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Agrienvironment in the Rural Economy in Hungary Agnes Kaloczkai, Hungarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] Dr Eszter Kovacs, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge [email protected]
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HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Feb 12, 2019

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Page 1: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Agri-­‐environment  in  the  Rural  Economy  in  Hungary

Agnes  Kaloczkai,  Hungarian  Academy  of  Sciences  [email protected]  

 Dr  Eszter  Kovacs,  Department  of  Geography,  University  of  Cambridge  

[email protected]  

Page 2: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Outline

• Agri-­‐environment  in  Hungary •  Our  approach  and  the  2014-­‐5  hiatus

•  Environmental  impact:  land  use  change •  Financial  role  of  payments • MoDvaDons  for  parDcipaDng •  Farming  Futures

Page 3: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Agri-­‐environment  in  Hungary

•  25  High  Nature  Value  areas • OperaDonal  for  >10yrs •  270  000  applicants  in  2016

• Rules  encourage  “environmentally-­‐  sensiDve”  farming

KEY  HNV  areas  Bekes  HNV  Kiskunsag  HNV  

Heves  Plain  HNV  

Other  HNV  areas  Hungary  

Page 4: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Our  research  quesDons

•  In  2014,  the  Hungarian  government  announced  that  there  would  be  no  agri-­‐environment  payments  for  the  following  farming  year  

• We  then  asked  and  evaluated  300  farmers  for  •  what  they  did  differently?    •  what  they  kept  the  same?  • What  was  their  opinion  and  experience  of  conservaVon-­‐oriented  subsidy  programmes?  

• Where  did  agri-­‐environment  payments  “go”?  • What  were  their  future  plans?  

Page 5: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

18469.1  

20835.3  

18254.3  

4500  

23205.6  

3200  

0   5000   10000   15000   20000   25000   30000   35000   40000   45000   50000  

Hevesi-­‐sík  

Dunavölgyi-­‐sík  

Békés-­‐Csanádi  hát  

szántó  

gyep  

más  

94  %  with  livestock  

Bekes  plain  HNV      

Danube  plain  HNV  

   Heves  plain  

HNV  

Arable    Grassland    Other    

63  %  with  livestock  

74%  livestock   What  land  do  farmers  parVcipate  with?  

ha  

Page 6: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

1.  Environmental  impact

In  2014-­‐5,  the  number  of  farmers  that  farmed  more  intensively  to  HNV  requirements  were  high  across  all  three  sites  

 Heves-­‐plain  HNV:  60%  

Danube-­‐plains  HNV:  47%  Békés-­‐Csanádi  plain  HNV:  67%  

Page 7: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

What  rules  were  kept  to  and  why?

• Over  60%  of  farmers  decided  that  they  were  going  to  “actually  farm”  • ConservaVon  rules  were  largely  ignored  

77%  33%  38%  43%  

57%  52%  

48%  60%  

nem  hagyott  táblaszéli  szegélyt  nem  vetett  lucernát  

több  műtrágyát  használt  több  rovarirtószert  használt  

nem  használta  a  vadriasztó  láncot  nem  követte  a  madárbarát  kaszálási  módot  

nem  hagyott  ugart  Digyelmen  kívül  hagyta  a  vetésforgót  Did  not  keep  a  cropping  rotation  

No  land  areas  were  left  fallow  Bird-­‐safe  mowing  not  followed  

Did  not  use  bird  chains  while  mowing  Used  more  pesticide  Used  more  fertiliser  

Did  not  plant  any  lucerne  Did  not  leave  conservation  lanes    

Page 8: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

RelaDonship  between  farm  size  and  rule-­‐keeping

0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14  16  18  

<10   11  -­‐  49   50  -­‐  100   101  -­‐  300   301  -­‐  500   501  -­‐  999   1000  <  

ha  

Did  NOT  keep  HNV  rules  Kept  HNV  rules  

Page 9: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

2.  Financial  impact:  agri-­‐environment’s  part

• On  average,  33%  of  farmers  did  not  “develop”  their  farm  in  any  way  during  2014-­‐5:   “This  year,  we  sold  and  lived  off  what  we  cropped,  and  nothing  got  saved.  In  others   years,   with   agri-­‐environment,   we   lived   and   planned   with   the  subsidy,”  (Farmer,  Heves  plain,  2016).  

• Subsidies  were  stated  to  provide  for  farm  renovaDons  and  to  enable  further  mechanisaDon:  labour  crucial

•  Impact  of   land   size:   larger   farms   stated  a  preference   to   “outgrow”  agri-­‐environment  “dependence”

Page 10: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

3.  ParDcipaDon:  moDvaDons

51%  

11%  

29%  

7%   2%   A  pénzügyi  ösztönző  miatt  

Természetvédelmi  szempontok  miatt  A  gyenge  gazdálkodási  adottságok  miatt  A  terület  védettsége  miatt  

Könnyűnek  tűnt  betartani  az  előírásokat  

Because  of  the  money    ConservaVon      Land  is  marginal    Land  is  formally  protected    The  rules  looked  easy    

Page 11: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

3.  ParDcipaDon:  highly  selecDve

49%  

25%  

13%  

5%  7%  

adminisztrációs  okok  miai  

az  intenzívebb  termelés  lehetősége  miai  nem  igényelhető  a  területre  támogatás  nincs  lehetőség  állaiartásra  vagy  az  állatszám  növelésére  nincs  válasz  

AdministraVve  reasons  

Higher  yield  potenVals  

Area  not  eligible  

Livestock  limitaVon  

No  answer  

Page 12: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

4.  Futures •  82%  of  farmers  re-­‐applied  in  2016  • However:    

Page 13: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Conclusions

• Agri-­‐environment  payments  led  to  observable  conservaDon  improvements  as  perceived  by  farmers  over  the  past  decade • HalVng  payments  stopped  HNV  land  use  pracVces  •  Farm  size,  livestock  influences  parDcipaDon •  ParDcipaDon  in  agri-­‐environment  highly  selecDve:  yield  potenDal  and  wider  support  structures  are  key   • A  more  holisDc  approach  to  understanding  agri-­‐environment’s  wider  place  in  the  rural  economy  is  required

Page 14: HNV in Hungary Kovacs Kaloczkai - Rural development · Agri%environment, inHungary • 25HighNatureValue areas • OperaDonal,for,>10yrs • 270000applicants in2016 • Rulesencourage

Thank  you

Please  get  in  touch: [email protected]

[email protected]