HOW ANIMALS MOVE
Feb 24, 2016
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• DIVERSE MEANS OF ANIMAL LOCOMOTION HAVE EVOLVED– LOCOMOTION• ACTIVE TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE• SWIMMING
– WATER SUPPORTS WEIGHT, BUT INCREASE IN FRICTION• LOCOMOTION ON LAND
– HOPPING, WALKING, RUNNING, AND CRAWLING• FLYING
– ACCOMPLISHED BY WINGS AND LIFT
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• LOCOMOTION ON LAND– EARTHWORMS HAVE
TINY BRISTLES (SETAE) THAT ANCHOR IT TO GROUND, PROVIDE TRACTION WHILE EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• SKELETONGS FUNCTION IN SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, AND PROTECTION– HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
• FLUID HELD UNDER PRESSURE IN A CLOSED BODY COMPARTMENT
– EXOSKELETON• RIGID, EXTERNAL SKELETON; *DOES NOT GROW WITH
ORGANISM*– ENDOSKELETON
• CONSISTS OF HARD OR LEATHERY SUPPORTING ELEMENTS SITUATED AMONG THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE ANIMAL
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• THE HUMAN SKELETON IS A UNIQUE VARIATION ON AN ANCIENT THEME– AXIAL SKELETON• CONSISTS OF THE SKULL, THE
BACKBONE, AND A RIBCAGE– APPENDICULAR SKELETON• MADE OF THE BONES OF THE
FORELIMBS AND HIND LIMBS, THE SHOULDER GIRDLE, ANDTHE PELVIC GIRDLE
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• 3 TYPES OF JOINTS– BALL-AND-SOCKET– HINGE– PIVOT
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• SKELETAL DISORDERS AFFLICT MILLIONS– ARTHRITIS
• INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS– OSTEOPOROSIS
• WEAK BONES
• BONES ARE COMPLEX LIVING ORGANS– YELLOW BONE MARROW
• STORED FAT– RED BONE MARROW
• PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• BROKEN BONES CAN HEAL THEMSELVES– TREATMENT INVOLVES TWO STEPS• SETTING THE BONE BACK IN PLACE• IMMOBILIZING IT SO IT HEALS CORRECTLY
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• THE SKELETON AND MUSCLES INTERACT IN MOVEMENT– TENDONS
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN BONES AND MUSCLES
– MUSCLES MUST EXIST INANTAGONISTICPAIRS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• EACH MUSCLE CELL HAS ITS OWN CONTRACTILE APPARATUS– SKELETAL MUSCLE
• ATTACHED TO SKELETON AND PRODUCES MOVEMENT
• MYOFIBRILS– BUDLE OF FIBERS THAT MAKE UP SKELETAL
MUSCLE• SARCOMERES
– MAKE UP MYOFIBRILS– MADE UP OF 2 PIECES
» THIN FILAMENT (ACTIN)» THICK FILAMENT (MYOSIN)
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• A MUSCLE CONTRACTS WHEN THIN FILAMENTS SLIDE ACROSS THICK FILAMENTS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• MOTOR NEURONS STIMULATE MUSCLE CONTRACTION– NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION• SYNAPSE BETWEEN THE
MOTOR NEURON AND THE MUSCLE FIBERS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION THEME UNDERLIES ALL THE PARTS AND ACTIVITIES OF AN ANIMAL
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• ONLY ONE CHAPTER/TOPIC LEFT!!!!• THE PLANTS THAT KEEP US ALL ALIVE!!