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Riksheim SHPTangir SHP
KazibaSHP
The results from three small schemes in threedifferent continents
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World Water Forum, no 4
Mexico 17th of March 2006
How can Small Hydropower
Stimulate Local Economy
Mr. Torodd Jensen, Norwegian Water
Resources and Energy Directorate
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Content The Riksheim hydropower development on the Norwegian
West Coast, 90 years since commission
The Kaziba hydropower scheme in the Kivu province in theDemocratic Republic of Congo, 10 years since commission
The Tangirhydropower scheme in Pakistan Himalaya, GilgitDistrict, 10 years since commission
The present small hydropower strategy in Norway
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The Riksheim Hydropower scheme Developed in several
phases. Phase 1 (450 kW)commissioned in 1917
Drivers for constructionwere increasing electricitydemand from smallworkshops and the need to
create more jobs
Rural electrificationincluded to utilise surplus
energy and enhancebudget constraints
Riksheim
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Organisation and planning for the future The Sykkylven Municipality organised a committee to plan,
finance and construct the hydropower plant
Registered demand from industry in 1915 was 120 kW,
Estimated electricity demand from industry and thepopulation in 1925 was 600 kW
The Municipality decided to construct a 450 kW plant
Local companies and workforce strongly involved inconstruction, which was hampered by limitation inavailable technology and budget
The intake and penstock was designed for a 2 MW
plant, and already in 1920 another turbine of 750 kWwas installed.
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Financing
The plant was financed by the Municipality afterthey received strategy loan from the Norwegian
Government.
Introduction of a programme to use and make
money on the surplus power : substitute kerosene oil for light with electricity
To meet operation cost, budget constraints and
need for new capital for upgrading the plant, tariffswere gradually increased. The tariff increase wasnot an easy task because many costumers hadproblem paying the bills.
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The Riksheimpower station
the heart of the
community
Development of employees in the industry 1930: 140
1987: 1600, which is 1/4 of the total population inSykkylven.
The furniture industry has been the most expansive, and todayit exports to several countries in Europe as well as the USA,Australia and the Middle East.
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The Kaziba Hydropower Scheme, Kivu
Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Kaziba power station
KazibaHospital
The LuzinziRiver
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Available electricity in the old days Three diesel-units with a total
output of 50kW secured theelectricity supply in emergency
periods.
Normally they could afford to runone 6 kW diesel unit three
evenings during a week.
The other evenings they had to relyon solar energy, which did not
supply the hospital with moreelectric energy than for basic light.
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Benefit during construction A classical example of long
lead time for a hydropowerscheme
8 years development 150 families had income in
intensive construction periods
The workers got training in
carpentering, concretereinforcement, concretemixing, tool repairs
They got jobs in otherconstruction work afterwards
Strategy for training ofoperators included from day 1
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Benefit during construction
Women also made money by supplying most of the sand forthe concrete work for the dam, part of the feeder channeland the power house. Here they are paid by the comingmanager of the power station.
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The 125 kW Kaziba Hydropower plant
The plant is designedto meet variation inhead and water flow in
the riverTo achieve this
flexibility a doubleFrancis turbine was
chosen
The belt has the same
function as a gear andallows for a cheap andlow weight generator
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The Kaziba Hydropower plant The available head is 6.8 m,
but during flood tail water willrise more than the head water
The 125 kW turbine is a
double Francis and with a drafttube it can always utilise theavailable head between theheadrace and tail racechannel.
The double Francis is very flexibleto variation of flow, and can beoperated between 10 and 100%of capacity.
The belt has the same function asa gear and allows for a cheap and
low weight generator
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Taking care of flood and sediments
The intake, the 350m headrace channel, power
station and 150 m tail racechannel are designed forfloods up to 150 m3/s byriver training works in theriver bed. Average flow in
the dry season is 1 m3/s
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Reliable electricity new options The local inhabitants made money
during the years of construction andhad also hope of electricity supply
for their homes.
3 villages and 200 houses hasbeen connected for basic light
The market place got light
Part of the electricity consumption inthe Hospital was planned to beduring night time to allow for sellingmore electricity to:
Households Small workshops
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Lessons learned
Use of appropriate technology does not mean that thetechnology is old. I will normally result in longer lead time,
but benefiting a local workforce and also training foroperation.
The benefits from a scheme can only be seen after thecompletion.
The power station has been in operation during periods ofwar, and at a time when the trained operators had none to
consult to solve problems. The plant is still in operation, andsupplies the Hospital with cheap and reliable electricity.
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Lessons learned
Selling electricity to nearby villages introduces constraints,which can be difficult to handle.
Our experience is that the villagers should approach the plantowner as a group and buy electricity as a group. Anypurchasing of materiel must be the group's own responsibility.It is also their responsibility to maintain their system, and todistribute the electric power that is available for them. Theplant owner can give the necessary professional assistance.
The tariff can successfully be compared to the alternative cost
of getting light from kerosene.
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The Tangir Hydropower Scheme,
Pakistan Northern Areas The Northern Areas of
Pakistan includes some of thehighest mountains in the world.
Snow melting is the mainsource for runoff in rivers, andmost rivers have severesediment loads, which
effectively reduces lifetime ofturbines.
There was a desperate need for an electro-mechanical maintenanceworkshop and skilled workers to keep the electricity supply reliable.
Norway and Pakistan entered into a programme in 1989 for reliablesmall hydropower generation to meet electricity need. The programmeincluded a maintenance workshop, upgrading of existing small plantsand construction of one new plant.
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The Tangir Hydropower Plant Identified in 1989 and
commissioned in 1996.
The Tangir river carries little
sediments
The installed capacity is 1.2 MW,but the intake, feeder channel,penstock and power house isprepared for another 1.2 MW unit.
A maintenance workshop has been established in Gilgit town 4 hours
drive from Tangir. It is designed to repair 8-10 power stations annually.When time come and repair is necessary, the Tangir plant will alsobenefit of the workshop's service to secure reliable power supply
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Benefits of the hydropower implementation
The head race channel secured irrigation water so more landthan was lost for construction could be developed.
Before the plant only of the population of 30,000 had accessto electricity, but with extensive power failures and loadshedding.
Today 100% have access to reliable electricity supply.
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Electricity improved health
Today, firewood is still themain source for cooking andheating, but electricity has
substituted kerosene for light.
Electricity has become an important secondary
source for heating, and for cooking.These changes are related to the introduction of
the Angethi stove, which reduces use of woodconsiderably. The new energy technology has made life more pleasant for
Tangiris, especially the women.
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Benefits of the hydropower implementation
The electricity has facilitated everyday life of women invarious respects. Since women spend more of theirtime indoors than men, they ripe the main benefit of theclean energy. Electric light as well as the closedAngethi oven are more gentle to eyes and throats ofthose who spend time indoors than the old kerosene
lamp and the open fireplace.
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Benefits of the hydropower implementationThe electricity has facilitated everyday life of women in
various respects. Since women spend more of their
time indoors than men, they ripe the main benefit of theclean energy. Electric light as well as the closedAngethi oven are more gentle to eyes and throats ofthose who spend time indoors than the old kerosene
lamp and the open fireplace.The first mission report for the hydropower programme
expressed: electricity will improve the standard ofliving by reduction of open fires in the houses, as soot
and smoke from lights and open fires are a major
source of inconvenience.This has been fulfilled.
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Benefits of the hydropower implementation
The operation of the plant can benefit of experience acquired bydecades of channel construction and direct use of waterpower for flourmill operation.
New fodder mixture can be introduced in the agriculture.
The new electricity supply has made it possible to introduce alfalfain the Tangiri farming system so agriculture will become moreprofitable and sustainable
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The hydropower project and local
economic growth: 60 new saw mills put in operation
Existing small-scale manufacturing of furniture in Tangirare expanding and new workshops are developed.
The saw mills and the carpentry adds value to a localresource (timber), which was formerly exported in a rawform.
In a local development perspective, any value addedproduced in this way should be appreciated.
Pick-ups filled with tables and chairs made in Tangir areheading for markets in nearby towns.
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Norway's
Small Hydropower Strategy
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The Strategy for Small Hydro The Norwegian definition of small
hydro are hydropower withcapacity less than 10 MW
Why a strategy
Need to improve Norway's
Power Balance Generate more electricity
from renewable resources
Option for Local IndustrialDevelopment
Prosperity in rural Norway
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The Strategy for Small Hydro Tasks
Improve knowledge on thepotential for small hydro
Improve licensing procedures Reduced tax
Evaluate option for anelectricity certificate market
or other support systems Guidebooks from NVE
Pilot projects in selectedmunicipalities
Competence building Strategy budgets in NVE for
R&D projects. 54 R&Dprojects in progress
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Small hydropower plants have a
prosperous effect in rural Norway
Being an owner of a smallhydropower plant wherestate of the art are used inplanning, construction andmachinery, the farmer canstill have time for farming
and operate the electricitygenerating plant by hiscell phone
Help conserve the
landscape we like to seeas tourists
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Information to StakeholdersNVE has produced a guidebookfor the inexperienced hydro
developer guiding him on the initialplanning, the licensing, financing,construction and operation phase.
NVE carried out 23 seminars in2004 and 2005 highlighting smallhydro options and constraints.
Total 2500 participants
First seminar 2006 Monday 13thof March: 250 participants
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Environment Thelandscape
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Small versus large hydro
500 GWh could be producedby one large hydro
500 GWh can be produced by100 one MW schemes
The sum of many smallschemes may have moresevere environmental impactsthan one large
Small hydropower also needreservoirs. Run of river plantsdepends on others with
reservoir capacity
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Number of small hydropower plants in operation
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1929 1946 1990 2005
Year
Below 1 MW
1- 10 MW
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MAIN CONCLUSIONS
Projects should be constructed in areas
with documented potential for economicgrowth and option for rural electrification.
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Small hydropower a driver for local
economic growth: The generation must be reliable.
The operation and maintenance is highlighted, andcost included in the tariffs.
Cheap loans are necessary to establish a smallhydropower plant since all investment is in day one,
while the income to meet repayment of loan is
spread over many years.
In a developing society the electricity generation
must be looked upon as the means for other
activit ies, not as an income option alone.
Want to learn more ?
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Thank you for your attention
Torodd J ensen [email protected]
Want to learn more ?
Please visit booth no 1310,entrance A
