1 How Animals work Theme is Biology: Form and function What a structure can do is influenced by it’s form The form of a structure is uniquely suited to what that structure does Both the form and function evolve together Areas of Biological study: Anatomy: the structures of an organism (form) Physiology: how the structures work (function)
How Animals work. Theme is Biology: Form and function What a structure can do is influenced by it’s form The form of a structure is uniquely suited to what that structure does Both the form and function evolve together Areas of Biological study: Anatomy: the structures of an organism (form) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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How Animals work Theme is Biology: Form and function
What a structure can do is influenced by it’s form
The form of a structure is uniquely suited to what that structure does
Both the form and function evolve together Areas of Biological study:
Anatomy: the structures of an organism (form)Physiology: how the structures work (function)
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We are a tube within a tube We are a thick walled tube Running through the
center of the tube is a digestive system, another tube.
abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body .
The functions of connective tissue:Binding, attachment and support (bones,
tendons and ligaments, organs)Protection- bones and adipose tissue Insulation - adipose tissueStorage - of energy and fat soluble
substancesTransportation - blood
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Skeletal Smooth Cardiac voluntary involuntary involuntarycells are long short, spindle-shaped branchedmany nuclei single nucleus single nucleusstriated nonstriated striated
intercalated disks
Muscle Tissue
Diagram of skeletal muscle
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Nervous tissueSends signals to other parts of body
6. Blood Reservoir8-10 % of blood in a resting adult
7. Synthesis of vitamin DProduced by exposure to UV lightaids absorption of calcium
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Anatomy Epidermis Skin Dermis Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
See next two slides
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The Skeletal System comprised mostly of connective tissue In the case of most vertebrates, a skeletal
system is comprised of bone Various bone types
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Functions of Bone Support
For soft tissuesFor attachment of skeletal muscles
Protection Movement Storage : minerals, fat Blood cell production – hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
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Matrix As a connective tissue, bone is living cells
embedded in a matrix consisting of Secreted substances (proteins)
Proteoglycans and glycoproteinsCollagen – reinforces, gives tensile strength
Mineral salts Tricalcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) and
calcium carbonateCalcium is thus needed for bone.
Bone is an active, living material!
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Remodeling Bone is continually being broken down and
reformed 3-5 % of bone calcium exchanged each year In response to stress on bones Balance between actions of osteoclasts and
osteoblastsOsteo means boneOsteoblasts MAKE bone, osteoclasts dismantle it.
Vitamins needed for maintenance, esp. D
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3 related organ systems Two important things that animals do: feed
and breedWe’ll skip “breed”, but explore 3 organ
systems by looking at “feed” Part of “survival of the fittest” is being able
to procure nutrients to survive and live long enough to breed.Digestive system: processes nutrientsRespiratory exchanges nutrients and wastesCardiovascular system transports these
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Needed to function (but not discussed) Urinary system: without kidneys to filter
waste products from the blood for excretion, we’d be in trouble.
Muscles: movement required for animals. Nervous system and endocrine system:
nerve cells allow communication by electrochemical signals
Coordinated with chemical signal: hormones
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Digestive system Food is needed
Organic materials to break down for energyOrganic molecules as building blocks for
Cardiovascular terms to know Cardio means heart; vascular means tubes From big to small
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries: Take blood AWAY from the heart
Veins, venules, capillaries Bring blood TO the heart
Capillaries are where exchange of materials between blood stream and cells occurs.
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Status of blood
Pulmonary circulationBlood traveling AWAY from heart to lungs has
little O2 content (in blue): pulmonary artery
Blood traveling from lungs TO heart has lots of O2 (in red): pulmonary vein.
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The rest of the circulation Heart has 4 chambers in a mammal
2 atria and 2 ventriclesPulmonary and systemic circulation
Blood returns from body into right atrium Flows into right ventricle, pumped to lungs Returns from lungs to left atrium Flows into left ventricle, pumped to the rest
of the bodyMain artery leading to rest of body: aorta
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Heart structure
Ao = aortaLA = left atriumLV = left ventriclePA = pulmonary arteryRA = right atriumRV = right ventricle