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Fisiologi:Homeostasis Hormon
Titis NurmasitohDepartemen Fisiologi FK UII
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Pokok Bahasan
Respons tubuh terhadap stress
Pertumbuhan, perkembangan, dan efek
penuaan terhadap kelenjar endokrin
Peran sistem endokrin padahomeostasis setiap sistem
Ketidakseimbangan endokrin terhadaphomeostasis
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Homeostasis
The body ability to maintain internal
stability
(homeo similar; stasis condition
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Internal Failure
Abnormal growth of cells
Cancer, benign tumours
Production of antibodies by the bodyagainst its own tissues (autoimmunedisease)
Premature death of cells or the failure ofcell processes
Inherited disorders
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External Causes
Toxic chemicals
Physical trauma
Foreign invaders (viruses & bacteria)
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TRIAS HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
BALANCE NUTRITION
MANAGEABLE MENTAL CONDITION
Whats the now situation ?
Stressful living Imbalance nutrition
(less fiber, more fat, shifted-food culture)
Less physical activity
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The stress respons
Nowadays situation: stressful living
Eustress: prepares to meet challenges,
helpful Distress: harmful
Stressor: any stimulus that produces a
stress response
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Stressor
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The respons to stressors
Pleasant
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Why do the compensationfail??
Extreme stress
Unusual stress
Long lasting stress
Normal mechanisms may not be enough
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Stress response/generaladaptation syndrome (GAS)
Controlled mainly by the hypothalamus
Occurs in three stages:
1. An initial fight-or-flight response
2. A slower resistance reaction
3. Exhaustion
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The fight-or-Flight Response
Stressor stimulatehypothalamusSympathetic centers of ANSMedulla adrenalEpinephrine andResponse
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The responses
Brings huge amounts of glucose andoxygen to the organs that are most activein warding off danger:
The brain (highly alert)
The skeletal muscles (fight off an attacker)
The heart (pump enough blood to the brain and
muscles)
Inhibitted nonessential body function(digestive, urinary, and reproductiveactivities)
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The responses..
Reduction of blood flow to nonessentialorgans:
Kidney: promotes release of renin activate renin-angiotensin-aldosteronepathway Retaining Na+ by kidney water retention elevated blood pressure
& helps preserve body fluid volume
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The resistance reaction
Initiated by hypothalamic releasinghormones, a longer lasting response
The releasing hormones involved: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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CRH
Cortisol:
Stimulate gluconeogenesis by liver cells,
breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids cells use glucose, fatty acids, amino acids toproduce ATP or to repair damaged cells
Reduced inflammation
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GHRH
IGFs:
Protein synthesis
Lipolysis and glycogenolysis in the liver
Elevation of blood glucose
Tissue repair
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TRH
Thyroid hormones:
Increasing use of glucose for ATPproduction
Supply additional ATP for metabolicallyactive cells (combine action with hGH)
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The resistance reaction..
Helps the body continue fighting astressor long after the previous stagedissipates
Occasionally, the resistance stage fails
to combat the stressor, and the bodymoves into the stage of exhaustion
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Exhaustion
The body become so tired & depleted-- exhaustion
Prolonged exposure to high levels ofcortisol and other hormones
wasting of muscle,
suppresion of the immune system, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract,
failure of pancreatic beta cells
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Stress and disease
The exact role: still unclear
Stress related disorders include: gastritis,
ulcerative colitis, irritable bowelsyndrome, hypertension, asthma,rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, anxiety,depression
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Aging and the endocrinesystem
Some endocrine glands shrink as we get older
The performance may or may not becompromised
Shrinkage
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Aging..
Decrease in production of hGH muscleatrophy
Decrease production of thyroid hormonesby thyroid gland:
decrease in metabolic rate,
increase in body fat,
hypothyroidism
less negative feed back the level of TSHincreases
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Aging..
Blood level of PTH rises due toinadequate dietary intake of calcium
Calcitriol and calcitonin (CT) levels arelower
Age related decrease in bone mass osteoporosis and increased risk offractures
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Aging..
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Aging.. Pancreas gland
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Aging.. The thymus
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Aging.. The ovaries
Decrease in size with age no longerrespond to gonadotropins decreaseoutput of estrogens lead to suchcondition:
Osteoporosis
High blood cholesterol
Atherosclerosis
FSH and LH levels are high
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Aging.. The testes
Decrease in testosteron production
Can still produce active sperm in
normal numbers The effects are not usually change
(until very old age)
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Contribution of the endocrine system inhomeostasis
For all body systems: together with thenervous system, regulate activity andgrowth of target cells throughout thebody; regulate metabolism, uptake ofglucose, and molecules used for ATPproduction by body cells
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Integumentary system
Androgen stimulate growth of axillaryand pubic hair, activation of sebaceousglands,
Regulate MSH darkening of skin
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Skeletal system
hGH & IGF: stimulate bone growth
Estrogen: enclosure of epiphyseal
plates, help maintain bone mass PTH and calcitonin: regulate calcium
and bone matrix
Thyroid hormone: normal developmentand growth of skeleton
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Muscular system
Epinephrine and norepinephrine:increase blood flow
PTH: regulate Ca level for musclecontraction
Glucagon, insulin: regulate
metabolisme in muscle fibers hGH, IGF, thyroid: maintain the muscle
mass
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Nervous sytem
PTH
Thyroid, insulin, growth hormone
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Cardiovascular system
EPO
ADH
Epinephrine norepinephrine
ANP
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Lymphatic system andimmunity
Cortisol
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Respiratory system
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
EPO
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Digestive system
Epinephrine norepinephrine
Gastrin
Peptida YY
Leptin
Calcitriol
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Urinary system
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
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Reproductive system
GRH/GIH
LH/FSH
Esterogen/progesteron
Prolactin
oxytocin