History of Tourism. new 7 If I live to see the seven wonders Ill make a path to the rainbows end Ill never live to match the beauty again.

History of Tourism

new 7

If I live to see the seven wondersI’ll make a path to the rainbows endI’ll never live to match the beauty again

new 7

On July 7, 2007, history was made as the results of the world’s first-ever global poll were announced.

History of Travel

Early Travel Four Roots of Tourism Religion and Tourism

History of Travel

Sumerians were the first to invent money, the wheel and writing

Sumerians began trade in 4000bc

Early Travel

Cruises began in Egypt 3000bc

Queen Hatshepsut traveled to east Africa in 1480bc, probably the first journey made for peace and tourism

Early Travel

From 1600bc, the pyramids at Giza and the Sphinx attract large numbers of

visitors

Early Tourist Traits

Egyptians were first to leave their marks as they traveled places (the Latin word graffiti was used to describe the scribblings of ancient Egyptians)

Egyptians began the practice of taking souvenirs

Early Travel

Roads show early signs as far back as 2050bc in Sumer and as far back as 2000bc in Mycenae and Crete

Main travelers at this time were the military, government officials and caravans

Roman Roads

Roads were surveyed using a device similar to a cross staff

Roadbed was dug and filled with stones and concrete

Covered in paving stones Had “kerb” stones Sloped to shed rain

Roman Roads

Roman Roads

By Trajan, (98 to 117ad), Roman roads comprised a network of 50,000 miles, from Scotland and Germany in the north, to Egypt in the south to the Persian Gulf in what is now Iraq and Kuwait

Four Roots

Military Government leaders Explorers Religious pilgrims

Military

Built roads Created forts (often became cities) Imposed cultural norms (and other

things) of their society Adopted cultural norms of host society One reason people joined is to see new

places

Government Leaders

Often traveled to enforce rule Also traveled in a tourist capacity Would acquire locations based on

resources, strategic location (and for visiting pleasure)

Would often learn from the people they conquered (influenced point A)

Explorers

Attracted followers often based on the chance to go to new places

Expanded knowledge (and created stereotypes) of new places

Used trade to alter cultural patterns of visited and host society

Often opened the gateway for religious and cultural conversion of native peoples

The Word “Tourism”

From the French verb retourner From The Grand Tour

The Grand Tour

17th and 18th centuries Diplomats, businessmen and scholars,

wealthy young men Three year trip was common

The Grand Tour

Was not superficial – resulted in a very complete knowledge of the places visited, including languages and detailed traditions

Paris, Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome, Venice, Germany, the Low Countries, Switzerland and even Greece and Egypt

The Grand Tour (Legacy)

Tourism and The Grand Tour were very elitist

Many of the locations visited on The Grand Tour are still popular destinations today

The Grand Tour (Legacy)

Now mass tourism allows millions to travel, but our middle class limitations allows for two or three weeks, not years

Still, The Grand Tour locations are a symbol of social status and “arrival” for many travelers

Mass Tourism

The Package Tour Combined transportation, lodgings, sightseeing,

money exchange, etc. First organized by Thomas Cook (1841) Cook organized them to allow people to attend

temperance meetings (of the Baptist church) Cook negotiated a special fare due to the large

number of people

Mass Tourism

Cook organized a tour to Paris in 1855 for the expo

By 1864, Cook had offices in Rome, New York, London, Paris and other major cities

Mass tourism is directly connected to religious tourism

Religious Pilgrims

First true group of mass tourists Religious pilgrimages were often a requirement

for many religions Pilgrimages have existed in Asia and South

Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Central America and to a much lesser degree, North America

Religious Pilgrimages

For reasons of safety, traveling in mass was advisable

The average person worked too hard to afford the time to travel (unless for a religious reason)

Pilgrimages

Religious pilgrimages often incorporated many of the element of modern travel: Lodging Souvenirs (shopping) Eating (feasts as well as establishments that served

food) Festivals (entertainment, events and holidays)

Pilgrimages

Pilgrimage locations benefited greatly with a surge of visitation that left an economic surplus

Also, like modern tourism, cities en-route benefited (which is why pilgrimage routes were chosen very carefully)

Pilgrimages

Religious leaders often “manipulated” pilgrimages sites to make sure outer regions remained under control

Religion and Tourism

Religious sites are still popular tourist destinations for believers and non-believers

There was a “pilgrimage season” in medieval Europe, almost like a vacation period

Santiago de Compostela(St James of the Starry Field)

Northwest Spain St James (according to tradition) was

buried here – original church built on spot Pilgrims began arriving, and traveled the

pilgrimage road

Santiago de Compostela

Santiago Cathedral now marks the location

The last 100km must be walked in order to receive your pilgrimage credential

Unlike many routes, relatively little has been done in the form of commercialization en route

Sacre Coeur

Sacre Coeur

Religion and Tourism

The destination town benefited, but so did towns and villages along the route

During the Middle Ages, towns competed for the largest church or cathedral to attract visitors

Relics of saints or other important religious figures were publicized to attract visitation (USP)

Cathedral

A cathedral is distinguished from a church by the fact that a cathedral contains a cathedra (a throne for a bishop)

Most of Europe’s cathedrals were built during the Middle Ages from about 1100 to 1300

Some were built later during the Renaissance, and some are still being completed

Cathedral

The typical cathedral architecture is called gothic architecture

Gothic emphasizes the vertical This emphasis is given under the pretense of

reaching towards heaven, however, gothic cathedral architecture is immediately intimidating as well (showing the power of god and instilling fear)

Windows/Literacy Nave/Transept/Apse Façade Towers Gift shop Flying buttress Rose Window Gargoyles Vaults/Arches

Notre Dame de Paris

Notre Dame de Paris

1163 to 1250 Located on the Île de la Cité (the

birthplace of Paris) Geographic center of Paris Noted for its backside of flying butresses

Notre Dame’s East Facade

Chartres Cathedral

Chartres France is a center for the Cult of the Virgin

“Sacred Tunic” worn by the virgin at the time of Christ’s birth

Original cathedral destroyed in 1194

Chartres Cathedral

Current cathedral combines early gothic façade with “high gothic” as it was rebuilt

1205-1220 (originally built in 1145)

Beauvais

Beauvais Cathedral

Beauvais Cathedral

1225-1272 (apse and choir completed) 1284 the vault fell Repairs were made over next 50 years Worked stalled for 150 years until 1500 1564-1569, tower was built over the transept crossing

(450 ft tall) 1593, tower collapses at the end of procession (all

church members survive) on Ascension Day Annual celebration held every April 30th

Fatima and Lourdes

Pilgrimage sites are not just something of the ancient past or the Middle Ages

Lordes, France and Fatima, Portugal are current pilgrimage sites that attract both the faithful and tourists in huge numbers

Fatima, Portugal

On May 13, 1917, three illiterate shepherd children, at work tending sheep outside Fatima, Portugal, were surprised by a bright flash in a nearby pasture called Cova de Ira, widely known as an old sacred place. Approaching the pasture, they were caught in a luminosity that nearly blinded them. In the center of the blaze of light, they perceived a little woman who told them she was "from heaven" and warned that world-wide suffering could be averted only if people ceased "offending God". The illuminated figure - who quickly became known as Our Lady - asked them to return to the same spot every month.

Fatima

On August 13, the crowd grew to 18,000 but the three children were not among them. They had been jailed by local officials eager to "put an end to this nonsense". Even so, those present in the field reported a clap of thunder followed by a bright flash and a cloud surrounding the same "magical" tree. One month later a crown of 30,000 watched in astonishment as a globe of light appeared in plain view, advancing through the valley floor from east to west, coming to rest on the same tree.

Fatima

1928 Contains tombs of

two of the children Plaza outside of basilica can hold mass

for 500,000 people The plaza is surrounded by shops,

restaurants and tiny hotels

Fatima & Lourdes Pilgrimage Tour

Roundtrip flights from NY, Lisbon and Lourdes

7 nights in first class (4 star) hotels Catholic priests and daily mass Tour escorts

Saint Peter’s

Saint Peter’s

1546 – 1564 and 1590 Built on site where St Peter was crucified della Porta, Michelangelo, Bramante and Bernini Dome is 452ft above the ground (138ft in

diameter)

Our Lady of the Angels

Opened in fall of 2002 Visited by 1.5 million people its first year Designed by Rafael Jose Moneo Plaza, gift shop, conference rooms, cafe

Our Lady (Los Angeles)

Our Lady of the Angels

Our Lady of the Angels

Spanish Alabaster

Parthenon

447 - 432bc (under Pericles) Athens, Greece Built in honor of goddess (duh) Athena Sits atop the Acropolis Used Doric order columns

Parthenon

The metope was usedto mount sculpturethat would tell a story(of actual battle or of religious importance)

Parthenon Frieze

The friezetold the storyof the Athenian procession

Athens

Other Religious “Tourism”

Mission Trail, California

The Haj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) Buddhist Pilgrimages Jerusalem Native American sites

in the Americas

The Haj

Pilgrimages as Tourism

New World Pilgrimages??

Popular tourism destinations are often called “pilgrimage” sites Walt Disney World Las Vegas Los Angeles/Hollywood Yosemite/Grand Canyon