HOLOSCENE: Research Presentation

8/2/2019 HOLOSCENE: Research Presentation

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RESEARCH & ANALYSIS PRESENTATIONholoscenehigh performace landscape systems // An Integrated Solution


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problemstatement What if a connected system of landscape infrastructure, a workinglandscape, could enhance ecological functioning to serve as a civic

asset rather than an environmental liability?

INTEGRATED HIGH PERFORMANCE LANDSCAPE PARK


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siteintroduction

MARCO SCALE //ecoregion >North America >>Grassland >>>tallgrass prairie >>>>messic-wet tallgrass prairie

MIRCO SCALE //site area >Fargo/Moorhead & outlying areas >>central to the downtown along the Red Ri ver >>>auMIRCO SCALE //typology >site requiring infrastructure & remediation >>populace demand for infrastructural solution >

cass clay fargo_et

ar gus vi ll e 2 560 .6 527 4 fel ton 6 48 .59 36 71 3 03 3. 694

r ei li es a cr es 3 20 .8 22 12 g eo rg et ow n 6 50 .5 56 00 7 7 8. 26 8

north ri ver 35.35728 glydon 926.117521 3845.991

mapleton 2503.3699 sabin 289.453649 104.439

oxbow 261.83059 comstock 147.813195 216.921

kindred 924.7076 dilworth 2 055.38329 10620.44

dav enpo rt 158.97206 moo rhead 12621.5366

briarwood 84.74632

harwood 771.37414

f ront ie r 109.93365

west fargo 9701.61997

prairie rose 25.59238

fargo 30752.5336

horace 6964.73221

t ot al a rc rage 55176.2446 t ot al a crage 17339.4539 17899.753


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historicalcontext royal parks> city parks>> park systems>

Landscape d esign_ public health >> pres

Public Health_ 1870Massachusetts Board of Health:

all citizens have an inherent right to theenjoyment of pure and uncontaminatedair, and water, and soil, that this right shouldbe regarded as belonging to the wholecommunity, and that no one should beallowed to trespass upon it by his careless-ness and avarice (Wellock, 2006).

The Report on the Sanitary Conditions ofthe Labouring Population of Great Britainby Edwin Chadwick in 1842 emphasizedmedical authorities advocating more cityparks to absorb deleterious gases. Parks,reformers concluded, were the lungs ofthe city and promoted health (Wellock,2006).

Joseph Paxton// BiCommunity public

Landscape Gardenparks from privatstreams of progregrowth of technodemand for bettconditions.

1872

ex

Economics

CentralPark

$54,000,000

2010$970,966,174.27


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siteinventory//Glacial movement_glacial melt_soil depth

[ GEOLOGY ]

N

0 10,000 60,000FT

0 3 6 12MI

aquifer

Qha

Qlo

municipal boundary

Qlg

Gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic debris

Claywith thinsilt laminae

Aquifer Capacities

FARGO// 30,753acres

SECTION


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siteinventory//Red River Basin_North America_~45,000 sq mi

A tributary of the Mississippi River, beginning at the con-uence of the Ottertail and Bois de Sioux Rivers in Wahpe-ton, North Dakota and ending at Lake Winnipeg, Ontario.

Settlement began in the 1800s with the expansion of therailroad. The land was a combination of thick sod andswamp. Fields were plowed, drainage tiles put in, andditches constructed. The wet prairie grasses that onceltered and retained the water had been replaced by alandscape that encourages fast drainage from to tributar-ies of the Red River.

With fast drainage comes increased water levels, in-creased water levels cause ooding. As the regions to-pography and climate prime the land to ood, develop-ment, land use changes, and natural temperature cyclesgreatly increase the potential.

[ REGIONAL HYDROLOGY ]

Headwaters: Wahpeton, NDUSAElv. 948ft

Mouth: LakeWinnipeg, ONCanadaElv. 712ft

Length: 320mi (1,689,600ft)Width: 50mi (264,000)ElevationChange: 233ft

0 40,000FT

0 6MIN

ANNUAL PEAK STREAMF

1700

1750

FLOOD STAGESooding

ponding

protected

oodwalllevee[constructed]levee[earthen]levee[sandbag]

The sustainable and effective management ofwater resources demands a holistic approach -linking socio-economic development with theprotection of natural ecosystems and appro-priate management links between land andwater usesWorld MeteorologicalOrganization, 2011

AREA

ba se 7 880 71 83

100yr_cass 2821516780

1 00 yr 8 83 81 99 1 2 90 98 98 77 1

500yr_cass 1397125267

5 0 0y r 2 5 06 1 45 2 3 1 6 47 7 39 7 90

p re li m 1 24 38 33 5

b rk ou t 1 42 37 78 13

LENGTH

c r ee k s_ c lay 3 2 56 4 1

s tre ams _ cas s 9 2 16 0 9

s tre ams _ cl ay 9 2 97 7 2

d r ai n s_ c as s 1 3 62 7 3

d r ai n s2 _ cas s 3 2 52 9

d ra in s_ cl ay 1 89 15 2

d r ai n s2 _ cl ay 5 2 65 5 67


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N

siteinventory//Red River Basin_North America_~45,000 sq mi[ REGIONAL HYDROLOGY ]

0 10,000 30,000FT

0 2 6MI

river, stream, lake

drainage ditch

diversion

manmade waterbody

PRELIM

100YR

500YR

FARGO// 30,753acresWEST FARGO// 9,702HORACE// 6,965

levee

municipal boundary


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siteinventory//Red River Basin_North America_~45,000 sq mi

Sloping issues, etc.

[ GEOLOGY & HYDROLOGY ]

oxbowlake

silt& clay deposits

site of erosionsite of deposition

upstream

downstream

Channelstraightening projects haveproven futile, a naturaldynamic process of rivers. Dams havebeetherates of slopeinstability, producinga constant wingcontinuous hydraulic pressureagainst channelwow toward the channeland eveningout thevelothechannel byreleasing water over thedam at aunforeerosionno longer concentrates at thecutbank.

Considerableengineeringand environmentalgeologic problems formfrom the nature of thesediments and stratigraphic relationships ofoffshorelacustrine Sherackand Brenna Formations. Four specic ge-ologic conditions arepresent within thearea: elastic deformationofclayglaciolacustrinesoils, shrink-swellproperties, inadequatebearingcapacity, and mass movements. Theresults are foundationinstabilityand riverbankerosionand instability.

Plastic deformation, non-reversiblechanges of shapein responsetoapplied forces, of clayrichsoils of the Sherackand BrennaFormationsoccurs across the majorityof the area. Where unconned the highplasticityleads toslope instability. Channels of the Red River and tribu-

taries inciseacross wheretheSherack and BrennaFormations contact,this leads toweakstructural properties and thereforeextensivemasswasting(a geomorphic process in whichgeological structuremovesdownslopeunder the forceof gravity). Examples areprevalent alongthevalleywalls and channel margins throughout thevalley.

Thedevelopment of meanders is a naturalprocess of rivers. Higher ve-locityof water througha meander is diverted toward theoutside ofthemeander. This process retreats thecutbank byerosion and masswasting, shiftingthe channeltoward theoutsideof themeander. Sea-sonaloodingamplies theprocess. Therepeated uctuationof waterlevels results ina cycleof wettingand dryingsoils, producingstructur-allyweak banks. Evidenceof therivers shiftingchannel arethe park-lands of eastern Fargo (MickelsonField, ElephantPark, TrollwoodPark, ElZagal Golf Course, Lindenwood Park, etc.)developed onaban-doned meander loops. Development inthese areas has led to expen-sivepropertylosses, often at taxpayers expense.

MASS WASTING // riverbankslumping

Development >s>added weight>increases runoff

>ww

DEFORMATION

MEANDERS


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N

siteinventory[ PARKS & TRAILS ]

0 10,000 30,000FT

0 2 6MI

trails

parks

parks [golf courses]

Natl Grassland/WMA

snowmobile

bikeway

sidewalk


parks [other]

municipal boundary


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siteinventory//Grassland_tallgrass prairie_wet/mesic tallgrass prairie

[ CIRCULATION ]

N

0 10,000 30,000FT

0 2 6MI

arterial

local

railroad

collector

minor

interstate


I 9 4

HWY10 E

28A

60 AVES

90AVES

80AVE N

H WY 9 N

110AVEN

H W Y 75S

160 AVEN

110STN

90 AVE N

28 AVE S

40

STN

190AVE N

15 AVE N

27

ST

N

30S

TN

HWY75N

130S TS

50 AVES

110AVES

34S TN

50S

TS

7 0 S T

N

80AVE S

1 2 0 S T N

40

ST

S

12 AVE S

7 0 S T S

10

0S

TN

33S

TN

BR

O A

D W

AY

ST

N W

F

RON

TAGE

RD

MAINA

VESE

UNI V

ER

SI T

YDR

N

13AVE S

MAIN AVE

25 STSE

19 AVEN

40AVE N

32AVES

124 AVE S

21 STS E

100 AVE S

28 STS E

32 AVENE

U N IV

E R

S IT

Y D R

S

CENTE

RST

44 ST SE

7AVE

MAIN AVE E

35 ST SE

76AVE N

12 AVENE

E LM

TR E

E R

D

HANGGIDR

22 STSE

CORD81

CASSELTONAIRPO

RT

I94

16

3A

VE

SE

170A

VE

SE

40AVE NW

I29

SHEYENNES

T

25

ST

S

VET

ERAN

SBLVD

40 AVES

45

ST

S

I29


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siteinventory//Grassland_tallgrass prairie_wet/mesic tallgrass prairie

[ REGIONAL ECOLOGY ]

Naturalforces of disturbanceregimes, like drought, re, and grazinghavecombined toformwhat wenow know as prairies. Prairieis a gen-eralterm for severaltypes of grass-dominated ecosystems. It is grass-land dominated byherbaceous plants, withtrees either absent or onlywidelyscattered onthe landscape(U.S. Fish & WildlifeService, 2008).Prairies receivevariableamounts of precipitationa nd mayhave sev-eralyears of drought, or below averageprecipitation.

Fireplayed a largeroleinthe formationof theprairies. It is a naturalcomponent of thetallgrass prairieand is fundamental inits function.Typically, naturalprairieres are started bylightning, sweepingacrosstheplains approximatelyevery 3-5years and most commonlyin mid-to late-summer (Hays, 1994). Fires reduceplant litter and curb thegrowthof trees, shrubs, and other competing species, except alongshorelines. Fires recycleessential minerals and nutrients intothe soil,enablingprairiegrasses toestablish and ourishwithdiverse, healthyplant growth(Tallgrass prairieecosystem). Most of the biomass ofprairieplant species is found below ground withdeep root systems

that anchor to the soil and access moisturedeep underground. Thisextensiveroot systemallows quickrecoveryafter burning. Theseprai-rieplants and prairieanimals haveevolved withthere, some speciesthrivingafter aburn. Thenaturaldecompositionof theseplants, inpar-ticular their root systems, alongwith burningadds layers of organicmatter tothe soilcreating arich, blacktop soil(Tallgrass prairieeco-system).

Historically, Native Americans used rein the tallgrass prairies toat-tract grazinganimals and providenatural rebreaks around their set-tlements (Hays, 1994).

Grazingis a naturalcomponent of tallgrass prairieecosytimated 30-60million bisonroamed theprairies, alongwingnumbers of other browsers suchas elk, deer, antelopgrasshoppers that thrive on thenutritious prairiegrasseWildlifeService, 2008). Thesespecies consumed aconsideof theaboveground biomass. Grazingstimulates thegroplants and animals by recyclingnitrogen throughurineaids inthe dispersalof seed, distributingthose caught ipassed throughtheir waste. Manyplants haveseeds thagested or brokenopen toallow germination. Animals a

nationby tramplingtheminto thesoil this tramplingalshabitat for plant species that favor disturbed soil, suchaInthese ways, theprairieplants and animals forma symbship (Ecoregions of north,2006).

Prior toEuropeansettlement, grazingthetallgrass prairiebylarge herbivores such as bison, elk, and deer. Settlemethese areas to pasturefor cattle. Cattlegrazing can mgrazingand has beenused as a part of tallgrass manageconserveand restoretall grass prairieareas (Tallgrass ptem). However, overgrazingcan alsobe detrimental. Iningcanlead toinvasionby annual species, soilerosiondecreasespecies diversity(Tallgrass prairieecosystem)

FIRE GRAZING

TALLGRASS

Location Past area(hectares) Current area(ha.) D

Manitoba 600,000 300 9Minnesota 7,300,000 30,000-60,000 9NorthDakota 130,000 120 9


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| WOO

AAAALe

MMDP

| fallFall Season: September through mid-NovemberOn average: 11 days 32 F or colder, 2 days with a low of 0 F or colder.Majority of cold days~Nov. First frost~Sept 24, e nding growing season.

Average Temperature: 43.5 FAverage Precipitation: 5.21 inAverage Snowfall: 6.7 inAverage Cloudy days: 49 percent

Mean Wind Direction: south-southeastMean Wind Speed: 12mphDaily Average Wind Speeds: 26 percent >= 20 mphPeak Daily Wind Speeds: 27 percent >= 40 mph

70605040302010

0

averagetemperature(F)

3.53

2.52

1.51

0.50

averageperciptation(in)

76543210

averagesnowfall(in)

3-9

9-1515-2121-27

averagewindspeed(mph)

151311

975310

averagesunshine(hrs)

DS

Augustseason > November< fallseason > < winterseason

siteinventory// Altitude: 896ft_Longitude: -96.78_Latitude: 46.88

[ CLIMATOLOGY ]


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| wintWinteOn avOn av

AveraAveraAveraAveraLeast

| fallFall Season: September through mid-NovemberOn average: 11 days 32 F or colder, 2 days with a low of 0 F or colder.Majority of cold days~Nov. First frost~Sept 24, ending growing season.

Average Temperature: 43.5 FAverage Precipitation: 5.21 inAverage Snowfall: 6.7 inAverage Cloudy days: 49 percent

15

13

11

9

7

5

3

1

0

averagesunshine(hrs)

60

40

20

0

30

60

12

330

300

240

210 150

180

270

12

12

3pm

3pm

6pm

6pm

9pm

9am

9am

6am

7:53

4:41

9:25 5:33

N

June

D

S

M

22nd

21st

21st

21stN


[ CLIMATOLOGY ]


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| wWiOnOn

MeMeDaPea

| fallFall Season: September through mid-NovemberOn average: 11 days 32 F or colder, 2 days with a low of 0 F or colder.Majority of cold days~Nov. First frost~Sept 24, ending growing season.

Mean Wind Direction: south-southeastMean Wind Speed: 12mphDaily Average Wind Speeds: 26 percent >= 20 mphPeak Daily Wind Speeds: 27 percent >= 40 mph

3-9

9-1515-2121-27

averagewindspeed(mph)

20%16%12%8%4%

N

June

D

S

M

22nd

21st

21st

21stN


[ CLIMATOLOGY ]


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siteinventory[ SCHEMATIC...AND SO ON.... ... .

HOLOSCENE: Research Presentation

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