HOA HOC 12 - Classbook

LE THANH XUAN

, , ' , .,

CAC DANG TOAN VA PHlflJNG PHAP GIAI

HOA HOC 12

(PHAN HUlJ CO)

(Tl/ LUAN VA TRAC NGHl�M)

BIEN SOJ:\N THEO CHUONG TRINH HOA HQC 12 CO BAN VA NANG CAO

( Tai ban ldn thu tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO Dl)C VItT NAM

{[[W+bz0FkV43GmRt7u4DpvuYxd]]}

PHANI

A - TOM TAT Li THUYET

B - cAc D�NG TOAN vA PHVONG PHAP GIAI

c. BA1 T�P TV LuveN' A �

D- BAI T�P TONG HQPA "1 � -

E • CAU HOI TRAC NGHleM

3

{[[W+bz0FkV43GmRt7u4DpvuYxd]]}

Chudng I. ESTE- LIPIT

A - TOM TAT Li THUYET

§1. ESTE

I- CAU TAO PHAN TVCUA ESTE- Khi thay the nh6m OH 6 nh6m cacboxyl (-COOH) bang nh6m OR ta

dUO'C este. Este dO'n gian c6 c6ng thuc cau tao R -C-0-R'. . . II

an col.

. 0

(R : goc hidrocacbon ho�c H ; R' : goc hidrocacbon) -" Este con c6 th� xem nhu la din xuat cua axit cacboxylic :

R -C-0 -C-R' : anhidrit axit II II 0 0

R -C-OH -----+-�. R -C-0-R' : esteII II 0 0

axit cacboxylic R -C-X : halogenua axit

II

- Phan 16'n este duqc t�o thanh do phan ung este hoa giua axit cacboxylic va

+ Este dan chuc t�o ra tu axit (RCOOH) va ancol (R'OH)

RCOOH+R'OH

Este dan chuc c6 cong thuc phan ti'.r CxH

y02 (y � 2x).

Este dan chuc no c6 c6ng thuc phan ttr CxH2x

02 (x � 2).

+ Este da chuct�o ra tu axit da chuc (R (COOH)11 ) va ancol dan chuc (R'OH)) H, S04 d ( ) R(COOH 11 +n R'OH ,__ ___ R COOR' 11 +nH20

t(I

5

+ Este da chuc tC;lO ra tir ax.it doo chuc (RCOOH) va ancol da chuc ( R' ( OH)m )

mRCOOH+R'(OH)m

+ Este da chuc tC;lO ra tir axit da chuc (R(COOH)0 ) va ancol da chuc(R'(OH)m )

mR(COOH)0 + nR'(OH)m

- M9t s6 este d�c bi�t la este vong doo chuc R \ y = 0 ; este t�o ra do ankin0

tac d1;mg Vffi ax.it hiru CO' ho�C do phenol tac d1;1ng Vffi anhidrit axit ... Se dU(1C trinh bay a phrui tfnh cha'.t h�a h9c va dieu ch€.

I� - TEN GQI CUA ESTE

Ten este (RCOOR') = Ten g6c hidrocacbon (R')+ ten g6c ax.it. Vi d� : H - COO -CH

3 : metyl fomiat

C2H

5-00 C-COO-C

2H

5:

C6H

5COO- CH = CH

2

CH3

-OOC - CH ::: CH2

dietyl oxalat

vinyl benzoat

metyl acrylat

III - TINH CHAT v �T Li

- Este c6 nhi�t d9 s6i tha'.p hoo nhi�t d9 s6i cua ruqu va ax.it c6 cung s6cacbon vi giiia cac phAn tu este kh6ng c6 cac m6i litn k€t hidro.

- Este la cha'.t long nh<? hoo nuac, ra'.t ft tan trong nuac, tan nhieu trong cacdung m6i hiru CO' .

..:. Este c6 mui tham de chju nhu isoamyl axetat (mui chu6i chin) ; benzyl propionat (mui boa nhai) ; etyl butirat (mui dua) ; etyl isovalei'at (mui tao) ...

IV - TINH CHAT HOA HQC 1. Phan ung a nhom chuc : -COO - kh6ng phan ung vai baza kiem, kim

lo�i, mu6i nhu axit ; kh6ng cho phan ung c9ng, ox� hoa vao lien k�t .7t ()c = 0 ) nhu andehit ; kh6ng cho phan ung tach nuac nhu ancol. Este chi cho phan ung d�c trUng la phan ung thuy phAn (phAn tfch boi H

2 0 a nhi�t d9 cao) trong m6i truoog

ax.it ho�c baza kiem.

6

a) Phan 1tng thuy phan

a,) Phan ung thuy phan trong moi tr�oog axit

RCOOR'+H20

(este) > RCOOH + R'OH

(axit) (ancol)

a2) Phan ung thuy phan trong moi truoog kiem (phan ung xa phong hoa)

RCOOR' + NaOH (este)

b) Phan ung khi:r

tt20 · t

o. > RCOONa + R'OH

(muoi) (ancol)

Este bj khu b&i LiAlH4

(liti nhorn hidrua) chuyen nh6m R -C- thanhII

ancol b�c 1

R -C- OR' LiAJH4 > RCH20H + R'OH

II

2. Phan ung iJ goc hidrocacbon

0

- Neu goc hidrocacbon R , R' chua no : cho phan ung c9ng, trung hqp ...

Vi dl;l:

CH3 -COO -CH = CH2 + H2

viny I axe tat

Ni

to > CH3 -COO-CH

2 -CH

3

p, xt, 1°

metyl metacrylat

etyl axetat i �?+

OCH3

CH -C z I

CH3 n

poli metyl metacrylat ( thuy tinh plexiglas)

Luu y : Este H -COOR' cho phan ung trang gucmg.

V-DIEUCHE1. Este cua ancol : t�o thanl;i tu phan ung este hoa gifra rtrQU va axit

RCOOH+R'OH

7

2. Este cua phenol : t�o thanh tu phan 11ng giii'a phenol va anhidrit axitOH

A+R-c-o-c-R �R-coo-l()'+RcooH lVJ 11 II

1 . �

0 0

3. Este RCOOR' co goc R' chua no t�o thanh tu phan 11ng c¢ng cua ankinvai axit hfru ca

CH=CH+RCOOH � R-COO-CH=CH2

R'-C=CH+RCOOH � R-C00- C=CH2

I R' VI - PHAN UNG xA PHONG HOA CUA MQT s6 ESTE DAC BI�T

8

[) 1. R-COO-CH =CH-R' +NaOH � R-COONa+R'-CH2 -CHO

(andehit) () 2. R-COO- C =CH-R'+NaOH � R-COONa+R"-CO-CH

2R'

�" (xeton) 3. R-COo-©-R'+2NaOH � RCOONa+RQONa+H

20

R'5. R-COO-CH( +NaOH � RCOONa+R'-.CH-OHCl I + Cl

R'-CH-OH+NaOH � NaCl+R'-CH-OH I I Cl OH

�R'-CHO+H20

to => R -COO-CH-R' + 2NaOH � RCOONa + R' -CHO+ H

20 + NaCl

Cl

6.

+

O Cl I I

R-COO-C-R'+NaOH � RCOONa+R'-C-OHI I

Cl Cl Cl OH I I

R'-C-OH+2NaOH � 2NaCl+R'-C-OH�R'COOH+H 20 I I

O OH R'COOH + NaOH � R'COONa + H 20

Cl I

R-COO- C-R' + 4NaOH � RCOONa + R'COONa + 2NaCl + 2H 20

I Cl

vn - Mor LIEN H:$ oruA HIDROCACBON v A. MQT s6 DAN xuAT CHUA OXI CUA HIDROCACBON

1. Chuyen hidrocacbon trt;l'C tiep thanh h(Jp chat co oxi

a) Oxi hoa hidrocacbon J die'u ki¢n thich h<!JJ

Vi d1;1: Cu

-2-00...,,..°C-.-10-0a-tm-

2CH3 0H

NO

-6 -oo---s-oo-o c___. CHz = 0 + Hz O

• 3CH 2 =CH 2 +2KMn04 +4H 20 � 3CH 20H-CH 20H+

+ 2Mn02 + 2KOH

• 5CH3 -9=CH-CH3 +6KMn04 +9H 2S04 �5C�3 -9=0+CH3 CH3

• CH=CH+4[0] � HOOC-COOH

9

10

b) Hidrat hoa hidrocacbon chua no

Vi dlf: CH2 = CH2 + HOH > CH3CH20HCH =CH+ HOH ttgso

4 > CH2 = CHOH < >. CH3CHOCH3 -C = CH +HOH ttgso

4 > CH3 -C=CH2 < > CH3 -CO-CH3 I OH

2. Chuy�n hidrocacbon thanh dan xuat chua oxi qua dan xuat halogen·

. a) The' nguyen tu hidro cua hidrocacbon.bang nguyen tu halogen r6i thuy phan

Sa do phan ung : R - H + dd NaOH, t0 R-OHVi dlf: CH3 -CH3 +Cl2 � CH3 -CH2Cl+HC1

t . 0 CH3 -CH2Cl+NaOH � CH3 -CH20H+NaCl

BrFe

)ho +HBr

to �

Br ON aho +2NaOH 300

0 c > ho + NaBr + H20� 200atm �

ON a OH

·©+H20+C02 �©+NaHC03

b) C9ng halogen hoijc hidrohalogenua vao hidrocacbon chua no r6i thuy phan

Sa d6 phan ung

R-CH=CH2 HX

) R-CH-CH dd NaOH > R-CH-CH I

3

x

3. Chuy�n hoa giua cac din xuat chua oxi

a) Oxi hoa

Vi dlf:

R-CH-R'I

+ CuO R-CH20H -�-> R-CHOto

(ancol b�c I) (andehit)

+ CuO R-CO-R'OH

(ancol b�c II) (xeton)

I 3

OH

__ +�9�2'-,,-----> R -COOHMn2+ . t0

(axit)

> RCOOH + R'COOH(2 axit)

b) Kh11

Vi dlf : R-CHO+H 2

R-CO-R'+H 2

Ni to

Ni to

R-CHOH-R'

RCOOR' LiAIH4 RCH

20H + R'OH

c) Este hoa va thuy phdn este

Vi du: RCOOH +R'OH

§2.LIPIT

I - DfNH NGHIA

- Lipit la nhfrng chat hiiu C(i co trong te bao s6ng, khong hoa tan trong nu6cnhung tan duqc trong dung moi hiiu ca rihu ete, dftu hoa, ...

-Lipit g6m : chat beo, sap, stearit, photpholipit.

- Chat beo la trieste cua glixerin va cac axit monocacboxylic mc:1ch cacbondai va khong phan nhanh (axit beo), gc;>i chung la triglixerit.

-Cong thuc cau t<;10 cua chat beo : CH 2 - OOC -R1 I

CH-OOC-R2 I

CH2-00C-R3

Cong thuc trung binh : (RCOO )3 C3H5.

-Cac axit beo thuoog g�p

+ C16H 3202 : CH3 -(CH2 �fOOH : axit panmitic ;

+ C18H3602 : CH3 fCH2 ti�OOH : axit stearic ;

axit oleic;

+ C18H3202: CH3-(CH 2f4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2}7COOHaxit linoleic

11

II - TiNH CHAT HOA HQC (tuong t1:f este) H

+

-Thuy phan: (RC00)3 C3H5 +3H20 4-------"-

-Hidro hoa : ( C17

H33COO t C3H5 + 3H2

triolein (long)

Ni (C17H35Coot C3H5

tristearin (ran)

III - CHAT TA y RVA 1. Xa phong la mu6i natri, kali cua axit beo.-Xa phong gii'.it: mu6i natri RCOONa.-Xa phong dung trong y h9c la xa phong m�m: mu6i kali RCOOK.- Xa phong c6 tac dt,mg lam giam sue cang b� mi'.it cua cac chat bfin nhtr • .

dfo, mo barn tren da, vai, ... -Xa phong c6 tac dt,mg tfiy ri'.ra.- Xa phong bi mat tac dt,mg trong ntr6c cung vl t<;tO ket tua (RC00)2 Mg,

(RC00)2 Ca.

2. Chat tfiy rira t6ng hQ'JJ la mu6i natri cua axit ankyl sunfonic (ROS02Na)

hoi'.ic cua axit ankyl sunfuric (ROS03Na).

Vi d�i : C 12H25-©-0S02 Na (natri dodexylbenzen sunfonat).

Chat tfty ri'.ra t6ng hqp c6 uu di�m hon h&n xa phong do khong mat tac d1,mg tfiy ri'.ra trong nu6c cung.

I D<;1ngl

B - cAc DA.NG TOAN v A PHUONG PHAP GIAI

cAcH VIET CONG THUC cAu T�o THU GQN cuA cAc DONG PHA.N ESTE

Phuong phap

Viet theo thu tu g6c mu01 cua axit. Bat dau viet lo<;ti este fomiat H -COOR', thay d6i R' d� c6 cac d6rtg phan, sau d6 viet den lo<;ti este axetat CH3COOR' ...

12

{[[W+bz0FkV43GmRt7u4DpvuYxd]]}

Vi df! : Vie't cac cong thuc cau t�o thu gc;m cua cac d6ng phan este c6 cong thuc

phan tir C5H

100

2.

Gidi

- Lo�i este fomiat :

H-COO-CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH3; H-COO- CH-CH2 -CH3;

I

CH3

CH3

I

H-COO-CH - CH-CH · H-COO-C-CH2

I 3 ,

I 3

CH3 CH3

- Lo�i este axetat :

- Lo�i este propionat :

__: Lo�i este butirat :

CH3-COO-CH2 -CH2 -CH3

CH -COO- CH-CH 3 I

3

CH,

CH3 -CH2 -COO-CH2 -CH3

CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -COO-CH3;

CH - CH-COO-CH 3 I

3

CH3

Ti� CONG !''UC CAu TA,o cuA ESTE Dl)A TREN PHAN UNG xAI PHONG HOA T �O RA MUOI VA AN COL

. .

Phuong phap

- M<)t c6ng thuc phan tir este c6 rat nhieu d6ng phan (Vi dl;l : C5H

100

2 c6 9

d6ng phan este) vl v�y de tlm c6ng thuc cau t�o este bai toan thuang cho phan ung xa phong hoa.

- Tnrac khi viet phan ung xa phong hoa can xac dinh lo1:1i hlnh este t<:10 tiraxit don chuc hay da chuc, ruqu don chuc hay da chuc.

- Qua phan ung xa phong hoa, tlm each d!nh khoi luqng phan ti'r cua muoiho�c cua nrqu t1:10 thanh de suy ra goc hidrocacbon cua axit va cua ruqu trong cau tao cua este.

13

Vi dlfc 1 : Thuy phan hoan toan O,lmol este E (chi chua lo<;ti chuc este) din dung IOOg dung d!ch NaOH 12% thu dUQ'C 20,4g mu6i cua axit hihl ca va 9,2g fUQ'U. Tim cong thuc cau t<;tO cua este E. Biet rang axit t<;tO ra este la doo chuc.

Gidi

Ta c6: nE =0,lmol ; nNaOH =0,3 mol.

Ti 1$ nE : nNaOH =0,1: 0,3 =I: 3 => Ela este 3 chuc.

E tao ra tir axit RCOOH va ancol R'(OH)3 nen cong thuc cau t<;to cua Ela (RC00)3 R'.

Phan ung xa phong hoa :

(RC00)3 R'+3NaOH � 3RCOONa+R'(OH)3

(mo I) 0, 1 0,3 � 0,3 ----) 0, I

20, 4 ( ) MRCOONa = -- = 68 => R + 67 = 68 => R = J H -

0,3

MR '(otth = 6,� =92=>R'+5I=92=>R'=4I (c3 H 5�)

=> Cong thuc cua phan tu Ela: (HC00)3 C3Hs-

Cong thuc cau 11:lO cua E la H-COO-CH

I 2

H -COO-CH (glixerin trifomiat)I

H-COO-CH2

Vi d1_1 i: Cho 0, lmol este G1

tac dt,mg vira du v6i lOOml dung d!ch NaOH 2M thu dUQ'C h6n hqp hai mu6i cua hai axit hfru ca m<;1ch ho G2 va G3 deu doo chuc va 6,2g ancol G4. Cho biet G

2 la axit no va khong tham gia

phan ung trang guoog; G3 la axit chua no, chi c6 I lien ket doi (C = C) va c6 m<;1ch cacbon phan nhanh. D6t chay hoan toan h6n hqp hai mu6i tren r6i cho khi C02 vao dung dtch Ca(OH)2 lay du thay t<;to ra 50g chat ket tua. Tim cong thuc cau t1:lO cua G 4, G 2, G 3, G I .

Gidi

Ta c6 : nGI =0,lmol ; nNaOH =0,2mol => nGI: nNaOH =l: 2 nen G I la

este hai chuc t<;tO ra tu 2 axit G2, G3 , nen Gz, G3 phai doo chuc va ancol G4 phai nhi chuc.

14

D�t: axit 02 : Cn H2n+1COOH ( 02 kh6ng tham gia phan ung trang gmmg nen n � 1); a xit 03 : Cm H2m_ 1COOH ( 03 c6 nhanh nen m � 3);

ancol 04 : R(OH)2 .

CnH 2n+1COO \ Suy ra este 0 1 : ;R

Cm H 2m_1COO

• Phan ung xa phong hoa :C H COO\ n 2n+I

/R +2NaOH � CnH2n+1COONa+Cm H2m_

1COONa+R(OH )2 Cm H 2m_1COO

(mol) 0,1 � 0,2 � 0,1 � 0,1 � 0,1

Ta c6: MR(ott) = 6• 2 = 62 => R +34 = 62 => R = 28 ( C 2H/)2 0, I

=> G4: C 2H4 (OH)2 c6 cong thuc cau t<;to CH 20H-CH 20H.

• Phan ung chay :

2CnH2n+1COONa +(3n + 1)02 �(2n + l)C02 +(2n + l)H20+ Na2C03

(mol) 0,1 � 0,05(2n + 1)

2Cm H 2m_1COONa + 3m02

�(2m + l)C02 + (2m -l)H20 + Na

2C0

3

(mol) 0,1 � 0,05(2m + 1)

C02 +Ca(OH2 ) � CaC03..J, +H20

Ta c6 : Ilco = Ilcaco = 0, 5 mol 2 3

=> 0,05(2n + l)+0,05(2m + 1) =0,5 => n + m = 4 =>

V �y Cong th Uc cau t<;tO Cl.la :

{n = 1 m=3

G2

: CH 3 -COOH; 03

: CH2 =C-COOH;

I CH3

G : CH -C-0-CH -CH -0-C-C=CH . I 3 II 2 2 II I 2

0 0 CH3

15

TiM cONG THUC cAu T�o cuA ESTE DlJA TREN PHAN UNG xA PHONG HOA TAO MUOI vA CHAT HUU co KHAc (KHONG PHAI AN COL)

Phuong phap

• Cac e'ste d�c bi¢t khi xa phong hoa cho muoi va andehit, xeton ho�c muoikhac d6u CO cong thU'c cau t<;}O d�c trung O phan goc hidrocacbon lien ket vao R-COO-.

• Nam vung phan ung xa phong hoa cac este d�c bi¢t.

Vi dlf. 1 : Mqt este don chuc X (chua 3 nguyen to C, H, 0). Ti khoi hai cua X doi v6i oxi la 3,125. Cho 0,15mol X tac d1:mg vua du v6i dung d!Ch NaOH. Co C<;tn dung d!Ch sau phan ung duqc 21 g muoi. nm cong thuc cau t<;10 .cua X. Biet rang X c6 m<;1ch cacbon khong phan nhanh.

Gidi

Ta c6: Mx = 3,125x 32 = lOOdvC => mx = 0, 15x 100 = 15 (g). Vl X la este don chU'c nen ti 1¢ phan U'ng nx : IlNaOH = 1:} => mNaOH

= 0,}5x40 = 6 (g). Ta thay 15g X + 6g NaOH = 21g muoi, nhu v.\l,y X khi xa phong hoa chi cho

co

muoi duy nhat nen X la este don chuc m<;1ch vong R ( I 0

16

;CO · ;COONaR\ I +NaOH � R\

O OH

Cong thuc phan tu cua X: C4H

8COO.

Cong thuc cau tc:10 cua X

CH -CH -CH -CH-C=O3 2 2 \ I

0

CH2-C=0I I CH -0I CH

2 I CH3

Vi d1.1 2 : M la h6n hqp hai este dan chuc chua 3 nguyen to C, H, 0. Cho 0,25molh6n hqp M phan ung vai 250ml dung dtch NaOH 2M dun n6ng duqcm(>t andehit no m�ch ho va 28,6g h6n hqp hai mu6i hfru ca ma khoiluqng mu6i nay gap 1,4655 Ian khoi luqng mu6i kia. Luqng NaOH condu sau phan ung duqc trung hoa vira du bO'i 15 0ml dung dtch H Cl 1 M.Andehit no n6i tren c6 %0 = 27, 58%.Tim cong thuc cau t�o hai este.

Gidi

• Andehit no m�ch ho nay la dan chuc (vi duqc t�o ra tu este dan chuc) c6cong thuc phan tu C0H200 vai:

%O= 16 =27, 58=? n=3.14n + 16 1 0 0

==? andehit nay la : CH3 - CH2 - CHO.· Ta c6 nNaOH tac d1:mg hai este = 0, 25 x 2 -0, 15 = 0, 35 (mol).• M chua 2 este dan chuc nen xa phong hoa vai NaOH theo ti l� 1 : 1 nghia

la 0,25mol 2 este xa phong hoa het 0,25mol NaOH; con l�i O,lmol NaOH,se tiept1:1c phan ung vai san ph.lm sinh ra tu este. Vi andehit khong phan ung vai NaOHnen trong san ph.lm sau xa phong hoa phai c6 phenol.

• Do chi t�o duqc 2 mu6i ma trong d6 da c6 1 mu6i cua phenol nen 2 estenay phai cung g6c mu6i cua axit de cho 1 mu6i nfra.

V�y 2 este la : este I : R-COO-CH = Ci-I-CH3 (a mol)este II : R -COO-@- R' (b mol).

Phan ung:t

o R-C OO-CH = CH-CH3 +NaOH � RC00Na+CH3 -CH2 -CHO(mol) a a a a

2- cAc D�NG ... HOA HQC - A 17

R -Coo-@-R'+NaOH � RCO?Na+R'-©-OH (mol) b b b b

R'-©-OH+NaOH � R'-©-0Na+H20 (mol) b b b

{a+ b = 0, 25

{a = 0, 15

Taco: � nNaOH =a+b+b=0,35 b=0,1

n�cooNa =a+ b = 0, 25 (mol) ; nR '-@-oNa = 0, 1 (mol)

- Neu mRCOONa ·= l, 4655mR '-{Q)-ONa

� 2, 4655mR '-{Q)-ONa = 28,6 � mR '-{Q)-ONa = 11, 6 � M = 11, 6 = 1160,1

� R' + 76 + 16 + 23 = 116 � R' = 1 (H -)

va mRCOONa = 28, 6-11, 6 = 17 � M = __!2_ = 68 0,25

� R + 67 = 68 � R = 1 (H -) .

V �y cong thuc cau t<;10 cua : E 1 : H - COO -CH = CH -CH3

E2 : H-coo-@

-.Neu mR '-{Q)-ONa = l, 4655mRCOONa · Giai tuong t{! va lo<;1i.

j D<Jng4 ESTE NH� CHUC MA.CH HO KHI XA. PHONG HOA CHO 1 MUOI VA 1 RU'()U

Can nh6'

Lo<;1i este nay c6 thi t<;10 ra tir : - Axit 2 chuc R ( COOH)2 va ntQ'U R'OH � cong thuc este R ( COOR')2 .

- Axit RCOOH va fUQ'U nht chuc R'(OH)2 � cong thuc este (RC00)2 R'.

18 2· cAc D�NG ... HOA H<;>C • B

Vi dif : Este x m;;ich thilng c6 cong thuc C6HIOO 4 khi xa phong hoa cho m¢t mu6i va m¢t rm;ru. Tim cong thuc cau t;;io cua x.

Gidi

Cong thuc cau t;;io cua X la

• CH3-CH2 -OOC,...COO-CH2 -CH3 ;

• CH3-00C-CH2 -CH2 -COO-CH3 ;

• H-COO-CH2 -CHA-CH2 -CH2 -OOC-H ;

• CH3 -COO-CH2 -CH2 -OOC-CH

3.

Lu:u y : Neu chat hfiu ca x m;;ich th.ing c6 cong thuc C6HIOO 4 tac d1,mg v&i dung dich NaOH dun n6ng cho m¢t mu6i va m¢t fU(?U, c6 th� c6 cac cong thuc cau t;;io (ngoai 4 cong thuc da biet) sau day

• CH2 =CH-COO-CH2 -CHOH-CH20H;

COO-CH -CH -CH I 2 2 . 3• CH2

\COOH

COO-CH -CH • ( CH2 )2

I 2 3

\COOH

COOCH3

• (CH2 )/\COOH

? Jl ,,..,, ' .. ., ,, I D,;mg 5 SAN PHAM MUOI (DOXA PHONG HOA ESTE) THAM GIA PHAN

UNG TRANG GlfONG

Ca'n nh6

M¢t este khi xa phong hoa cho mu6i c6 th� trang guang thi. este d6 thu¢c lo<;1i este fomiat H-·coO-R'.

19

Vi dlf- : X la hqp chat chua 3 nguyen to C, H, 0 va Mx = 88 dvC.

X +dd Ca(OH)2 � Y +Z (Y, Z d�u trang gmmg duqc).

nm cong thuc cau t<;tO cua X, Y, z.

Gidi

Ta c6 : X + dd Ca ( OH)2 cho hai chat hfru ca Y, Z nen X la este.

Vi Mx = 88 nen X la este dan chuc (-COO-) (vl 2 -COO- c6 M = 88 ).

Este X xa phong hoa cho mti6i Y trang guang nen X c6 d<;tng H - COO - R' (M = 88)=> R' = 88-45 = 43.

- Neu R' la g6c hidrocacbon thl R' = 43 la C3H7 => X : H - COOC3H7 .

Khi xa phong hoa cho Y la HCOONa, Z la C3H

70H ; trong d6 C

3H

70H

khong trang guang (lo<;ti). V�y R' la g6c c6 oxi. - Neu R' c6 2 oxi :

V�y R' c6 1 oxi :

R' = C�H�0 2 => 12x' + y' +32 = 43

=> 12x' + y' = 11 (vo li).

R' = C' H' 0 => 12x' + y' + 16 = 43 x y

=> 12x'+y'=27 (C2H3-).

V:\ly R' la C2H30- ; X la HCOOC2H30 c6 cong thuc cau t<;to la:

H-C-0- CH - C- HII

2 11

0 0

Dc;ng 6 I HI�U SUAT PHAN UNG ESTE HOA

Ca'n nh6'

Hi¢u suat phan ung :

H = n

este thlJc te x 100%.n

este lf thuyet

Trong d6 : neste li thuyet duqc tinh khi gia sir rang. m¢t trong hai chat tham

gia phan ung (axit, nrqu) phan ung hoan toan.

20