. Dictate type and place of growth
that they desire3. North Korea, USSR, China
1. NIC’s progressing from using import substitution industries (ISI’s) which reduce debt, into developing export oriented industries (EOI’s) which gain valuable foreign currency
2. South Korea, Taiwan
EconomicReducing unemploymentRaising productivityUsing resources more efficiently
Social Increase standards of livingSlowing migrationReducing regional inequalities
PoliticalAttempting to win votes before an election
EnvironmentalDerelictionBlight and contamination
Describes how EMDC’s have changed from agricultural societies to post-industrial societies
Change occurred because success in one sector produced surplus revenue
Revenue invested in new industries and technologies
Increased range of industries in an area
The most basic model:• Descriptive• Crude level of analysis• Omits to say how or why country developed• Does not show regional variations
Traditional subsistence economy Agricultural basis Little manufacturing Few international links Low population growth
Pre-conditions for take-off Establishes international links Resources increasingly
exploited (by colonial countries or MNC’s)
Begins to develop urban system (primate city)
Develops transport infrastructure
Inequalities emerge between developed core and underdeveloped periphery
Population increases in the Core
Drive to Maturity Diversification of
economy Development of service
industry (health, education, welfare)
Growth spreads to other sectors and regions
Population growth slows and stabilizes
Age of high mass consumption Advanced urban-
industrial systems High
production/consumption of consumer goods
Population growth slows considerably
•Take-off to Maturity (sustained growth)
•Economy expands rapidly (manufacturing)•Population growth accelerates•Regional inequalities intensify (multiplier effect)•Growth is either natural (EMDC), forced (FCC), or planned (NIC)
Anglo-centricAspatial – does not
look at variations within countries
Does not take racial differences into account
Over time economic forces increase regional inequalities rather than reduce them
Development caused by natural advantages and regional interaction
3 stages1. Traditional, pre-industrial
stage with few regional disparities
2. Increased disparities caused by multiplier effect and backwash effects as country industrializes
3. A reduction in regional inequalities as spread effects occur
Comparative advantages Natural resources Location Labor supply Market access
Stimulate industrial growth
Acquired advantages Improvements in
infrastructure Skilled work force
Reinforce area’s reputation Attracts further investment Region grows and stays
aheadMultiplier effect occurs
Cumulative causation
Spatial interaction increases Movement to Core
Skilled workers Investment New developments
Peripheral areas have backwash effect Flooded by manufactured
goods from core Prevents development of
manufacturing in periphery
Spread effects occurs When core stimulates
surrounding areas to develop to meet consumer demand
1. Preindustrial economy: independent local centers no hierarchy
2. Transitional economy: Single strong center
emerges Dominates colonial
society as preconditions begin
Growing manufacturing center
Concentration of investment
Core with primate city
3. Industrial economy Single strong centre Strong peripheral sub-centers Increased regional inequalities
between core and periphery Upward spiral in the core Downward spiral in periphery
(cumulative causation) As economy expands, more
balanced national development
Sub-centers develop Form integrated national
urban hierarchy
4. Post-industrial economy Functionally interdependent
urban system Periphery is eliminated
Demographic change
Economic growthIncreased use of
resourcesModernizationHigher levels of
technologyPolitical freedom