HOW WE GOT OUR BIBLE Dr. Craig L. Blomberg Denver Seminary
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HOW WE GOT OUR BIBLE
Dr. Craig L. Blomberg Denver Seminary
The Canon of the Old Testament (Hebrew)
Gen. Ex. Lev. Num. Deut. (Torah)
Former Prophets Josh., Jdg., Sam., Kgs.
Latter Prophets Isa., Jer., Ezek., “The 12”
Wisdom, “Scrolls,” Other Books Psalms, Job, Ruth, Song of S., Eccl., Daniel, Ezra-Neh., Proverbs Lamentations, Esther Chronicles
The Protestant Canon of the Old Testament
(English) Gen. Ex. Lev. Num. Deut. (Law)
Historical Books Josh., Jdg., Ruth, Sam., Kgs.
Chron., Ezra, Neh., Esther
Writing Prophets Isa., Jer., Lam., Exek., Dan., “The Minor Prophets”
Poetry and Wisdom Job, Psalms, Proverbs,
Eccl., Song of S.
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Codex Leningradensis
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Codex Vaticanus second column begins Hebrews but OT looks same
The Old Testament Apocrypha (Roman Catholic Deutero-
Canonical Books) • 1 and 2 Esdras • Tobit, Judith • Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach • Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah • Additions to Daniel & Esther • Prayer of Manasseh • 1 and 2 Maccabees
Evidence for the OT Canon
• Septuagint (LXX)—Greek translation • Prologue to Sirach—“law, prophets,
writings” • Luke 24:44–“Law of Moses, Prophets,
Psalms” • Philo’s quotations (never apocrypha) • Josephus—22 books • 2 Esdras 14:45—24 books • Council of Jamnia/Yavneh
Loose Ends and Rough Edges
• Criteria for Canonicity • “Prophetic”
authorship • Non-
contradictory • Widely relevant • Inspired/
authoritative
• Disputed Books • Ezekiel • Proverbs • Ecclesiastes • Song of S. • Esther
Setting the Stage for a New Testament
• Further Inspiration by the Spirit • John 14:26 • John 15:26
• Later NT Writings Referring to Earlier Ones • 1 Tim. 5:18 • 2 Pet. 3:16
The Canon of the New Testament
Mt. Mk. Lk. Jn. Acts
Letters of Paul to Churches
(Decreasing Length)
Letters of Paul to Individuals
(Decreasing Length)
Hebrews General Epistles Jas. Pet. Jn. Jude Revelation
P52 is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament. This photo is of the recto (front side). ©Copyright John Rylands Library of Manchester.
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P52 from early 2nd cent. Parts of Jn 18:31-33 including Pilate’s “What is truth?’ In John Rylands Library, University of Manchester, hence called the John Rylands papyrus
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Bodmer II papyrus from ca. 200, almost all of John
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Miniscule from ca. 1200 on Matt. 2:16-22a
The Apostolic Fathers
• Letters by • Clement of Rome* • Ignatius • Polycarp • “Barnabas”**
• Other Writings • Shepherd of Hermas** • Epistle to Diognetus • Martyrdom of Polycarp • Didache (Teaching of the Twelve)*
Early Canonical Lists
• Source • Muratorian Canon • Irenaeus • Tertullian • Origen • Athanasius, the
Council of Carthage, the Council of Hippo
• No. of Books • 21 • 22 • 23 • 27 (but fluid) • 27 (confirmed)
Loose Ends and Rough Edges
• Criteria for Canonicity • “Apostolic”
authorship • Non-
contradictory • Widely relevant • Inspired/
authoritative
• Disputed Books • Hebrews • James • 2 Peter • 2 John • 3 John • Jude • Revelation
Two Additional Bodies of Early Christian Literature
• NT Apocrypha
• Gospels
• Acts
• Epistles • Apocalypses
• Nag Hammadi (Gnostic) Library
• “Gospels” (esp.
Thomas; cf. also Philip, Mary and Judas)
• “Dialogues” of the Risen Savior
A Gnostic Creation Myth
GOD
(remote)
(Impersonal)
Truth
Redemption: Liberation from matter
The Fall: Creation of Matter
AEONS (emanations)
AEONS (emanations)
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